فهرست مطالب mohammad soltani

A fundamental principle of capital market law is issuers’ duty to disclose information with the aim of protecting investors by giving them the opportunity to make deliberate decisions. As mere information disclosure, of any quality or quantity, does not attract investors’ attention, particular characteristics are to be considered. Among these characteristics, “Materiality” is of higher importance and worth studying with a comparative glance through laws, regulations and judicial precedent. Iranian laws have not focused on this filed but it seems that based on Disclosure Directive 2007, a onestep criterion exists to assess the materiality of information: “the impact on the price or investor’s decision”. But as it is evident in the two cases known as "TSC" and "BASIC" of America and the "Regulation on Market Abuse" of Europe, we should not be satisfied with this appearance, because this criterion is generic and presumptive, two pillars The other means "conventional investor's approach" and "conventional possibility of influencing investors' decision" is also hidden in it.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are determined by ineffective hematopoiesis and bone marrow cytological dysplasia with somatic gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. Accumulating evidence has revealed the pivotal role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptotic cell death in the pathogenesis of MDS. Although MDS can be diagnosed with a variety of morphologic and cytogenetic tests, most of these tests have limitations or problems in practice.

In the present study, we evaluated the expression of genes that form the inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, and CASP1) in bone marrow specimens of MDS patients and compared the results with those of other leukemias to evaluate their diagnostic value for MDS.Primary samples of this observational cohort study were collected from aspiration samples of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (27 cases) and patients with non-myelodysplastic syndrome hematological cancers (45 cases). After RNA extraction and c.DNA synthesis, candidate transcripts and housekeeping transcripts were measured by real-time PCR method (SYBER Green assay). Using Kruskal-Wallis the relative gene expressions were compared and differences with p value less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Discrimination capability, cut-off, and area under curve (AUC) of all markers were analyzed with recessive operation curve (ROC) analysis.

 We found that Caspase-1 and ASC genes expressed at more levels in MDS specimens compared to non-MDS hematological malignancies. A relative average expression of 10.22 with a p-value of 0.001 and 1.86 with p=0.019 was detected for Caspase-1 and ASC, respectively. ROC curve analysis shows an AUC of 0.739 with p=0.0001 for Caspase-1 and an AUC of 0.665 with p=0.0139 for ASC to MDS discrimination.

Our results show that Caspase-1 and ASC gene expression levels can be used as potential biomarkers for MDS diagnosis. Prospective studies with large sample numbers are suggested.

Cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) is a non-pharmacological treatment in patient with coronary heart disease (CHD). The present study was aimed the effect of CRP on adiponectin and lipid profiles in CHD patients during 8 weeks.

Sixty patients with CHD were divided to 2 groups: the exercise group (EG), who completed a series of CRP (3 times a week, in the morning, at 60-85% of MHR, lasted 45-60 minutes for 8 weeks), and a control group (CG) who did not exercise during 8 weeks. In each group, 16 patients were female and 14 patients were male (n = 30). The body mass index (BMI), waist to hip (WHR), cardiorespiratory variables were determined at baseline after 8-week. Medication and diet remained unchanged in both groups during this period. Data were evaluated by independent t-tests by SPSS software in the significant level P-value < 0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in anthropometric and cardiorespiratory variables except in RDBP between two groups after CRP. Also, a significant decrease was observed in the EG group for serum TC, LDL and TG levels, RSBP, body weight, BMI, WHR and a significant increase for FC, HDL and adiponectin levels compared to baseline (P < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol level in exercise group was higher than control group after CRP (P < 0.05).

Cardiac rehabilitation based on aerobic exercise training may improve plasma lipid profile and adiponectin level in CHD patients, in the absence of changes in diet or medication.

