فهرست مطالب mohammad jalil zorriehzahra

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) is an acute and highly transmissible viral disease in fish. So far, this virus has been identified in different species of fish, but this disease is more severe in the Salmonidae family and causes an acute systemic disease with high mortality, especially in fry and juveniles, hence it is an important economic disease in the Salmonidae farming industry. The causative agent of infectious necrosis pancreas is a virus from the Birnaviridae family, the genus Aquabirnavirus (Aquabirnavirus) without an envelope with a thickness of about 65 nm, which has a double-stranded RNA genome, and serologically, they are divided into two groups, A and B. IPNV is a very resistant virus that has little sensitivity to desiccation and UV rays and can survive in a wide range of salinity and temperature. There are a variety of transmission routes for IPNV, adult fish are carriers of the disease after recovery and can transmit the virus vertically (in eggs) and horizontally (through contaminated feces), the disease can also be transmitted through contaminated water, blood-sucking parasites, Contaminated equipment and fish-eating birds are also transported. Considering that a commercial vaccine with high efficiency and effectiveness for this disease has not been developed yet, familiarity with the characteristics of this disease, its transmission and its spread methods can play an effective role in preventing and reducing the incidence and casualties caused by this disease and in reducing economy loses that caused by this global disease could be useful and effective in the fields of aquaculture in the country.

Using natural extracts, as a source of anti-microbial, to improve the quality of fish is increasing. In this study, the ethanolic extract of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) was used due to having this property. Agar dilution method was employed in order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic extract of orange peel on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The fish fillets were treated with aqueous solution of orange peel extract (5, 6 and 7% w/w) and dipped in distilled water for 30 minutes. These samples were analyzed during storage (0, 5, 10 and 15 days) for the total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophic count, coliform count. The MIC of the ethanolic extract of orange peel on the bacteria was 5%. The results of the microbial analysis indicated that the orange peel extracts reduced the growth of the bacterial counts in contrast control sample (p<0.01). The ethanol extract of orange peel as a natural preservative could increase shelf life during refrigerated storage because of having antimicrobial properties.

Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) causes viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), a hazardous and devastating disease of many species of cultured and marine fish worldwide. It caused by betanodaviruses a serious concern especially in the fry and young fish. This virus infects most of the cultured fishes causing severe mortality. Our current review focuses chiefly on recent studies performed on VNN disease. Recent outbreaks have been reported in China, Indonesia, Singapore and India, affecting the mariculture and aquaculture industry. It also decreased dramatically Mullet stocks in the Caspian Sea. The four main genotypes of VNN were found in all continentals’ except South America. The economic loss due to the virus is mainly due to mortality and spread of infection both vertically and horizontally. Our investigation in recent years suggest that more research and epidemiological surveys should be conducted, especially in critical areas were mariculture farms are planned to be established. Therefore, finding new rapid diagnosis tools, Monitoring and Surveillance program, and effective vaccines, Control, Prevention and Eradication in the comprehensive program should be considered globally.

In late 2019, a new viral disease, called COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, began in China and soon became a pandemic. COVID-19 is a threat to human health and causes human and financial losses in societies. Therefore, researchers are working to identify and control it more quickly. This review provides the newest information on COVID-19.

The data in this review are extracted from the latest articles related to COVID-19 and include the origin of the virus and its transmission routes, eco-epidemiology, incubation period and the symptoms of the disease, and perspectives on its control and prevention. 

SARS-CoV-2 is known as a zoonotic agent with high gene mutation. COVID-19 symptoms are numerous and the most important mode of transmission is respiratory droplets. Therefore, the patientchr('39')s history, diagnosis of general symptoms, laboratory findings, chest imaging, serological and molecular diagnosis, can be effective in identifying patients as soon as possible, controlling and preventing.

There is still no effective drug or vaccine to prevent the disease and investigation in this field is ongoing. The only way to prevent and control the disease is adherence to the health protocols

The aim of current study was to provide a proof-of-concept on the mechanism of PLAU and PCDH10 gene expressions and caspases-3, -8, and -9 activities in the apoptotic pathway after treatment of malignant human glioma cell line (U87MG) with cytochalasin H. In the present experimental study, we have examined cytochalasin H cytotoxic activities as a new therapeutic agent on U87MG cells in vitro for the first time. The cells were cultured and treated with 10-5-10-9M of cytochalasin H for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The assessment of cell viability was carried out by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay at 578 nm. The data are the average of three independent tests. mRNA expression changes of PLAU and PCDH10 were then evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The fluorometric of caspases-3, -8, and -9 activities were carried out. The morphology changes in the U87MG cells were observed by fluorescence microscope. MTT assay showed that cytochalasin H (10-5 M) inhibited the U87MG cancer cells proliferation after 48 hours. Analysis of qRT-PCR showed that the PLAU expression was significantly decreased in comparison with the control (P<0.05). The expression of PCDH10 also showed a significant increase when compared to the control (P<0.001). Fluorescence microscope indicated morphological changes due to apoptosis in U87MG cancer cells, after treatment with cytochalasin H (10-5M, 48 hours). The fluorometric evaluation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities showed no significant difference between the caspases and the control group. This study shows the effect of caspase-independent pathways of the programmed cell death on the U87MG cancer cell line under cytochalasin H treatment. Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanism.