فهرست مطالب mohammad rafiei

The blended electronic learning system, raised as a new approach in educational planning with great enthusiasm, seeks novel ways to properly combine the media; however, the sequence of in-person and distance educational methods is an issue neglected so far. This study aims to compare the effect of the sequence of blended workshop learning and web-based learning on the learning level of biostatistics in students who were members of the Student Research Committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences.

This is a quasi-experimental study with an alternative treatment design. The statistical population consisted of the students who were members of the Student Research Committee of the university, including 38 medical students and 15 health students, who were selected through census sampling due to their limited number. The data were selected with 2 questionnaires: demographic characteristics and biostatistics multiple-choice questions to assess learning of statistical concepts in three levels of literacy, reasoning, and thinking. The validity and reliability of the translated statistics questions were assessed through content validity and bisection, respectively. The data were analyzed in SPSS-16 through independent and paired t-tests and analysis of variance.

The results showed a statistical difference between the groups in both faculties in statistical literacy and reasoning in blended learning (p>0.05). However, regarding statistical thinking, the difference was significant in the health faculty (p=0.044) and insignificant in the medical school (p>0.05).

Given the statistical difference observed in the health group, we suggest holding in-person courses at first and online courses then.

Recent research has proven that magnetic field application enhanced the percentage of germinated seed and shortened the period of seed germination. In present research in order to evaluation of the effect of magnetic field on seed germination and seedling growth indices of smooth leaf type parsley seeds and also the stability of magnetic properties on this seed, the quadrupole magnetic field was used. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors include; magnetic field intensity (150, 300 and 450 mT), time exposure (30, 60 and 90 min) and culture time (0, 7 and 14 days after the magnetic field application). The results of ANOVA showed the magnetic field had a significant effect on shoot length, fresh root weight and dry shoot weight (p≥0.01) and on fresh shoot weight (p≥0.05). Duration of the field application (time exposure), significantly affected on root length (p≥0.01). Culture time had a significant effect on root length, fresh root weight and dry shoot weight (p≥0.01) and also had a significant effect on other factors (p≥0.05). Culture time without delay after applying magnetic field (0 day) increased the root length and culture time at the 14 days after applying magnetic field increased the shoot length, fresh weight of root, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry root weight. Our results suggest that magnetic field and culture time treatments can be used as a physical technique to improve the most of seedling growth indices of parsley seeds.

 Improvement of attachment with parents can enhance children's social anxiety and lead to the reduction of urinary disorders.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate nocturnal enuresis correlation with attachment with parents in children.

 We evaluated two hundred cases aged 5 - 12 years. Children were enrolled in two groups control (healthy cases) and case (with nocturnal enuresis). We assessed the status of attachment with parents and demographic data of cases. These factors were compared between the two groups by SPSS version 23. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

 Demographic data were significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, attachment styles, including avoidance (P = 0.003), anxiety (P = 0.001), and security (P = 0.001), had statistically significant differences between the two groups.

 Parents' attachment condition was different in the two groups. Therefore, these indices as psychosocial factors may be important in nocturnal enuresis management.

Adequacy of dialysis is a very important issue in dialysis patients, so comparing the adequacy of dialysis in different dialysis methods is very important. Therefore, due to the fact that the number of people undergoing dialysis  through fistulas and catheters varies in different centers, and depending on different centers, there is a possibility of decreasing or increasing the adequacy of dialysis, so we decided to do this comparison in Arak support center.

In this analytical-cross-sectional study, the dialysis patients of Hami Arak Center from April 2019 to September 2019 were divided into two groups (the first group with permanent catheter, the second group with arteriovenous fistula) based on vascular access. The both groups were matched in terms of age, sex, weight, pump speed, filter size and also the duration of dialysis. All patients were dialyzed with the same type of dialysis machine, and the duration of hemodialysis for all samples was 4 hours in each session. To confirm the reliability of the device, it was calibrated before each use and the same setting was used for all samples. The blood samples were taken from the arterial route before dialysis and starting the dilution with heparin or normal saline. Statistical models of dialysis adequacy of patients in two groups were measured using the Kt/V criterion, SPSS and AMOS data analysis was performed.