With the development of telecommunication and communication technologies, especially wireless communications, information cryptography is one of the communication necessities. Today, cryptographic algorithms are used to increase security and prevent DICOM medical images from unauthorized access. It should be noted that changes in DICOM medical images will cause the doctor to misdiagnose the patient's treatment process. In this paper, a type of hybrid cryptographic algorithms is designed. In the proposed algorithm, DNA encryption algorithm is used to encrypt DICOM images and patient biometric information such as fingerprint or iris image is used to make digital signature and validate DICOM medical images. The designed encryption algorithm is resistant to brute force attacks and the entropy of the encrypted DICOM images is above 7.99.

Running is known as one of the most popular sports for which there is no time and space limit. Recently, due to lifestyle changes, the use of treadmills for walking and running has increased. However, the biomechanical differences in coordination between running on a treadmill at different speeds have not been sufficiently addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing running speed on three-dimensional changes of lower extremity joint angles in the open motor chain and swing phase.

28 elite runners participated in this study. Subjects ran on an equipped treadmill while kinematic running data was recorded for 30 seconds through a three-dimensional 12-camera motion recording system at speeds of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 m / s. Data were normalized based on the subjects' body mass as well as 101 time points in the running cycle. The normality and homogeneity of variance of the dependent variable were tested using Bartlett and Leven’s tests. Repeated measurement test was performed to measure the angles of the pelvis, knee and ankle between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb joints in the running swing phase.

In the range of motion of hip, knee and ankle joint, there were significant differences among all the three speed rates of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 on all planes.

Changes in the angle and range of motion of the hip, knee and ankle joints are significantly greater in the swing phase as the running speed increases. Due to the fact that in high-speed running, the stability of the body decreases, the central nervous system commands to increase the range of motion of the angle of the mentioned joints to regulate the structure of the body and reduce the instability in response to the applied disorders. The results also show that the ankle joint, as the closest joint in contact with the ground, helps to run faster and more efficiently by increasing changes in the angle and range of motion of the ankle joint during running, and by reducing the time of foot contact with the ground at each step. It can be concluded that this point is effective in increasing speed.

With its victory in 1357, the Islamic Revolution of Iran has brought with it many achievements in various fields since the beginning of its formation over the course of fourteen decades. These achievements are tangible and significant at the domestic and national level as well as at the level outside the national borders. The question raised in this article is what political and military achievements the Islamic Republic of Iran has had since its formation until now? It seems that the Islamic Republic of Iran has political achievements such as supporting Muslims and the oppressed of the world, which originates from the religious thought and Shiite identity of Iranians. Also, this Islamic and Shiite identity has supported the resistance groups in supporting Muslims under the domination of the world and has become a factor at the domestic and foreign levels to maintain its political independence away from any domination. It goes without saying that Iran's imposed war with Iraq's Baath regime has also been fruitful in the military self-sufficiency and in general the military achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article has analyzed the political and military achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran in general by means of a descriptive-analytical method and using internet and library resources.

A smart contract is one type of electronic contract whose specific feature is automatic execution. General validity conditions of contracts should be met to determine the validity of a smart contract. General validity conditions of a contract from Iran and the United States of America perspective consist of parties’ capacity, mutual agreement, valid subject-matter, and legitimacy of contract purpose. As described in this article, parties’ capacity normally does not examine in the routine procedure of smart contract conclusion, and it’s obligatory to ensure the complete capacity of parties by additional measures. Mutual agreements easily can be determined in smart contracts. Smart contracts can be concluded as reciprocal or nonreciprocal; and this article clarifies if there was no consideration in a nonreciprocal smart contract, it should be deemed as void in USA territory. Finally, if the purpose of a smart contract conclusion was illegal, undoubtedly that contract will be invalid in both Iran and USA territory.

