mohammad khanahmadi

Suicide occurs in people of any age and background, which negatively affects families and communities. According to the statistics provided by the World Health Organization, suicide is the cause of death of more than 700,000 people in the world, seventy-seven percent of which occur in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, suicide has become an international problem in global health. There is a main moral issue regarding suicide, and that is whether suicide is morally permissible or not, and if so, under what circumstances? Therefore, the authors of the present study decided to examine suicide through the view point of ethics.

The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Elsevier, Proquest, Pubmed, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed.

According to ethical codes, each person has independence and autonomy. An autonomous and independent person has the possibility to make any decision, provided that his decision does not lead to harm to others or damage to the natural environment. Therefore, according to ethical codes, a person can decide for his life, he can even commit suicide.

Ethics is considered in detail in medicine, and it is needed to be respected carefully in psychology and psychotherapy. Ethics code provides a common set of principles and standards upon which psychologists build their professional and scientific work. This ethics code is intended to provide specific standards to cover most situations encountered by psychologists. This study aims to consider general principles and specific ethical issues in psychotherapy and consulting.

General principles that should be respected by all psychologist and therapist are as followed; beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, respect for people’s right and dignity. Specific ethical issues in psychotherapy; informed consent in therapy, privacy and confidentiality, avoiding harm, unfair discrimination, sexual harassment.

Happiness is a drive and constructive force of life. A person feels wellbeing under different effective factors. Religious dogmatism that has an influence on the entire world is one of the depreciatory factors of happiness or wellbeing. The current study decided to analyze the relation between dogmatism and wellbeing, and according to a model, answer the following question: how does religious dogmatism decrease wellbeing?
This study is a correlation research. Population of study includes all people with 30-50 yr old who live in Tehran, Iran, in 2015. Among all, 180 subjects were selected as in access sample. The Oxford happiness questionnaire and Rokeach dogmatism scale were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test.
There is a significant negative correlation between dogmatism and happiness (α=0.05).
Dogmatism is one of the factors that have a negative effect on wellbeing. Religious dogmatism is the most dangerous factor against wellbeing. Dogmatic individuals have an inflexible cognitive system that emerges as a stable personality trait and decreases their adjustment with environment. Affective well-being and cognitive wellbeing are affected by individual adjustment. Therefore, in dogmatic individuals with low adjustment, the decrease of affective well-being and cognitive wellbeing is inevitable. This process will result in decrease of happiness and increase of aggression.

Metal ions effect on homeostasis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The aim of this study was to assess the metal ions (Iron, Zinc and Copper) and CBC in patients with AD in comparison with normal range.
The samples of study were 17 patients with AD in Tehran’s aging centers in 2015, selected as an access sample. Blood samples were analyzed in a pathobiology laboratory. Data were analyzed by one sample t-test.
According to the normal range, provided by laboratory, there is a significant difference between zinc in patients with AD and normal reference interval (α=0.01). The comparison of CBC of the AD patients with normal group showed also some decreases
Zinc value in AD patients is significantly lower than normal range. It should be repeated by a larger sample size.

Down syndrome (DS) is a common chromosomal disorder that cause to mental retardation in children. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is also common in DS. Therefore, it is assumed that there is a same genetic basis. The aim of this study was to study and consider the overlap of DS and AD.
In this review article, published articles in science direct, Pubmed, Willy and Google were investigated between 1990 and 2015.
Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21. All genetic mutations in relation with AD are arising from accumulation of β amiloid. One of the genes involved in AD is APP that sited on chromosome 21. Moreover, the SOD1 also is sited on chromosome 21. Also, other hypothesis in relation with AD and DS has been considered. Significant percent of individual with DS are with AD, but its cause is not clear.

Community genetics is an applied research area that explores the role of genetic variables on the interactions and community structure determinism affecting species. Community genetics covers a spectrum from services, genetic and congenital disorders, genetic counseling, prevention and screening to macro policies. The focal point of community genetics is the society, and community-oriented physicians make priorities on medical genetics based on the specific characteristics of each society. The present study aimed to investigate the prioritization process of community genetics in the Iranian society.According to previous studies, priorities of community genetics services in Iran can be evaluated from several aspects, including severity and type of illness, diagnosis, prevention and treatment, epidemiology, attitudes toward illness, and domestic, social, cultural, ethical and economical challenges. In order to promote community genetics activities, the above-mentioned priorities must be taken into consideration, while special attention should be paid to the four ethical principles of medical genetics, that is, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.