In the analysis of covariance of BUN before dialysis, there is a statistically significant difference in the studied groups (P<0.05), also in the UF and URR variables, dialysis time and the number of times of dialysis in three consecutive repetitions, there is a statistically significant difference in the studied groups. (dime fistula and catheter) are not present (P<0.05).

In this study, during repeated repetitions, 22% of the dialysis adequacy in the two groups did not have good adequacy, and 78% of the patients in the two groups had appropriate dialysis adequacy.

One of the dangers that environmental health experts face at work is violence, the incidents of which are observed every year. The type and extent of this violence depend on the ethics of the operator. This s tudy aimed to determine the s tate of violence among environmental health experts in Kashan and Aran va Bidgol, Isfahan, Iran.

In this descriptive s tudy, 53 environmental health inspectors working in the centers affiliated with Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran, were selected. The data collection tool was a 58-item reliability-validated ques tionnaire consis ting of four parts, including physical violence (18 items), psychological violence (12 items), sexual violence (12 items), and racial violence (12 items), and there were three open ques tions at the end of the ques tionnaire. After the ques tionnaire was completed, information was recorded in SPSS software, and analysis was performed using independent t, Chi-square, and Fisher s tatis tical tes ts.

According to the results, 30% of the subjects experienced a physical attack, 90% verbal violence, and 7% racial violence in the pas t three years. No cases of sexual violence were reported. Moreover, the curator's insult to the inspectors had no relationship with the inspectors' behavior and was influenced by factors related to the curator himself and cultural and social factors.

Based on the results, a combination of personnel training and improving their communication skills, as well as behavioral training for attendants, would be effective in reducing cases of violence.

Thanks for your observations and giving us a chance to reply to the letter you received about our paper entitled: “The relationship between body mass index and preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. In the following, the authors have tried to answer the issues raised as much as possible:The quality assessment was done by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, 27 articles with a quality score of < 3 were excluded from the study, and 16 high-quality studies were analyzed (Figure 1). The article was written according to PRISMA guidelines (1). According to this guidelines reporting the quality assessment details is not obligatory in all meta-analysis, in meta-analysis conducted on randomized clinical trials and Cochrane articles, this section is usually reported in analytically in most articles. But only 30% of meta-analysis report quality assessment in the results of articles (Page 9, Table II, Item 22) (2). Many statistical tests, such as Begg and Mazumdar (1994), can be used to check publication bias. In this article, we report the p-value and a plot in the results section, which seems to be sufficient (Page 469, Table II (p = 0.584), Figure 5). Egger et al. proposed a test for the asymmetry of the funnel plot. The power of this method to detect bias will be low with small numbers of studies. Begg and Mazumdar  proposed testing the interdependence of variance and effect size using Kendall's method. This bias indicator makes fewer assumptions than that of Egger et al. (3, 4). Pubmed and Scopus databases for English and SID for Persian articles had good coverage for our search, no search results for additional article were found on Web of Sciences. Using the Web of Sciences is not obligatory in search of all meta-analysis studies. In our investigation, there were neither any articles in the Web of Sciences nor in PubMed and Scopus databases. Subgroup analysis were done according to mild and severe preeclampsia (Figure 3, 4). To pool the results of articles, there were alternative, fixed effect models, (when heterogeneity is not significant) and random effect models (when heterogeneity is significant) (5). Effect size was defined by the researcher as mean BMI with a 95% confidence interval (CI), when we use CI there is the sample size in its formula (mean ±zơ/ ).  Effect size can be defined as mean difference, or SMD, WMD, OR, RR, if we use SMD it would lead to an increase in missing values, SMD is computed when mean, SD, and sample size are avaliable in both cases and control groups, but when we define mean BMI as effect size, it is not necessary we have mean, SD, and sample size in both groups. Consequently, the results of this article, according to pooled results of 16 high-quality articles, are valid to cite.