Trade liberalizations of 1970s caused financial crises in some countries. After the global financial crisis of 2007, the viewpoint to financial stability has been changed and countries considered the stability of the financial system in whole instead of financial stability of each bank. To this aim, they based banking regulation on macroprudential policy. The haste of countries caused ignoring the theory of bank regulation based on macroprudential policy. In case of uncertainty in banking activities causing market failure, developing a framework for macroprudential policy will not be possible. This research is done through library sources and based on analytic-descriptive approach. The main question of the article is what is the theory of banking regulation based on macroprudential policy? Accordingly, some of the banking activities cause negative externalities that threaten financial stability. The regulator should identify the negative externalities and draw a proper legal framework based on macroprudential policy for the purpose of market failure correction.

Investigating and understanding the relationship and correlation between functional movement screening (FMS) and anthropometric characteristics play a significant role in predicting and preventing injury. This study investigated the relationship between FMS and anthropometric characteristics in the Iranian national team's teenage volleyball players. 22 elite youth volleyball players who were members of the national adolescent volleyball team of the Islamic Republic of Iran participated in this research. Also, two demographic characteristics and FMS were examined. The Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between the demographic variables and the FMS score. There was a significant positive relationship between "in-line lunge with upper limb balance, shoulder mobility with active straight leg raise, fat mass index with fat ratio to SM, Body Mass Index (BMI), Total Body Fat (TBF%), Visceral Fat Index (VFI), fat-free mass with fat-free mass index. Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Basal Metabolic Ratio (BMR), the ratio of fat to SM with TBF% and VFI" and “weight with BMI, BMC, and BMR, and BMI with VFI, BMR, and Upper Limb Balance" and "TBF% with VFI" and "BMC with BMR" and "TBW% with SM%" and "body balance with TBW%, SM%, and Upper Limb Balance”. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it can be suggested that FMS test results and anthropometric indices can be useful in the initial assessment and prediction of people's susceptibility to functional-motor injuries. Also, athletes' functional movement patterns and body composition are different according to their sport and position. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the positive points of the athlete's performance in his specialized sports field and functional movement disorders in young people, which may help to reduce injuries and improve sports performance.

In recent years, application of Hydroxyapatite (HA) as the coating on metal substrates for biological stabilization of implants, stimulation of bone growth around the implant, and optimization of recovery time has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. In this regard, the current study presented a review of HA and its composite coatings for tissue engineering applications. HA is one of the bioceramics that has been an interesting subject of research in recent years owing to its in-vitro bioactivity, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction properties. According to the previous reports, coated implants were performed successfully to achieve high corrosion resistance, bone growth and regeneration, and reduction of corrosion current density. The current research presented a review of the previous research works on the coating mechanism, physico-mechanical, in-vitro bioactivity, and biocompatibility properties of HA and its composite coatings on substrates. The obtained results revealed that HA and its composites had a synergistic effect on the metal substrates in terms of improving corrosion resistance, providing biocompatibility, direct bonding to tissue, accelerating treatment, and reducing costs imposed on the health care sector.

Agility in the organization of the administrative system is one of the important concerns of the administrative system, which is emphasized in the administrative transformation policies announced by the Supreme Leader, the roadmap for the reform of the administrative system. The administrative system of each country is the organization that regulates the activities to achieve the lofty goals of the country, which, while creating coordination between different sectors, provides a suitable platform for solving the problems and issues of the people and facilitating public flow.Accordingly, considering the importance of the subject of the present study, the identification of obstacles to the implementation of the program for the agility of the administrative system is in accordance with paragraph 10 of the policies for the transformation of the administrative system. The research method is applied in terms of results, descriptive in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data type. The statistical population in this study is 250 employees working in the Expediency Council that based on simple random sampling, 152 people were selected as a sample. The tools used in the research include a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (above 0.7). Data were analyzed by SPSS software. In the descriptive statistics section, mean and standard deviation were used. In the inferential statistics section, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data and KMO and Bartlett tests were used to evaluate the adequacy of sampling and confirmatory factor analysis and Friedman test. Findings showed that the obstacles to the implementation of the administrative system organization agility program in accordance with paragraph 10 of the administrative system transformation policies are: barriers related to executives, structural and content barriers, barriers related to human-financial resources and barriers caused by the environment And beneficiaries. These results are significant at the alpha level of 0.05.

