mohammadamir rizvandi

Since the 1980s, the emergence of regulatory literature within network industries, particularly the energy sector, has introduced a distinct "regulatory" level alongside traditional policy-making and service provision functions. Following the enactment of the Law for the Implementation of the General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, specifically Article 59 pertaining to sectoral regulatory bodies, a framework for regulatory agencies was established within Iran's legal structure. This paper employs an analytical-descriptive methodology, utilizing document analysis, particularly legislation related to the oil and gas industry, to investigate the role of regulation within this sector. The study explores the challenges encountered in establishing an effective regulatory framework and subsequently proposes a policy solution. Findings indicate that, despite efforts to separate policy-making and regulatory functions from service provision following the Islamic Revolution, the Ministry of Petroleum continues to retain significant authority over both domains. Attempts to establish an independent regulatory body within the oil and gas industry have thus far been unsuccessful. Key challenges identified include: (a) insufficient attention to the gradual process of regulatory institution formation within the Iranian context; (b) the absence of a clear mechanism for transitioning regulatory responsibilities from the ministry to independent agencies; and (c) the creation of regulatory bodies within the energy sector without concomitant amendments to fundamental legislation. To address these challenges, this research proposes the initial establishment of an advisory regulatory institution as a crucial first step.

With the introduction of knowledge-based economy as a new form of economic development model, we have witnessed the publication of many books and research papers in recent years. One of these works is the book Knowledge-Based Economics: Basics, Concepts, Methodology, which was recently published, and this article introduces and reviews its content. In terms of content, according to the authors' emphasis on the importance of tacit knowledge and placing it in the focus of discussions, their approach to the knowledge-based economy can be considered evolutionary, and also considering the emphasis on institutions for the foundation of the knowledge-based economy, their analytical framework is institutional economics. The book is comprehensive, but it is not completely consistent with the selected title in which the methodology is mentioned. Also, while the theories rely on statistical evidence, the oldness of the presented statistics makes it necessary to update the sources and reports used. There is no room for different views on the knowledge-based economy and the discussion about the complexities of intellectual property rights in the book. But in general, the book has been able to present the fundamentals and concepts of a knowledge-based economy to the audience in clear and simple language.

Those looking forward see the possibility—or even likelihood—of a far greater transformation,as robots equipped with artificial intelligence replace humans. Robots are stronger. They can actwith more precision. They can process more information faster. They can even learn. We do notknow the limits of these robots and our reactions to them, or how fast AI robotization will occur.The Japanese have invented robots for eldercare—lifting an aged patient and gently giving hima bath. Presumably, we could program the robot to sing or talk to the patient in a way that wasoptimally soothing. The focus of concern, however, is not the virtues of these robots but theirimpacts on jobs. There is, for instance, a growing view that in truck driving, driverless vehicles will take over, possibly as soon as five years. The worry is that our market economy will not, onits own, be able to create new jobs with comparable pay for those who are losing their jobs.

The occurrence of the knowledge revolution and introducing the knowledge-based economy model have attracted societies and policy maker's attention, due to their striking achievements. Although during recent decades, most of the countries have found the necessity of transition to a knowledge economy, but they have had different success in this case. This essay with taking into account of this point and by assessing the neoclassical and institutional economics tries to find a proper approach to analyzing transition to the knowledge economy. To this purpose, first, no matter of the knowledgebased economy, we explore the neoclassical and institutional economics in the problem of "transition", with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the institutional theoretical foundations; and second, providing an institutional analysis of the economy resulted from the knowledge revolution. The results show that neoclassical approach, in the first part, has flaws such as staticity and crisis-producing assumptions, and in the second part, It suffers from market failures and basic transformation of some its fundamental assumptions like scarcity. Moreover, institutional discontinuity resulted from the knowledge revolution necessitates adopting an institutional approach for analyzing the problem of transition to the knowledge-based economy.

Although the scheme and foundation of institutionalism is based on the concept of institution, but there is no common understanding and definition of institution; in fact, with their fundamentally distinct perceptions and approaches, different theoreticians have defined institution in different ways. Therefore, through a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to conceptually classify the definitions generally proposed after the revival of institutional economics by reviewing them. Most of the definitions proposed in recent decades may be classified under behavioral, equilibrium, structural, normative, and rule-oriented concepts. An assessment of the above said interpretations shows that structural and normative approaches regarding institution are defective expressions of the rule-oriented one, while behavioral and equilibrium definitions face problems such as lack of comprehensiveness, logical fallacy, mixing nature and capacity, weakness in expressing institutional changes and conflict with the assumptions of new institutionalism. Therefore, defining the institution as a rule, despite all criticisms pertaining to it, is preferred over other approaches.

The revolution in knowledge and the key role of knowledge in production has significantly changed the present economy so that production amount is no longer an appropriate index to estimate the economic potential of a country. Therefore, the new index of national economy in the post-industrial era has been the rate of knowledge and knowledge-based production as well as high-tech exports. A basic requirement to convert into a knowledge-based economy is the establishments of efficient intellectual property rights that can help produce new knowledge through motivating inventors and increase foreign investment. Such institution can increase efficiency in economic sectors and reduce transaction costs. Despite the necessity for an efficient intellectual property rights, the establishment of this institution has faced challenges in Iran due to the ambiguity of the scope of intellectual property rights and optimal support needed to provide for these rights. The present study investigated Iran's potential to become the first economy in southwest Asia consistent with Iran's 20-Year Outlook Document. This was studied with regard to knowledge-based economy and intellectual property rights. A comparison between Iran and other competing regional countries showed that Turkey has a better status in terms of most of the indices which, based on knowledge-based economy, poses a serious challenge to fulfill the 20-Year Outlook goals in Iran.