The most common method for burn wound dressing is silver sulfadiazine (SSD); however, its side effects on wound healing and the need for repeated use for healing are often painful. This study aimed to compare two different dressings, namely Bilva and SSD ointments, on wound healing, pain, itching, and scarring of the burn wounds. This clinical trial study was performed on 35 patients with superficial second-degree burns hospitalized in the Burn Ward of Sina Hospital in Tabriz, Iran, from 2019 to 20. After irrigation of the wound, Bilva ointment was applied randomly on one side and SSD ointment on the other side to repair patients' burns. Patients were followed up on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and the first, second, and third months after burns; data related to the wound healing process, pain, itching, and scar status of patients were collected with a checklist.  There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of variables related to the wound healing process on all days. The amount of burn wound scar did not differ between the two groups on day 21 and the first, second, and third months. Patients' pain and itching were significantly better in the Bilva group on the 7th (p<0.01), 14th (p<0.01), 21st day (p<0.01), and the first month (p<0.01) after burns relative to the SSD group. Bilva ointment had a similar effect in healing the burn wounds of patients compared to SSD, and it was more effective in controlling pain and itching of burn wounds than SSD. Further studies are needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this dressing method on superficial burn wounds.

In the study, bread salinity was measured in bakeries in Varamin and Pakdasht cities with Atago salinity meter and the results were compared by Mohr method.

Methods and material:

 In this study, 676 bread samples were measured for salinity Atago digital, and then the results were compared by the Mohr method. The ability to detect this salinity was also evaluated by the diagnostic value method. Then the indicators of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy ,and predictive value of the device were used. Ethical considerations were considered at all stages of the study.

Mean and standard deviation of bread salinity in Pakdasht city by Mohr method for Barbari, Taftoon, Sangak and Lavash bread 0.42± 0.51, 0.57± 0.58, 0.60± 0.45 and 0.53± 0.49 And the same values ​​according to the response of Atago salinity meter for Barbari, Taftoon, Sangak and Lavash breads: 0.42 ± 0.56, 0.43 ± 0.55, 0.44 ± 0.66, 0.61 ± 0.41 was obtained. Mean bread salinity in Varamin city by Mohr method for Barbari, Taftoon, Sangak and Lavash breads 0.80 ± 0.32, 0.81 ± 1.09, 0.82 ± 0.10 and 0.78 ± 0.98. Also according to the answer Atago salinity meter was obtained for Barbari, Taftoon, Sangak and Lavash breads: 0.56 ± 1.03, 0.58±0. 89, 0.85 ± 0.60 and 0.57 ±0.81. Sensitivity, specificity, ability to detect salinity cases above the standard, ability to detect salinity cases below the standard, positive and negative likelihood, respectively 80.35, 88.37, 77.97, 77.89, 6.91, 0.22 Percentage was calculated.

The ability of Atago salinity meter to detect cases below the standard is 80.35% and also to detect cases above the standard limit of 77.97%, so it can be considered as a suitable test.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. Patients with cancer may die due to disease progression or other types of events. These different event types are called competing risks. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the survival of patients with breast cancer using three different approaches: cause-specific hazards regression, subdistribution hazards regression, and the random survival forest for competing risks.

A historical cohort study was conducted on 527 breast cancer patients diagnosed in Mahdieh Medical Center, Hamadan, between 2004 and 2015. To determine risk factors for death due to cancer progression or other competing risks, cause-specific hazards and substandard hazards models and a random survival forest for competing risk were fitted. Data analysis was performed with R 3.4.3.

Findings showed that for death from the progression of breast cancer, age and number of involved lymph nodes were significant in both models (P < 0.05), and in the random survival forest model for death due to cancer progression, tumor size, number of involved lymph nodes, progesterone, estrogen, and family history were the important identified variables.