With the spread of the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus in the world, emergency medical services (EMS) workers have suffered physical and mental problems, which required therapeutic interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of compassion-based treatment on blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index of emergency medical workers infected with the Covid-19

The current research was of semi-experimental study using pre-test and post-test statistical analyzes along with the control group. The statistical population in this research included all emergency medical staff of Mashhad city, Iran infected with Corona in 2021. From this population, 40 people were selected by purposeful sampling method and were randomly selected by lottery method in two experimental groups (20 people) and control group (20 people). The treatment was based on compassion and implemented in the form of 8 sessions of 90 minutes and once a week for the experimental group, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The measuring tool was a German Richter mercury sphygmomanometer with an arm cuff. The participants were measured in terms of blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index in the pre-test and post-test stages. For data analysis, univariate covariance analysis was used with SPSS version 26 software.

According to the results of this research, compassion-based treatment had an effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index of emergency medical workers infected with the SARS‑CoV‑2 (P < 0.01). The extent of this effect was 0.32 on systolic blood pressure, 0.51 on diastolic blood pressure, 0.41 on heart rate, and 0.35 body mass index, based on Eta-squared measure.

Considering the effect of compassion-based treatment on blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index of emergency medical workers infected with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, it is suggested that counselors and therapists use the approach of compassion-based treatment in reducing the problems of emergency medical workers.

The ban on financial assistance for purchase of own shares, is rooted in the prohibition on a company acquiring its own share that the latter stems from the ban on distribution of capital to shareholders under capital maintenance rules. Although long ago the giving of financial assistance was absolutely forbidden, gradually along with the modification of commercial transactions and the influence of financial assistance on the development of business the absoluteness of this ban was set aside. However, legal systems have variously regulated financial assistance in such a manner that in some countries like England and European Union, financial assistance is principally proscribed with some limited exceptions, and some countries like United States have leniently addressed this issue so that up until the company is not insolvent, giving of financial assistance cannot be impeded. In Iranian Law, the legislator has not enacted an explicit rule for financial assistance and none of the current regulations provide any solution for this issue. Therefore, this essay studies the leading legal systems and suggests a solution consistent with Iranian law.

COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world many different challenges. One of them is the increase in the traits of mental disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is one of the most disabling disorders for patients and families. One of the factors associated with OCD is self-regulation strategies. Investigating the associations between selfregulation strategies and OCD symptoms can help us find better ways in order to prevent and treat OCD. Additionally, in this critical period, preventive behaviors play a significant role in reducing COVID-19 cases worldwide. The present research aimed to investigate the association between self-regulation strategies, OCD traits, and preventive behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the relationship between OCD traits and self-regulation strategies, including expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal, self-control, integrative self-knowledge, self-compassion, and preventive behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. We recruited 380 Iranian adolescents aged 12 to 18 (15.32±2.13) through multistage sampling method and among the students in Shiraz schools in 2022. The sample size was determined based on the study primary objective. In order to gather data, Padua obsession and compulsion inventory, integrative self-knowledge questionnaire, self-control scale, preventive behaviors scale, self-compassionate scale, and emotion regulation questionnaire were utilized as research instruments. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The obtained findings shed light on negative relationships between OCD (65.55±20.61) and self-compassion (35.38±6.35, P=0.001), self-control (39.78±10.83, P=0.001), integrative self-knowledge (38.74±6.72, P=0.01), cognitive reappraisal (27.93±6.01, P=0.01). Moreover, positive relationships were observed between OCD, preventive behaviors (5.95±0.92), and expressive suppression (15.04±4.52, P=0.03). The results also revealed that self-regulation strategies account for 62% of preventive behaviors. Self-regulation strategies were found to be important predictors for adolescents’ preventive behaviors during the pandemic. Therefore, paying further attention to self-regulation strategies in this critical period of life is of great necessity.

