فهرست مطالب mohammadamin sorahi

The concept of war and its related interpretations is a significant aspect of the lyrical genre of romantic poetry. The concept of cuteness and showmanship in romantic relationships is explained using war-related forms and elements. This research investigates the function of love and war conceptual fields in Fayez Dashti’s couplets. This study utilizes qualitative and quantitative analysis to examine Fayez Dashti's couplets through the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor, as established by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The study findings, presented as desk research, demonstrate that out of 494 couplets by Fayez Dashti (1988), 131 couplets include at least one essential aspect of the war field. This abundance, which is obtained from the expansion of 79 clear cases of war relations, in support of the indices of inter-domains and metaphorical consequences related to the field of war, as well as the details that sometimes arise from the cultural-climatic conditions, is the theme of a significant part’s couplets. The result from this perception clarifies that the symbolic interpretation of these songs within the context of "Love is War" necessitates a continuous examination of the input fields and the metaphorical outcomes associated with the central metaphor.

Discourse is verbal or written communication that has unity, meaning, and purpose. In linguistics, discourse refers to a unit of language that is longer than a sentence. When you analyze discourse, you examine how the language is used to construct connected and meaningful texts. One crucial thing that can’t be neglected when it comes to discourse is the context. In linguistics, there are different ways to classify contexts. Here is one such classification:Linguistic context: The relationship between the words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. For instance, the participants must know where they are in time and space. It affects the expressions they use and the way they are interpreted.

Situational context: 

The relationship between the participants, the environment, time, and place in which the discourse occurs. Situational context is usually approached through the concept of register, which focuses on the interrelationship of language and context.

Cultural context: 

The culture and customs of epoch in language communities in which the speakers participate. Language is closely connected to the social structure and value system of society. Therefore, it’s influenced by such factors as social role and status, sex, age, etc.

Method Definition:

Feminist poststructuralist discourse analysis is a new and emerging theoretical perspective and methodological approach to discourse analysis studies. This approach is an approach for analyzing intertextual discourses in spoken interaction and other types of text that uses the poststructuralist principles of complexity, plurality, ambiguity, connection, recognition, diversity, textual mischief, function and transformation. The feminist point of view in the post-structuralist analysis of the discourse considers the gender distinction as the dominant discourse among competing discourses during the analysis of text types. Feminist poststructuralist analysis considers gender distinction as one of the most pervasive discourses among many cultures in terms of its organized power in distinguishing between people based on gender and sexual orientation (Baxter, 2003). This definition of FPDA is derived from the ideas of Bakhtin (1981) and poststructuralists such as Derrida (1987) and Foucault (1980). Also, this definition is inspired by the works of Walkerdin (1998) and Weeden (1997).
The principles of the

Self-reflectivity is one of the basic principles of the feminist post-structuralist approach to discourse analysis, which of course shares this principle with CA and CDA, which means that all three approaches are self-reflective regarding their expansion as "knowledge". Users of the FPDA approach should clarify their theoretical positions and specify the epistemological assumptions that are used in any discourse analysis.Second, this approach requires self-reflectivity on the acquisition of technical vocabulary or "fundamental rhetoric". This means being aware that technical terms are not capable of describing objective realities in a non-problematic manner. Researchers constantly need to question the assumptions and knowledge that are placed in the form of "analytical terms".Third, feminist poststructuralist analysis of the discourse requires self-awareness of the textuality of the research process and the phenomenon that every research includes a set of choices and authoring mechanisms. According to the post-structuralist perspective, all activities and searches for knowledge lead to the creation of a world and therefore, research itself is a discursive and fundamental construction.The second basic principle is the constructive approach. The focus of feminist and poststructuralist analysis is the motivation to question things, to deconstruct the constructions and structures around us, although not in the nihilistic or relativistic sense that is sometimes stereotypically associated with deconstructionism, but in order to reveal the possibility of juxtaposition and interaction between established and new ideas.The third basic principle in this approach is to find the focus of feminist activity. Third-wave feminism, or post-structuralist feminism, has tried to reduce and resolve the tensions and contradictions that lie in the liberating agenda of modernist feminism.