In the presence of competing risks, when the underlying assumptions of cause-specific and subdistribution hazard regression models are not established, the use of random survival forest for competing events data to determine the risk factors affecting survival according to the coordination index and Brier score is more appropriate.

The most common connective tissue neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract is gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Its presentations are usually abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding.

We report a 31-year-old man with abdominal pain presented to our hospital with 10 days history of abdominal pain. After radiologic investigations, total distended stomach paraesophageal hernia and antral deformity were seen in the CT scan. Subsequently, the patient underwent surgery and after releasing the stomach, a large sealed perforatedmass was seen in the antrum near the diaphragmatic hiatus and small localized abscess that subtotal gastrectomy and hernia repair was done. Pathologic examination revealed that the perforated mass is a GIST.

We report a rare complication of gist that is perforation and the first report of simultaneous paraesophageal hernia and perforated gist.

Jajrood River is one of the major drinking water supply rivers in Tehran, so, the effects of climate change on its quantitative and qualitative resources are highly important. This study aimed at investigating the effect of climate change on organic carbon removal in Jajrood basin.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, CanESM2 general circulation model and SDSM (version 5.3) downscaling model were used for simulating climatic data and HYMOD model was used to simulate runoff in Jajrood catchment. Climate change scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 were simulated for 2006-2050. Stepwise regression and linear regression were used in MATLAB R2017a to model the qualitative data.

According to findings, the temperature of this basin will be about 2.25°C warmer than the base period. Rainfall and runoff in the whole catchment will increase by about 10% and 93% and the concentrations of total organic carbon of the inlet to the treatment plant will be about three times higher than the base period which will increase the load on carbon in different units of the treatment plant.

Increased rainfall caused by washing the upstream agricultural lands and temperature increase due to elevated rate of bioactivity lead to deterioration of the quality of water entering the dam and increase the organic carbon entering the treatment plant. On the other hand, Tehranpars water treatment plant with its current capacity and efficiency will not meet the standards of drinking water in terms of organic carbon.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune and multi-organ disease. Cardiovascular involvement is one of the most important causes of death in these patients. In some studies, it has been observed that the prolongation of the QTc interval is a prognostic factor in cardiovascular failure.

In this study, we intended to assess the role of drugs used in treating patients with lupus on the prolonged QTc interval.

This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 150 patients with SLE referring to Rheumatology Clinics in the City of Arak during the years 2014 and 2015. Then, ECGs were taken from all patients in two phases, first on admission and second six hours later. The QTc interval was determined using Bazett’s formula. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software.

The mean age of the studied patients was 35.36 ± 11.8 years and 80.7% were females. An anti-Ro/SSA antibody and treatment with hydroxychloroquine were significantly associated with the prolongation of QTc in patients; however, the duration and dosage of hydroxychloroquine did not affect the QTc interval.

Based on the obtained results, hydroxychloroquine may influence the cardiac condition of patients; thus, it needs more studies in this field.

Reducing the fertility rates in Iran and use of multiple contraceptive methods in recent decades have been affected by many social, economic and demographic factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to study the fertility pattern and common preventive fertility methods at Arak city in 2017 year. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 married women referred to Arak remedial centers in 2017 year. The participants were randomly selected from Vali Asr, Taleghani and Amir Kabir hospitals. The participants information was collected using questionnaire and  subsequently analyzed using Stata software version 12.
Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1396.4 has been approved by research ethics committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences. Our results showed that the mean age and average duration of marriage of women were 40.03 ± 11.19 and 21.08 ± 12.73 respectively, as well, 281 (73.2%) of women used the natural fertility prevention methods. Most of the participated women were post-graduate diploma with lacked income and housekeeping. Other contraceptive methods such as pills, condoms, IUDs, one-month menses and three-month injections were 8.9, 3.28, 6.38, 1.7 and 2.6, respectively. The most common method for preventing fertility is natural method. Condoms and pills are used more than the other contraceptive methods. There is a lack of awareness of modern contraceptive methods. Therefore, it is recommended that married women be educated about educational materials and counseling for familiarizing them with contraceptives.