According to certain evidence, the coming down gradually of the verses of the Holy Quran is obvious. Knowing the order in which the verses were come down has an effect on discovering the God’s intention. The role of Qur'anic verses and continuous or discontinuous cultural and social evidences in discovering God's serious intentions has always been emphasized. This appeared mostly in the form of distinguishing between Meccan and Madani verses and distinguishing exceptional verses; But commentators have also paid attention to order the coming down of verses. Hadiths have also been recorded about knowing sequence the coming down of verses, and the majority of Quranic commentators and scholars have relied on these hadiths and reports. But most orientalists and a number of Muslim commentators have relied on ijtihad and have stated criteria worthy of consideration in this regard. This article aims to strengthen the way of Muslim commentators and briefly evaluate the views of orientalists towards them. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical and based on ijtihad in hadiths and historical sources, which has resulted in the preparation of a reliable table of the path of authenticating historical hadiths and reports and a selection from among them; In this way, after collecting all the tables and by applying the methods of hadith studies and finding the tables of Sahih al-Sandah and reflecting on context the coming down of the verses and their content, we can obtain a reliable foundation of order the coming down of the verses and strengthened the view of the Muslim commentators.

Because of their position and power regarding soul, property, and honor of people, the conduct of judges has crucial or fatal effect on the life of clients of courts. Therefore, some threats and issues threaten the position of judges. Moreover, the personal conduct of judges can influence the entire judicial system and monitoring their conduct is therefore an unavoidable course of action. With respect to the difficulties and increasing complexity of judgment, some working groups in Judicial Branch and High Disciplinary Court of Judges in the studies countries have been established to investigate the number and nature of faults and reports of regulatory bodies and to take further measures including in-service trainings for judges in order to avoid and control the offences, and teach the ability to overcome the problems and failures. Hence, every judicial system is supposed to utilize precise investigations and experiences of other countries to achieve the desired objectives of judicial branch, and to provide opportunities and strategies for correction of professional conduct of judges. In the studied countries, a set of ethical codes for judges is provided in which principles are defined and clarified on which the judges should rely on. Precise and detailed monitoring of commercial and economic activities of judges are ordained which are not noticed in Iranian Judicial System, and the nature of social and economic transitions of Iranian society urges ordaining such regularities, whereas in the law of monitoring the conduct of judges in Iran which is ratified in the recent years, such aspects of this issue has not been the concern of Iranian legislators.

The purpose of this research was to determine the difference of educational methods of Reggio Emilia and High Scope effectiveness on creativity and social skills of preschoolers. Data was collected in the framework of semi-experimental research design of pre-test, post-test with control group kind and by performing Torrance test, form B (pictorial one) and Gresham & Elliot' social skills test (SSRS). The statistical population of the research includes all the 4 and 5-year-old preschoolers of Tabriz during 2019-2020. The sample included 60 preschoolers that 40 people were selected as the experimental group and 20 people as the control one by convenience non-Random Sampling. After holding educational methods of Reggio Emilia and High Scope classes for three months and data analysis with ANCOVA, the results showed that the educational methods of Reggio Emilia and High Scope were effective on creativity and social skills of new learners. Further, the results of follow up test showed that the most effective educational methods on preschooler's creativity relates to the educational approach of Reggio Emilia, also, in increasing social skills, high Scope method has the most efficacy

Limitation of shareholders liability to the extent of their shares in a limited liability company, could expose creditors to the risk of default of their claims. Therefore, Legal Capital as a traditional solution has been devised long ago to protect creditors rights against limitation of company shareholders liability. According to Legal Capital rules, the procedures as to provision of minimum capital by shareholders and its maintenance during the business activity of the incorporation can sufficiently secure creditors rights. Nevertheless, this issue has been questioned nowadays and in some legal systems a modern approach to Legal Capital has been established. By means of covenants and insolvency law, this recent approach attempts to introduce alternative solutions which are believed to have obviated the shortcomings of Legal Capital and enhance the protection of creditors rights. In conjunction with the study of traditional and modern approaches to Legal Capital, this essay puts forward a recommendation on amendment of current Iranian Law and recognize an intermediate approach to be the most proper solution for protection of creditors rights in Iranian Law.