Approach to data:

FPDA has developed an approach to data that is significantly different from conventional approaches in discourse analysis. A powerful source of data for FPDA users, apart from transcripts of conversations and written texts, is data from a range of different voices, for example, the voices of the research subjects themselves, other members of the research team, theorists in the same The author's own domain or voice. Polyphony and heteroglossia or competing voices and narratives are structures that can be useful in this context.

Text analysis:

In this approach, various dimensions and cases have been considered for the analysis of the text, which include the Synchronic - Diachronic, Connotation and Denotation, and intertextuality.

Overall, the FPDA framework has made significant contributions to the field of sociolinguistics and communication studies. This framework provides a comprehensive insight through which to examine the complex interactions of subjects in discourse and to clarify how individuals engage in communicative strategies to maintain social harmony and navigate sensitive situations. Baxter's work has deepened our understanding of how subjects negotiate positions of power in a wide range of social contexts.Most importantly, Baxter's research provides valuable insights into the social value of understanding the interaction of feminism and poststructuralism in discourse. In a highly diverse and interconnected world, effective communication is critical to maintaining productive and positive relationships across cultural, social, and professional boundaries. By clarifying the complexities of social relations between genders, Baxter's framework equips people with the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate different social situations with tact and respect. This understanding has the potential to contribute to more harmonious interactions, increase cooperation and reduce conflicts in various social contexts.

Reading is an important language skill, as most learning occurs through it. To improve reading, the type and level of text difficulty should be in accordance with the mental ability of students. Therefore, determining the level of text difficulty (so-called readability) have been considered by researchers for a long time. One of the indicators of readability is related to text’s local cohesion. The present study aimed at investigating the significance of frequency of different types of indicators of local cohesion in Persian textbooks at different levels of its representation (surface, text-base and situation model) at primary school (6th grade), secondary school first cycle (9th grade) and second cycle (12th grade) based on Kintsch’s construction-integration model (1988-1998). It was a mixed-methods study. At the qualitative section of study, different types of local cohesion’s indicators of these textbooks were determined. Then, at the quantitative section of the study, the significance of their frequency was calculated by Chi-square. The results indicated a significant difference among the frequency of different types of such indicators in the Persian textbooks at all 3 levels of school education. As the text of books became longer from 6th grade to 9th and 12th grades, all indicators increased, however, such increase was not regular. Apparently, the educational approach of these textbooks is a skill-based one, meaning that they emphasize on education and strengthening the language skills (including reading), however, considering the results of the present study, perhaps it could be said that they have not been considered in practice, especially when developing the Persian textbooks.

Happiness includes a range of soft and intense emotions and enjoying a subject up to happy feeling in life. Forasmuch as a part of happiness concept is structured by language data in addition to literatures, art, custom, etc., we use cognitive metaphor as an effective tool for analyzing language which is one of mind aspects. Cognitive metaphor is attributed to understanding and expression of an abstractive concept based on a more physical concept. In this research, we study data according to Kovecses cognitive theory and intend to find the way of speakers thinking about happiness, understanding and their similarities and differences in the mentioned languages. Importance of cognitive study of this data is that it systematizes their different and scattered range according to names mapping and also accurate cognitive pattern. Data of this research show that derivative feature of Arabic language provides a wide vocabulary variety for happiness conceptualization in this language as if some metaphors of Persian language compared with Arabic samples have more distance with general metaphors and bears further and complicated special cultural features. Also in connection with the metaphor of "happiness is up", "distance from the earth" in Arabic can be more prominent than in Persian.

Language vitality is a concept that indicates to how extent a language is used as a communication instrument in different social situations. The highest point of the vitality of a language is when the language is applied in full-scale both at home and outside in the society for all purposes while the lowest point is when no one applies the language for no purpose, that is to say the language is extinct. Nowadays, threats to languages are a global crisis, since the number of children who learn their native languages is remarkably decreasing. Mazandarani is not also excluded from this threat. The aim of this study is to apply UNESCO framework that is a result of a collaboration of an expert group of scholars on endangered languages, to assess the vitality of Mazandarani in urban areas. Analyzing the data resulted from questionnaires, official and library sources and field study indicated that Mazandarani receives the point 2.74, a situation a bit worse than what is defined as “definitely endangered” in UNESCO framework for assessing the vitality and endangerment of languages. Discussion on research variables, gender, education, and age, specified that comparing to women, men totally both have a better and more positive attitude toward Mazandarani language and use it more. As education level rises, the use of Mazandarani decreases and the attitude of speaker society toward this language becomes more negative and pessimistic as well.