Child abuse is a serious global problem and can be in the form of physical, sexual, emotional or neglect by not providing for the child's needs. Functional constipation (FC) is a common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder in children. This study was aimed to assess the relationship between child abuse and functional constipation in children. Materials and Methods In this age frequency-matched case-control study, 100 children with FC were compared with 100 healthy children as control. The diagnosis of FC was based on history and physical examination. Child abuse in three sub-groups (physical, emotional and neglect) were assessed by ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Children's Version (ICAST-C). The data were analyzed by Stata software (version 13.0). The results of this study revealed that the frequency of any kind of child abuse in case (children with functional constipation), and control group (children without functional constipation) is 93% and 84%, respectively, OR: 2.53 (95% CI: 1.00-6.45), P=0.052. The most frequent abuse in both groups was emotional abuse (91% vs. 81%) followed by physical (61% vs. 47%), and neglect (19% vs. 8%). There was a significant association between frequency of emotional (OR: 2.37, P=0.046), physical (OR: 1.76, P=0.048) and neglect abuse (OR: 2.70, P=0.027) among case and control groups. However, after controlling the confounding variables, the association between child abuse and FC remained clinically important but was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Notwithstanding emotional abuse, physical abuse and child neglect rate were more frequent among children with FC, this study demonstrates that child abuse is not associated with FC occurrence.

One of the causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity is pregnancy-induced hypertension, the most common form of which is preeclampsia that causes many complications for mother and fetus.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and preeclampsia in Iran.

Using valid keywords in the SID database, PubMed, Scopus,data obtained from all the articles, which were reviewed in Iran between 2000 and 2016, were combined using the meta-analysis method (random-effects model) and analyzed using STATA version 11.1.

A total number of 5,946 samples were enrolled in 16 studies with the mean BMI values of 25.13, 27.42, and 26.33 kg /m2 in the healthy, mild, and severe preeclamptic groups, respectively.

The results of this study revealed that there is a significant relationship between BMI and the risk of preeclampsia, so it can be said that BMI may be one of the ways to diagnose preeclampsia.

There is limited research on gerontological nursing competence in hospitals. However, there is no comprehensive and integrated description of the gerontological nursing competence requirements in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to explain the components of nursing competence in caring for older people in Iranian hospitals. This is a qualitative descriptive‑exploratory study. The data were collected through a semi‑structured interview with nurses, nurse managers, and clinical educators in teaching hospitals and nursing schools affiliated to Arak, Isfahan, and Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran from September 2015 to July 2016. Participants included 25 people who were selected by purposive and snowball sampling method. Sampling continued until data saturation. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method. Data analysis generated three main categories including (1) Patient and family centered care; (2) Process‑oriented care; and (3) Self‑care and continuing professional development. Nurses should have competencies such as participation and empowerment of the patient and family; ease of comfort in the elderly; comprehensive geriatric assessment; development, implementation and evaluation of care plan; development of knowledge and clinical proficiency; and coaching so that they can work effectively during the care of the elderly. The results of this study can be used by nursing educators, nursing students, and nurses to develop their individual and professional skills in the field of gerontological nursing.

White blood cell (WBC) counts are commonly used for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the early stages of pain. However, the effect of certain confounders, particularly age and sex, has been less focused. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of white blood cells in the prediction of acute appendicitis using age-sex-adjusted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.  

In this cross sectional study, 131 patients who had undergone appendectomy were studied during 2010-2011. Patients were placed in the normal appendix and acute appendicitis groups. ROC regression was used to identify the effects of the variables of age and sex on the diagnostic accuracy of WBCs using the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Statistical analysis was conducted in Stata 12 software.  

In ROC regression method, the AUC for the variable of WBC was 0.643 (95% CI: 0.555-0.725) without adjustment for age and sex variables, 0.672 (0.584-0.751) with an age-adjusted variable, 0.698 (0.612-0.775) with a sex-adjusted variable, and 0.710 (0.624-0.786) with both age-sex adjusted variables. 

