mohammad zanganeh

Currently, urban systems are facing great challenges related to the increase of various risks and their effects. In this regard, the continuous existence of risks has made it necessary to design resilient cities and, as a result, achieve sustainability and livability. Considering the alignment of the concepts of resilience and livability in achieving sustainability and appropriate quality of life in urban environments, the purpose of the current research is to analyze the relationship between livability and resilience with an emphasis on urban infrastructure in Ponak neighborhood of Tehran. The research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with an applied purpose and a causal-correlation nature, which was used to analyze the information from the T-test and Pearson tests in SPSS software and the authors' field observations. The statistical population of the research also includes the citizens aged 19 to 65 years of Ponak neighborhood of Tehran, which was determined as a sample size of 384 people based on Cochran's model. The findings of the research show that the condition of the investigated neighborhood has been evaluated favorably from the perspective of urban infrastructure indicators in terms of livability and resilience. Also, in the dimension of livability, the only component of benefiting from green and public spaces suitable for recreation and social interaction, and in the dimension of resilience, the two components of access to suitable open spaces and temporary accommodation places in times of crisis and appropriate mechanisms to protect infrastructure and the existence of emergency plans for reconstruction they are in a bad situation. On the other hand, there is a significant positive and direct relationship between 6 components of livability and 6 components of resilience from the point of view of urban infrastructure in Ponak neighborhood at the 95% confidence level. In other words, the desirability of the neighborhood from the perspective of livable city infrastructure has led to the improvement of resilience in the dimensions of adaptability (ability to go back), resistance (ability to absorb shock) and variability (ability to change and adapt). In this way, according to the appropriate standards of urban planning, especially in the strengthening of houses and buildings, as well as the absence of hazardous uses in the aspect of livability, the return to the past has a favorable state in Ponak neighborhood. On the other hand, according to the existing infrastructure of the neighborhood, such as easy access to the main routes of the city and the flexibility of the roads, proper access to medical centers and rescue facilities, houses and resistant infrastructures, as well as the compatibility of the land use of the resistance neighborhood and the ability to absorb shock in Ponak neighborhood is highly desirable has it. Also, any crisis and danger in human and environmental dimensions will destroy the body and existing infrastructure. However, in order to achieve the ability to change and adapt to these risks, we need flexible plans in different dimensions, especially urban infrastructure. Adaptability is desirable in Ponak neighborhood due to proper infrastructure, however, the ability to change requires spending a lot of money and time.

Awareness of sedimentation and erosion rates in catchment areas and effective factors. The most important concerns and challenges for geoscientists, especially geomorphologists. Morphometric parameters of drainage network have yery determinant role in the rate of sediment uield in catchment. In this research, in order to evaluate the correlation of morphometric indices of drainage network at annual sedimentation rate, a digital elevation model (DEM), digital topographic maps, geological maps, and statistics and information on the discharge of 15 drainage basins in northeastern Iran were used.And calculated the geomorphometric indices such as:  Drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency (FD), drainage (T), fault density (Df), length of drains (BL), branching ratio (Rb), number of hierarchical anomalies (Ha), hierarchical anomalous index (Δa ), The density of the hierarchical anomalies (Ga), concentration time (Tc) and erosion-sensitive units (E) for each of the basins were calculated in the software Arc GIS 10.5. The annual sedimentation rate was calculated using the Ciccacci  et al. 1987 method for each basin.The model was validated with sediment data (regional water organization) and the gauge-sediment curve.Then the Pearson correlation coefficient and the relationship of the mentioned indices were calculated using SPSS 17 software, with annual sedimentation rate in ton / km2. According to the results, the Tc, A, E, Ha, BL, Δa indices have a significant correlation with annual sedimentation rate of 0.274, 0.286, 0.118, 0.179 and 0.177 respectively, respectively.  There was no significant relationship in other indices.  The results of the research show that the method of Ciccacci et al. 1987 is not a suitable method for estimating annual sedimentation rates in research basins. And other factors have the greatest impact on the annual precipitation rate, precipitation intensity, soil condition and land use in annual sedimentation rates of these basins, which should be considered.

Urban and regional planning, is done with the aim of developing and hazards, whether natural or man-made obstacles in the way of development. War is one of the hazards of that have been along human and has increased in recent decades because of conflict of interest countries. The passive defense as an attempt at pre-crisis, aimed at reducing the vulnerability of the infrastructure should be considered in planning.
Due to the adjacency with Tehran, Alborz Province road network, are the road link between the capital and the provinces of North and North West and transit route to their North-West neighbors. In addition, the high concentration of population and industry in the middle and eastern part around province’s road network, on the one hand makes importance and on the other hand cause of the threats and vulnerabilities. Therefore planning to reduce the vulnerability of important infrastructure in times of crisis and maintain its efficiency is of paramount importance.
In the present study in order to identify areas and roads that are vulnerable to the threat of war, first, we determine the criteria and indicators of vulnerability, then ranking using IHWP and In the GIS environment vulnerability maps were prepared In the different categories, then, using the SWOT model, strategies for reducing roads vulnerability is defined.
The findings indicated that The main east-west road network of Alborz province in Central and Eastern areas war will be high vulnerability to the threat of war. At the same time, the capabilities and opportunities facing the road network in the same axis. Therefore with the completion of projects under construction and planned to create parallel axes and the retrofitting of bridges and displacement some land use, to reduce the vulnerability of road network Alborz province.

van Genuchten model is a well-known and most widely used model for the estimation of soil water retention curve. The parameters of this model have been estimated by different estimators such as soil texture. But so far the properties of compaction curve have not been used to estimate the parameters of van Genuchten model. Compaction curve is one of the soil mechanical properties and shows the relationship between the stress-strain with the elasticity modulus. Soil water retention and compaction curves have similarities. Measurement of soil water retention curve is time-consuming and costly while the measurement of compaction curve is cheap and needs less time. For this study, 150 soil samples (distributed and undistributed) were collected from five provinces of Iran. Soil water retention was measured at 12 suctions and the compaction curve was obtained using uniaxial apparatus in the confined sample. In this research, 6 levels of estimators including compaction characteristics and equations coefficients were used to estimate water content. In general, results showed that the use of compaction curve was useful to estimate the soil water retention curve. The second and sixth levels with the estimators of Pc-Cc-Cs and parameters of stress-strain model (indirectly), respectively along with basic soil properties had higher estimation accuracy compared to other estimator levels. The reason for the excellence of these estimators can be due to their correlation with van Genuchten model parameters and mechanical concept of estimators. Moreover, the similarity between the two curves was one of the reasons for the appropriate estimation of soil water retention curve.