mohammad rafati fard

The collected information includes demographic profile, medical history, physical examination, patient risk factors, anthropometric evaluation, medications, echocardiographic results, and exercise testing of all patients who participated in the outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program in Cardiac Rehabilitation Department since 1996 until now. Each patient was assigned an electronic code by which the patient's information could be identified. Subsequently, standard questionnaires were used, such as International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess physical activity, MAC NEW to assess the quality of life, Spielberg to measure anxiety, Beck to assess depression, and nutritional questionnaires.

The findings were recorded, and the data were analyzed by the web and SPSS software. For all patients, the forms were filled based on a number of variables including backgrounds, registration components, type of referral, diagnosis of underlying heart disease, methods of data collection and entry, details of the educational program, return to work, psychiatric condition, drug regimen, clinical condition, echocardiography findings, functional capacity and exercise test response, smoking status, nutritional habits, and finally their 5-year follow-up for events and re-hospitalization.

It is necessary for the authors to establish a cardiac rehabilitation registration that can properly display care quality indicators and collect and report standard data from different nations to improve the quality of cardiac rehabilitation services and identify weaknesses.

Covid 19 infection has a profound effect on cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program. With public quarantine policies, hospital based cardiac rehabilitation services were impossible in most countries, including Iran. that the consequences of reduced access and long term closure of CR centers may lead to long term complications include increased hospital admission and re-exposure of this vulnerable population to. These challenges have led many countries' rehabilitation centers and health care systems to develop and replace cardiac rehabilitation models such as E - health interventions and the use of mobile technology to provide these services with remote patient monitoring in order to reduce the effects of the spread of the epidemic, and to remove the barriers between physician – patient communication and in order to continue care and secondary prevention measures for cardiovascular patients. Therefore, due to the prolongation of the COVID-19 pandemic period and the identification of various types of coronavirus mutations, it is suggested that health - care services and cardiac rehabilitation associations in Iran create the necessary infrastructure to support and use digital methods and smartphone application

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is scantly available in Iran, although it is the cost‑benefit strategy in cardiac patients, It has not been established how CR is delivered within Iran. This study aimed to determine: (a) availability, density and unmet need for CR, and (b) nature of CR services in Iran by province.

In this cross‑sectional sub‑study of the global CR audit, program availability was determined through cardiovascular networks. An online survey was then disseminated to these programs in June 2016–2017 which assessed capacity and characteristics; a paper‑based survey was disseminated in 2018 to nonresponding and any new programs. CR density and need was computed based on annual incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in each province.

Of the 31 provinces, 12 (38.7%) had CR services. There were 30 programs nationally, all in capital cities; of these, programs in 9 (75.0%) provinces, specifically 22 (73.3%) programs, participated. The national CR density is 1 spot per 7 incident AMI patients/year. Unmet need is greatest in Khuzestan, Tehran and west Azerbaijan, with 44,816 more spots needed/year. Most programs assessed cardiovascular risk factors, and offered comprehensive services, delivered by a multi‑disciplinary team, comprised chiefly of nurses, dietitians and cardiologists. Median dose is 14 sessions/program in supervised programs. A third of programs offered home‑based services.

Where programs do exist in IRAN, they are generally delivered in accordance with guidelines. Therefore, we must increase capacity in CR services in all provinces to improve secondary prevention services.

BackgroundThe world-wide prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has reached an alarming level and become a major health problem in today’s world. The aim of this study was to identify the stages and processes of change as well as their relationship with weight controlbased on a Trans- theoretical Model (TTM) in overweight and obese Iranian adolescents.
Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with participation of 250 overweight and obese adolescents selected through cluster sampling method fromMarch to April, 2016. In order tocollect data, a researcher-made questionnaire based on TTM ¿The obtained data were entered into SPSS version19.0 software.
The majority of participants (80%) were in inactive stages (pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation) of change for weight control, while only 20% of them were in active stages (action and maintenance). Also, results showed that a significant differencebetween stages and processes of change so that individual's progress across stages of change frompre-contemplation to maintenance increased cognitive and behavioral processes’ scores (p The majority of participants (80%) were in inactive stages (pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation) of change for weight control, while only 20% of them were in active stages (action and maintenance). Also, results showed that a significant differencebetween stages and processes of change so that individual's progress across stages of change frompre-contemplation to maintenance increased cognitive and behavioral processes’ scores (p