For a few decades, the studies of cognitive linguists interested in metaphors dedicated to the identification and description of metaphors and the two dimensional relationship between mind and language. But Steen's (2008) studies on metaphorical patterns showed that there is a third communicative dimension about some metaphors which cannot be explained by the two dimensional theories of metaphor. In the third dimension, a distinction is made between deliberate and non-deliberate metaphors. This study is aimed at introducing the theory of deliberate metaphor by analyzing Iranian newspaper headlines within the theory of deliberate metaphor. The results of this study show that in addition to the three dimensional structure of metaphors and their communicative role in exchanging information which were neglected in previous studies, in newspaper headlines like many other domains, metaphors are sometimes used quite deliberately to lead their audience attention to specific topics to be described and explained. .

The present study employs Kövecses’ cognitive theory to investigate the cognitive metaphor ‘ANGER IS HEAT’ in Persian and Arabic languages. The comparative study of cognitive phrases of this conceptual metaphor based on Krezeszowski’ model indicates how speakers of these two languages organize . This research was inspired by the fact that the study of conceptual metaphors in cultural and intercultural fields enables the cognitive investigation of cultures and casts light on the nature of similarities and differences between them. The study of some of the most common cognitive phrases indicates that many aspects of these metaphors are similar while some other are different. The similarities between them normally originate from the similar perception of human body based on common physiological experiences as well as similar physical cultures. The differences between them result from differences in contexts, conceptualization with different origins, grammatical types of these languages, and metaphorical extensions.

Gender stereotypes can be considered as one of the prominent concepts in the field of socio-linguistics. These stereotypes are found at all levels of language application, including children’s literature, and play an important role in the reproduction of sexist language and patriarchal discourse. Through a descriptive- analytic method, the present study aims to investigate the aforementioned stereotypes in forty children’s stories of age groups “A” and “B” and seeks to compare the amount and the types of common stereotypes within the cultural linguistics framework as proposed by Sharifian (2016). Then, a linguistic and cultural interpretation of the stereotypes will be provided. The results of this study indicate that although the amount of gender stereotypes in children’s stories has been diminished in the past decades, patriarchal discourse is still remarkably present on the deep structure level and encodes its values and criteria through the presentation of gendered frameworks and roles in language and affects the audiences.

For conveying of meaning, apart from discourse, there are also other means. Advertising billboards and banners are important and common means for conveying messages which by employing appropriate verbal and visual elements create a multi-dimensional text. The objective of this research work is analysis of multi-dimensional discourse of commercial billboards of banks based on the pattern proposed by Cheong (2004). The study method is qualitative as well as descriptive- analytical. The data used for this study are 40 advertising billboards by banks and other Iranian financial institutions, gathered from that kinds of billboard from streets of cities, banks achieves and internet. Results of this study show that some of the common structure of attributions of multi-dimensional factors, like main message and place of attraction, are influential factors in capturing the attention of customers.  Most of the billboards covered by this study were of low quality text that show the advertisement is written text and that’s why the customer is not compelled to take or reject the commercials. Based on triple structure, namely tendency towards text (CP) interpretative space and fusion of meaning, it became clear that 90 percent of the billboards have high level of interpretative connotation.

In all human languages, there are some linguistic units which are in the midway between words and dependent morphemes. They have some properties of full words as well as some characteristics and properties of dependent morphemes. We call them clitics. The aim of this study is to investigate the properties of clitics in the Maraghe dialect of Azerbaijani Turkish to describe and investigate its clitic units. The method used in this study is a descriptive-analytic one. The data of the study were culled from the type of Turkish which is spoken in Maraghe, West Azarbayjan from different Turkish sources as well as the intuition of the writers as the native speakers of this type of Turkish. This article tries to introduce clitics in Turkish in possessive pronouns, linking verbs, accusative marker and so on. The analysis of clitics was conducted within the Zwicky and Pullum (1983) method and also used in Shaqaqi's (1374) framework. As the results of this study show, the most important finding of this study is that t in Azerbaijani Turkish, there are both proclitic and enclitic units including possessive pronouns, linking verbs, accusative marker, and some other units. Also, this study indicates that the mentioned framework can be used in recognizing and studying Turkish clitics as a scientific instrument.