Coronavirus-disease 19 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a global public health issue, and there is a desperate need for strategies of prevention, reduction, and treatment to halt the epidemic. The coronavirus affects the immune system, and individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those with diabetes, hypertension, obesity, are more susceptible to this virus. Lifestyle-related variables such as physical activity and nutritional supplements can decrease inflammatory markers, increase anti-inflammatory and antioxidant status, and improve the immune system. Lifestyle-related variables play preventive roles against various infectious diseases including COVID-19. This review highlights the effects of physical activity and nutrients supplements on the immune system and their possible benefits in combating the harms caused by infection with the COVID-19 virus.

Autism is a type of neurodegenerative disorder, affected by genetic and environmental factors. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have symptoms of attention deficit and behavioral problems. The amount of sleep has a significant effect on a child's mood. Sleep problems in a child with autism are more common than a normal child. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of non- pharmacological approaches on the improvement of sleep disturbances in patients with ASD.

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were systematically searched for articles published between January 2009 and May 2019. All original articles from observational and interventional studies were reviewed. The CONSORT Statement and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist were used to assess the quality of the selected papers.

 A review of 18 eligible articles according to the CONSORT checklist (for interventional studies) and STROBE (for descriptive studies) demonstrated that behavioral interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, bedtime fading with response cost, and functional behavioral assessment, physical activity such as aerobic exercise, swimming, and aquatic exercise and weighted blankets could be effective in the improvement of sleep disturbances.

Restlessness, tantrum, increased stereotypic activities, reduced learning level and speaking power in children with autism was due to poor sleep quality and sleep deficiency, which could affect their life dimensions. Non- pharmacological approaches to the treatment of sleep disturbances could improve both the sleep quality of these individuals and the quality of their lives in addition to having no adverse effect.

Countless fields have been adversely affected by the consequences of worldwide spread of Covid-19 and the companies are no exception. One of the current challenges the companies are coping with these days, is convening their general meetings. In this respect, the Iranian authorities, as well as authorities in other countries, have issued orders and rendered decisions on providing the infrastructures necessary for holding virtual general meetings and restricting the physical gatherings. With a positive perspective, the spread of this virus can be viewed as a groundwork and motive for acceleration and improvement of the technical infrastructures as well as legal instruments required for convening virtual general meetings which has been a turning point in the process of digitalization of lengthy, inefficient and paper based process of general meeting convention. In this Article, following the assessment of regulators and executive authorities’ reaction toward the pandemic in Iran and other countries, the possibility of convening virtual general meetings is analysed. It furthers to conclude that the challenges as to physical gathering of shareholders in general meetings can be dealt with by way of convening virtual general meetings and employing digital signature, subject to observation of all the legal standards.

Objective- The intention of this research is studying the full topographic characteristics of the lower respiratory tract consist of lungs, bronchi, and trachea in Caspian pond tortoise, especially those features that are applicable in clinical examination, and their proximity to other organs.Design- Experimental study.Animals- Six female adult Caspian Pont turtles (Mauremys Caspica)Procedures- Siemens Somatom spirit Dual Slice CT scan machine has been used. The samples were fixed in ventral recumbency to take CT-scan images. In each sample, the CT-scan was done in both fixed limb and neck and extended form. Some morphometric parameters like the volume of the coelomic cavity, right and left lungs, and others were measured through the Syngo MMWP VE40A software.Results- Trachea passing a short distance in the midline of the neck, and deviated to the left; then, it entered to the coelomic cavity. The tracheal bifurcation site was movable and move to caudal parts with neck flexion. The entrance site of the bronchi to the lungs was fixed. With the consideration of coelomic cavity volume and various parts of that in the neck extended position, the lungs consist of 42.12% of the coelomic cavity and 22.58% in the flexed neck position.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- According to the observations, we can say the flexion of the neck leads to some alterations in the tracheal bifurcation site and locating posteriorly to the lungs hilum. As a result, the way of the bronchus changes to inter the lungs. The branches of bronchus in these turtles also are like other reptiles, and it's not similar to a bronchial tree and it contains just limited small branches. The CT-scan is applicable for alive animals, so this is one of the best choices for anatomical studies in animals who are in danger of extinction.