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic condition characterized by gradual decline of mental abilities and behavioral disorders, which decreases the quality of life in elderly people. The aim of this study was to evaluate behaviors that may prevent elderly people from AD in Yazd.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 people aged from 60 to 70 years in Yazd. Cluster random sampling method was used for selecting the participants. Data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that included demographic information and questions on AD preventive behaviors (physical activity, mental activity, nutrition, and social interaction). The score range of each part and the overall behavior score was from zero to 100. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software and application of descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
The mean score of preventive behaviors was 44.6. The highest mean score (56.48) was for nutrition while the lowest mean score (32.03) was for mental activity. Only 15 % of the studied elderly consumed fruit regularly in their diet, which was followed by consumption of vegetable, 11.4 % and fish 9.1 %. There was a significant positive correlation between education level and behavior score (p 0.05) in mean scores of the overall behavior and scores of married older adults compared to those of divorced or single, had a statistically significant difference (p = 0.007).
The overall AD preventive behaviors in elderly are undesirable, remarkably as noted in physical and mental domains. The majority of participants did not regularly have fruits, vegetables, and fish in their daily and weekly diets. Numerous socio-demographic factors affect these behaviors. More studies are required to identify barriers of healthy behaviors.

The prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age. Increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) involves in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic vascular complications, and heart failure. The present study aimed to explore the effects of resistance training on plasma hydrogen peroxide level of ageing women.
Twenty-four postmenopausal women (mean age = 67.37 ± 6.02, height = 153.02 ± 8.12, weight = 65.78 ± 12.03, BMI = 26.87 ± 4.16, body fat% = 18.61 ± 3.65, and WHR = 0.92 ± 0.4) were purposefully chosen and randomly divided into control and experimental groups each consisted of 12 subjects. Experimental group did resistance training for eight weeks as follows: three sessions per week with 40% to 65% intensity of a maximum repetition and 5% overload after each 6 sessions. Before and after 8 weeks of training, resting levels of hydrogen peroxide was measured and recorded. Data were analyzed by paired- samples t-test.
A statistically significant decrease observed in plasma H2O2 level (p= 0.041) and also weight (p= 0.048), body fat percent (p= 0.001), WHR (p= 0.037), resting- heart- rate (p= 0.021), systolic blood pressure (p= 0.006) and diastolic blood pressure (p= 0.002) of participants in experimental group but there were not any statistically different in any of the variables, pre and post-test in control group.
Resistance training may be used as an intervention program for cardiovascular risk factors reduction.

Today, transmitted diseases through food and food poisoning have been considered as a public health problem in many countries. Lack of knowledge concerning hygiene and food safety can increase the risks associated with the consumed foods. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the student's knowledge and attitude of hygiene and food safety in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd.
This study is a cross-sectional survey in which 358 students were selected, out of 5400 students of different Schools of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, via stratified random sampling method. In order to glean the study data, a questionnaire was applied, which were then analyzed applying Mann- Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
The mean score of knowledge has been reported in a low level within 33% of students and the mean score of attitude has been demonstrated to be at a good level within 63.4% of students. Most students revealed a low knowledge level regarding the proper procedures for food storage and food-borne diseases. Moreover, 28.5% of students had a history of food poisoning, whose knowledge and attitude levels were significantly less than those of students who had no history of food poisoning (P&le0.001).
As the study findings revealed, training programs in the form of workshops and courses related to hygiene and food safety can be effective for the students in increasing student's knowledge especifically lower grades students. These programs should contain practical information about microbiology of transmitted diseases through food and proper food storage methods.

Today, transmitted diseases through food and food poisoning have been considered as a public health problem in many countries. Lack of knowledge concerning hygiene and food safety can increase the risks associated with the consumed foods. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the student's knowledge and attitude of hygiene and food safety in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. This study is a cross-sectional survey in which 358 students were selected, out of 5400 students of different Schools of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, via stratified random sampling method. In order to glean the study data, a questionnaire was applied, which were then analyzed applying Mann- Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The mean score of knowledge has been reported in a low level within 33% of students and the mean score of attitude has been demonstrated to be at a good level within 63.4% of students. Most students revealed a low knowledge level regarding the proper procedures for food storage and food-borne diseases. Moreover, 28.5% of students had a history of food poisoning, whose knowledge and attitude levels were significantly less than those of students who had no history of food poisoning (P≤0.001). As the study findings revealed, training programs in the form of workshops and courses related to hygiene and food safety can be effective for the students in increasing student's knowledge especifically lower grades students. These programs should contain practical information about microbiology of transmitted diseases through food and proper food storage methods.