فهرست مطالب mohammadamir rizvandi

Those looking forward see the possibility—or even likelihood—of a far greater transformation,as robots equipped with artificial intelligence replace humans. Robots are stronger. They can actwith more precision. They can process more information faster. They can even learn. We do notknow the limits of these robots and our reactions to them, or how fast AI robotization will occur.The Japanese have invented robots for eldercare—lifting an aged patient and gently giving hima bath. Presumably, we could program the robot to sing or talk to the patient in a way that wasoptimally soothing. The focus of concern, however, is not the virtues of these robots but theirimpacts on jobs. There is, for instance, a growing view that in truck driving, driverless vehicles will take over, possibly as soon as five years. The worry is that our market economy will not, onits own, be able to create new jobs with comparable pay for those who are losing their jobs.

The occurrence of the knowledge revolution and introducing the knowledge-based economy model have attracted societies and policy maker's attention, due to their striking achievements. Although during recent decades, most of the countries have found the necessity of transition to a knowledge economy, but they have had different success in this case. This essay with taking into account of this point and by assessing the neoclassical and institutional economics tries to find a proper approach to analyzing transition to the knowledge economy. To this purpose, first, no matter of the knowledgebased economy, we explore the neoclassical and institutional economics in the problem of "transition", with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the institutional theoretical foundations; and second, providing an institutional analysis of the economy resulted from the knowledge revolution. The results show that neoclassical approach, in the first part, has flaws such as staticity and crisis-producing assumptions, and in the second part, It suffers from market failures and basic transformation of some its fundamental assumptions like scarcity. Moreover, institutional discontinuity resulted from the knowledge revolution necessitates adopting an institutional approach for analyzing the problem of transition to the knowledge-based economy.

Although the scheme and foundation of institutionalism is based on the concept of institution, but there is no common understanding and definition of institution; in fact, with their fundamentally distinct perceptions and approaches, different theoreticians have defined institution in different ways. Therefore, through a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to conceptually classify the definitions generally proposed after the revival of institutional economics by reviewing them. Most of the definitions proposed in recent decades may be classified under behavioral, equilibrium, structural, normative, and rule-oriented concepts. An assessment of the above said interpretations shows that structural and normative approaches regarding institution are defective expressions of the rule-oriented one, while behavioral and equilibrium definitions face problems such as lack of comprehensiveness, logical fallacy, mixing nature and capacity, weakness in expressing institutional changes and conflict with the assumptions of new institutionalism. Therefore, defining the institution as a rule, despite all criticisms pertaining to it, is preferred over other approaches.

The revolution in knowledge and the key role of knowledge in production has significantly changed the present economy so that production amount is no longer an appropriate index to estimate the economic potential of a country. Therefore, the new index of national economy in the post-industrial era has been the rate of knowledge and knowledge-based production as well as high-tech exports. A basic requirement to convert into a knowledge-based economy is the establishments of efficient intellectual property rights that can help produce new knowledge through motivating inventors and increase foreign investment. Such institution can increase efficiency in economic sectors and reduce transaction costs. Despite the necessity for an efficient intellectual property rights, the establishment of this institution has faced challenges in Iran due to the ambiguity of the scope of intellectual property rights and optimal support needed to provide for these rights. The present study investigated Iran's potential to become the first economy in southwest Asia consistent with Iran's 20-Year Outlook Document. This was studied with regard to knowledge-based economy and intellectual property rights. A comparison between Iran and other competing regional countries showed that Turkey has a better status in terms of most of the indices which, based on knowledge-based economy, poses a serious challenge to fulfill the 20-Year Outlook goals in Iran.