Results indicated that age-sex adjusted variables increased the diagnostic accuracy of the WBC test for predicting acute appendicitis using ROC regression method for the WBC test.

The environmental movements in Europe today have become one of the most important and powerful social movements that have influenced the EU decision-making process. Indeed, the main purpose of these movements is to transform environmental discourses and link environmental issues to European societies that have achieved remarkable successes in this way. In this regard, given the importance of the issue, this research seeks to answer the central question of how environmental movements have influenced the process of political decision-making in the European Union?Research findings show that environmental social movements in European societies have influenced the EU's environmental policies through the influence of the negotiation process on the development of environmental rules. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative method and data collection tools are library and internet resources

Interval censored data occur in repeated data in medical studies. There are common methods to analysis this type of data. The purpose of this study is to examine the random imputation technique in the analysis of interval censored data. Using the Monte Carlo simulation technique, we evaluate the power of Random Imputation method, and finally we assess its performance using the actual data set. Actual dataset is related to dental information in Urmia, which contains 207 children. All calculations are done using R 3.2.3 software. Findings: The simulation results show that the power of random imputation technique is good and acceptable. The p-value in real data shows that there is no difference using the random imputation technique. Random imputation technique can be used as an alternative method in comparison with other conventional methods.

  Enuresis has been defined as bed voiding at least twice a week for more than 3 consecutive months in individuals older than 5 years of age. Increased nocturnal enuresis could be possibly associated with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system. To observe autonomic nervous system function in enuretic children, the current study performed management of blood pressure. In this study, primary non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and healthy children were enrolled and blood pressure was measured twice, in the morning and afternoon. Urinalysis, urine culture, and urinary system ultrasound were carried out for the patients. A diary on the daily fluid intake and volume of daily urine was required. The researchers observed that there was a significant difference between age variation (P value = 0.001) gender variation (P value = 0.030), educational level of patients’ mothers and fathers (P value = 0.001) and record of hypertension in the family (P value = 0.001) between case and control groups. In children affected by primary non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, nighttime Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) were significantly higher, than healthy children. These circadian blood pressure provisions may reflect pathogenesis of primary non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and autonomic nervous system dysfunction

Statement of the Problem: Periodontal diseases are complex oral diseases characterized by bacterial-induced inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a common gram-negative anaerobic oral bacteria strongly associated with periodontal disease.
The present study was conducted to estimate prevalence of P. gingivalis in patients with periodontal diseases by using meta-analysis method.
Martials and Different databases including PubMed, EmBase, Scopus, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify original English-language studies addressing prevalence of P. gingivalis in periodontal diseases up to December 2014. The random effects model was applied in the meta-analysis and the heterogeneity between studies was assessed using a Cochran test and the I2 index. Funnel plots and Egger test were used to examine publication bias. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12.
Forty-two eligible studies published during 1993- 2016 were selected for meta-analysis. Considering all the included studies, the total sample size was 5,884 individuals containing 2,576 healthy people with a mean age of 37.21±7.45 years and 3,308 periodontal patients with a mean age of 44.16±8.35 years. Overall, the prevalence of P. gingivalis was 78% [95% CI: 74-81] in periodontal diseases group and 34% [95% CI: 26-41] in healthy individuals. There was a significantly higher prevalence of P.gingivalis in individuals with periodontal diseases compared to healthy subjects [78% versus 34%, respectively].
This study indicates that P. gingivalis is highly present in subjects with periodontal diseases and it also appears in periodontally healthy people, although to a lesser extent. Thus, the presence of P. gingivalis increases the chance of periodontal disease and it can be considered as a main potential risk factor.