Proverbs are the mirror of the culture of a community. The examination of proverbs on women can, therefore, help us better understand beliefs and attitudes of the speakers of a community towards women and the socio-cultural values of the same community. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the representation of women in Gilaki (Eshkevarat variety) proverbs. The data have been collected via a structured interview with sixty native speakers (both men and women) who were over forty five years old and barely influenced by standard Persian. Since the method of this research is descriptive-analytic, the collected data were, first, categorized and described. It is worth nothing that the proverbs were semantically classified into eighteen categories encompassed by three different representations of women which are as follows in order of frequency: a. negative representation, b. positive representation, and c. neutral representation. The distribution of theses representations were analyzed within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Feminist studies. One of the important findings is that in Gilaki (Eshkevarat variety) speaking community, gender is perceived as an ideological structure. According to the rigid hierarchical relationships of dominance and inferiority, the social group of women is considered inferior and disadvantageous that counts for nothing.

How do we experience elusive, intangible and concealed time in narrative fiction? This article examines the conceptualization of time in language. Redefining narrative from a cognitive perspective and explicating the function of time in fictional narratives, it studies the mechanism of time in Bozorg Alavi’s Her Eyes. Among the different aspects of time in narrative, this article considers the structure of time in relation to the events of the narrative and the way they connect with each other in a temporal chain. These two issues are discussed by having recourse to “Mental Spaces” and “Conceptual Integration” theories. Applying these two cognitive semantic theories to fictional narrative suggests that narrative spaces are structured by three elements including point of view, focus, and event. Based on their internal parts, each of these spaces, then, blends into another space and the string of events is thus built. Consequently, this article explains the construction and emergence of meaning at the level of discourse.

This article aims at conducting a study of color metaphors in Persian within the framework of cognitive linguistics. To this end، it adopts primarily the revised model of Kövecses (2005) in which he treats metaphor as a cognitive-cultural phenomenon. The results of the study indicate that the focal colors black and white have the highest frequency among the color metaphors in Persian. This study also indicates that the color metaphors in Persian have mostly arisen from a kind of cultural motivation and have a culture-specific nature. Among other reasons، having different experiences، within various cognitive processes and social contexts including power relations، and physical environments such as geography، landscape and dwellings are shown to be the most important causes of the cultural nature of color metaphors in Persian.

This study investigates the use of metaphors of anger in Persian and English، based on cognitive linguistics. The paper primarily adopts the cognitive-linguistic model of Lakoff and Kövecses (1987). The results of the study indicate some similarities and differences between the metaphors of anger in Persian and English. Similarities are mostly attributed to a kind of universal motivation for the metaphors employed in these languages which has its root in the similar physiological responses to this emotion and also the similar ideas of the speakers of these two languages about their bodies. The differences are mostly related to having different cultural-ideological backgrounds، coding and decoding the information، the degrees of lexical elaboration، and even the type of lexical elements. In short، the current study reveals that metaphors of anger encompass an integrative mechanism representing not only linguistic and conceptual aspects of language use but socio-culturally-constructed meanings as well.

The aim of this study is to investigate the naming process of Isfahan's trade centers and shops. Dyer (1982) believes that one of the most important characteristics of commercial advertisements is to attract the addressees’ attention. Geis (1982) also assumes that an appropriate and relevant trade name may behave as a small advertisement to attract the customer's attention. Regarding these ideas, two questions are addressed here: first, whether the properties of commercial advertisements can be seen among the names of trade centers and shops or not; and second, if the answer is positive, what characteristics they have in common. The results of the study show that some of the linguistic properties of commercial advertisements, such as the use of metaphor, metonymy, foreign words, pun, repetition, etc. exist in the names of Isfahan’s trade centers and shops as well.