Alzheimer''s disease (AD) is one of the most common problems for old peoples. Etiology of AD is not clear, but genetic factors play a major role in determining a person''s risk to develop AD. Twin and family studies confirm that AD has a genetic basis.AD genetics has been split into two broad categories: early-onset and late-onset. EOAD cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. In this form, dominant mutations in genes like APP, PSEN-1 and PSEN-2 associated with AD. This study aimed to consider the role of genetic in AD. At the first, most of the references in relation with genetic basis of AD searched from the following websites: PubMed, Science direct, Wiley & Sons (1995-2014). Then, the most common genes and their affects described briefly. Aging is the most obvious risk factor for developing AD. There is a genetic basis for AD, of course this relation is not complete but it is significant. More than thousand genes studied in relation with Alzheimer''s disease. Against the improvements in understanding different aspects of AD, the accurate genetic foundation of AD remain unclear.

According to the mother''s key roles in bringing up emotional and cognitive abilities of mentally retarded children and respect to positive psychology in recent decades, this research is administered to assess the relation between mother''s happiness level with cognitive- executive functions (i.e. attention, working memory, inhibition and planning) and facial emotional recognition ability as two factors in learning and adjustment skills in mentally retarded children with Down syndrome. This study was an applied research and data were analyzed by Pearson correlation procedure. Population is included all school children with Down syndrome (9-12 yr) that come from Tehran, Iran. Overall, 30 children were selected as an in access sample. After selection and agreement of parents, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) was performed to determine the student''s IQ, and then mothers were invited to fill out the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). Cognitive-executive functions were evaluated by tests as followed: Continues Performance Test (CPT), N-Back, Stroop test (day and night version) and Tower of London. Ekman emotion facial expression test was also accomplished for assessing facial emotional recognition in children with Down syndrome, individually. Mother''s happiness level had a positive relation with cognitive-executive functions (attention, working memory, inhibition and planning) and facial emotional recognition in her children with Down syndrome, significantly. Parents’ happiness (especially mothers) is a powerful predictor for cognitive and emotional abilities of their children.

Happiness underlying factors are considerable from two dimensions: endogenic factors (biological, cognitive, personality and ethical sub-factors) and exogenic factors (behavioral, social-cultural, economical, geographical, life events and aesthetics sub-factors). Among all endogenic factors, biological sub-factors are the significant predictors of happiness. Existence of significant differences in temperament and happiness of infants is an indicator of biological influences. Therefore, this study aimed to consider biological factors that underlie happiness. At the first, all of the biological factors in relation with happiness were searched from following websites: PubMed, Wiley& Sons, Science direct (1990-2014). Then, the articles divided into five sub-groups (genetic, brain and neurotransmitters, endocrinology and hormones, physical health, morphology and physical attractiveness). Finally, a systematic review performed based on existing information. Results of studies on genetic factors indicated an average effectiveness of genetic about 35 -50 percent on happiness. In spite of difficulties in finding special genes, several genes distributed to emotion and mood. Neuroscience studies showed that some part of brain (e.g. amygdala, hipocamp and limbic system) and neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, norepinefrine and endorphin) play a role in control of happiness. A few studies pointed to the role of cortisol and adrenaline (adrenal gland) and oxitocin (pituitary gland) in controlling happiness. Physical health and typology also concluded in most related studies to have a significant role in happiness. Therefore, according to previous research, it can be said that biological and health factors are critical in underlying happiness and its role in happiness is undeniable.

Depression disorders are associated with serious dysfunction and depressive symptoms. Cognitive slowing is a clear symptom observed in all depressed people. PVSAT is a measure of cognitive function that specifically assesses visual information processing speed and flexibility, as well as calculation ability. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT) might constitute a useful procedure for assessing cognitive functions in depressive disorder. Twenty – eight depressed patients, together with fourteen healthy control (HC) subjects participated in the study. All participants performed the PVSAT and a set of clinical tasks assessing information processing speed, working memory and executive functions. Compared with the HCs, the depressed patients were significantly impaired in their performance of the PVSAT. Significant impairment (compared with controls) was also evidenced by only one of the clinical tasks – the symbol coding task, which assesses information processing speed. Our results demonstrate the high sensitivity of the PVSAT to cognitive impairment. However, correlation analyses showed that the main factor explaining the depressed patients PVSAT impairment was cognitive slowing.