Children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) are treated for 12 weeks with prednisolone regarding the damage to the bones. Deficiency in the level of vitamin D damages the bones. Assessment of vitamin D status in children with NS is based on serum 25OHD3 level taking into consideration the type of steroid susceptible (SS), steroid dependent (SD), and steroid resistance (SR) nephrotic syndrome (NS).
This study was a prospective study on children with the first visit of NS before treatment with prednisolone. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated with Schwartz formula, and only sick people with normal GFR were included in the study. Analysis of 218 children aged 1-13 years, median 9.5 [108 with SSNS, 64 with SDNS, and 46 with SRNS] was performed. Serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2 D3, calcium, phosphorus, and creatinine were measured. The correlation of 25OHD3 with the type of nephrotic syndrome, seasons, gender, and age was investigated.
A total of 218 children were examined. Vitamin D level was deficient ( Our results suggest the necessity of developing new strategies in vitamin D supplementation in children with INS.

Nowadays hypertension (HTN) is a common finding in children. Also, hydronephrosis is a common clinical condition that is referred to physicians. Kidney disease is the most common reason of secondary HTN in children.
In this study, the researchers aimed at evaluating the relationship between HTN and hydronephrosis in children.
This was a case-control study that was done on children older than four years old. The case group included children with hydronephrosis that referred to the pediatrics clinic of Amirkabir hospital in Arak, Iran. At the same time, healthy children with the same demographic condition were entered in the control group.
This study was done on 328 children in case (108 children: 42 males and 66 females) and control (220 children: 98 males and 122 females) groups. The mean age of these children was 7.52 ± 2.48 years old. Overall, 95.4% of the case group and 85% of the control were in the normal range of diastolic blood pressure (P-value = 0.013) and 99.1% of the case group and 89.5% of the control group were in the normal range for systolic blood pressure (P-value = 0.007).
It could be concluded that hydronephrosis and HTN had a relationship.

Uncontrolled increase of C-section is one of the major problems in Iranian health system, such that C-section is the most common surgical procedure in the entire country’s hospitals in Obstetrics and Gynecology sections. A variety of complications also come along with cesarean.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, causes, and complications of cesarean in Iran.

forty-one articles were considered with respect to certain criteria and were included in a systematic review to perform a meta-analysis study. The systematic review’s search was conducted on SID, Iranmedx, Magiran, Medlib, PubMed, and Science Direct databases published between1999-2016. The weight of each included study was calculated according to its sample size and the reported prevalence of binomial distribution. A random-effects model using R and STATA (Version 11.2) software was utilized for analyzing data.

The total number of the sample was 197514 pregnant women with a mean age of 26.72 yr. The prevalence of cesarean in Iran was estimated at 48%. The main reasons for the prevalence of cesarean in this study were mothers’ higher education, previous cesarean, and doctor recommendation. The most frequent complication in women undergoing cesarean was the muscular pain, and the most common fetal complications in newborns by caesarean delivery was transient tachypnea.

The prevalence of C-section in Iran is much higher than what WHO recommends. It is essential, to decrease such a phenomenon, making the mothers aware of the risks of cesarean delivery, and establishing counselling sessions as well to eliminate the mothers’ fear of vaginal delivery.

Hydronephrosis as a major health issue, has a significant contribution to the loss of kidney function and dialysis. Based on this the aim of this was to evaluate the probably etiology of hydronephrosis in neonates.
We have evaluated 314 neonates with fetal hydronephrosis (by ultrasonography) as a study group. Cases were followed by voiding cystourethrogram 3 weeks after the start time. In addition, we took a Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid scan at the end of 1st month of childbirth. At the end, we evaluated data based on the statistical analysis. Based on these examinations, etiology of hydronephrosis were examined and recorded.
In total 314 infants with hydronephrosis (55.7% male and 44.3% female) were included. Idiopathic cause (42%) as the most common etiology and vesicoureteric reflux as 2nd most common etiology of hydronephrosis have been evaluated (37.4%).
Based on this finding, different causes can induce hydronephrosis as a different etiology; therefore, we can control and reduce hydronephrosis by checking vesicoureteric reflux as the most common possible etiology.