Staphylococcus aureus is a highly versatile pathogen of a large number of domestic ani- mals, including avian species. There is limited information about S. aureus isolated from companion and wild birds in Iran.

The aim of this study was to determine drug resistance and random-amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) pattern of S. aureus isolated from birds referred to the pet birds’ clinic of University of Tehran.

During the study period, 53 isolates of S. aureus were recovered from companion birds of var- ious species using standard bacteriologic procedures and the respective drug resistance patterns were deter- mined for a panel of 30 antimicrobial agents by agar disk-diffusion method. RAPD-PCR was performed with two different 10-bp oligonucleotide primers in a duplex-PCR procedure.

The findings of this study demonstrated that S. aureus resistance to oxacillin, clindamycin and methicillin were 58, 53 and 53%, respectively. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) was found among all isolates. The MDR pattern was variable and ranged from 0 to 17 drugs. In total, all 53 isolates generated 43 different resistance patterns. In RAPD-PCR, five different patterns of A, B, C, D and E were found. Among 53 isolates, 20, 62, 3, 9 and 3% belonged to RAPD patterns of A, B, C, D and E, respectively.

This study showed the widespread antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus isolated from pet birds; in particular, the presence of MRSA isolates. The value of RAPD-PCR for epidemiologic monitoring of S. aureus in pet birds also was noticed

The SPTBN4 gene, a part of the spectrin protein family, plays important roles in various cellular processes, including cell cycle, nerve cell development, and so on. Recently, a new miRNA has been found in this SPTBN4 gene, which was registered at the NCBI database. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of this miRNA, called SPTBN4-miR1, in the process of differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2 and also the overexpression effect of this miRNA on the differentiation of these cells. RT-qPCR results indicate that SPTBN4-miR1-5p and SPTBN4-miR1-3p show a significant increase in expression in the process of neural differentiation from day three until the 8th and 14th day of differentiation. Then, after overexpressing the SPTBN4-miR1 precursor in NT2 cells and retinoic acid treatment, the expression of pluripotent and differentiation revealed the role of SPTBN4-miR1-5p and SPTBN4-miR1-3p in promoting differentiation and exclusion from the pluripotent state. It seems that by making further studies and finding out the possible targets of these miRNAs, a distinctive marker can be achieved and used to improve the differentiation process.

Hydroxyapatite has been studied intensively as an alternative to bone due to its biocompatibility and the chemical composition of the bone mineral matrix. Despite the good biological properties of hydroxyapatite, this material has poor mechanical properties. Flourhydroxyapatite due to its higher thermal stability than hydroxyapatite, has better mechanical properties and its combination with with alginate as an composite scaffold, while improving its biological properties, can be used as a substitute for hydroxyapatite. In this study, flourohydroxyapatite was prepared using a co-precipitation method, and then Alginate- Flourohydroxyapatite composites with 40, 50 and 60 wt% flourohydroxyapatite were synthesized by freeze-drying technique. In order to characterize the scaffolds, MTT, ALP, FTIR, XRD, XRF, TG/DSC and compressive tests were used. Surface morphology, as well as the connection and growth of bone cells on the scaffold surface, were studied using SEM. Data analysis were performed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that Alginate-60wt% flourhydroxyapatite composite scaffold has sutble and optimal conditions for bio-mechanical and biologiical properties. in comparison with two other scaffolds tha prepared in this study.