mohammad javad akbari

Today, the use of resistant and high melting point thermocouples is considered as an efficient and inexpensive tool for measuring the temperature of hot gases produced by combustion. Temperature measurement by thermocouples has inherited errors due to the radiation loss and conduction loss. Therefore, it is necessary to correct this error. In this research, the thermocouple is firstly modeled using a numerical method. The validity of the original code is accredited by comparing the results with a similar previous study. Then, the effects of thermocouple diameter and average flow velocity are investigated on the thermocouple error. The error increases about 50% with increasing the thermocouple diameter from 0.5 to 1 mm. Besides, the error decreases about 41% with increasing the average velocity from 1 to 5 m/s. Based on a previous experimental study, the thermocouple modeling results indicate that the maximum errors for thermocouples with diameter of 300 and 500 microns are 30.8% and 39.6% in these conditions, respectively. In the following, a novel comprehensive solution is suggested to calculate the simultaneous distribution of temperature and velocity. Its results confirm that this algorithm has acceptable accuracy for high temperature flow conditions.

By the virtue of note 2 article 115 of Islamic Penal Code ratified in 2014, the penalties which are categorized under stipulated punishments do not include the enjoyment of important advantages such as over time criminal and postponement and suspension of the punishments. Since other articles in the law have rarely not pointed these referents, the judge has to act according to the principle 167 of the constitution and needs to refer to other authentic references and fatawa. Therefore, as determining the jurisprudential referents of stipulated religious punishments is an applied field, this research is initially to provide a definition of religious stipulated texts, and then to extract the punishments whose extents and types are somehow mentioned in order to study how these punishments are stipulated. Finally, according to the narrative and jurisprudential authenticity and publicity of each of the mentioned referents, merely the four fold crimes of adultery, abstinence in murder, observation of a murder, and sexual intercourse with a fasting lady are referents of religious stipulated punishments.