mohammadbaset ghoreyshi

The current functional structural system of rural management in the country shows that despite the institutionalization and establishment of rural institutions and Islamic councils, rural management has always faced the village and villagers with a top-down view and people at any level of The process of planning and managing the development of their land is not involved. Rural management is in fact the process of organizing and guiding the community and the rural environment through the formation of organizations and institutions.

The present study identifies the existing ills and challenges of local management in the villages of Rezvanshahr in the last two decades.

The type of applied research and its method is a survey whose field information was collected through a special questionnaire for members of the Islamic Council, villagers and the people. The statistical population of the study includes 3 groups of heads and members of the Islamic Council, villagers and people, which includes 196, 75 and 380 people, respectively.Geographical area of ​​research: The villages of are considered as the geographical area of ​​research.

In different dimensions, challenges and harms can be seen in the rural management of city, which are in order of importance: environmental, administrative-organizational, legal, civil and socio-cultural factors. In fact, development management in the villages of city has obstacles that need to be reviewed by development planners and measures should be taken to eliminate them in each of the sectors. Which is considered in the above article.

TIntroduction Quality of life is a multifaceted and multidimensional concept and does not include only the material aspects of life. Measuring and understanding it depends on various environmental factors - ecological, social - cultural and economic, and individuals in the community also live in it.Methodology In the last two decades. Due to the nature of the subject and the studied components, the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this method, first, quality of life indicators were studied and measured separately in rural areas. Then, in the analysis stage, the distance from the city and the distance to the main road were evaluated on the spatial differences in quality of life.Geographical area of research The studied geographical area is the central part of Nowshahr city and the statistical population of the villagers is 21 villages and the sample size is 380 families of villagers who have been determined using the Cochran's formula. Results and discussion The results showed that the situation of the studied villages in terms of physical quality indicators of quality of life and economic indicators are at an unfavorable level. Which can be due to various factors such as lack of desirable service levels, lack of income sources, etc. in the region. Satisfaction is there; And the villages of Sangtu, Hamzdeh Olya and Chelek Olya are at the lowest level of quality of life and satisfaction.

Rural women's participation in various rural activities not only enhances their social presence but also contributes to increased income for rural households and improved livelihoods. This research investigates and identifies the influential factors in enhancing women's participation in the rural economy of Shaft County. The descriptive-survey research method is employed, with a statistical population of 66 members of village councils and residents from various villages in the county. The validity of the items, confirmed by experts, exhibits reliability using Cronbach's alpha test, with scores of 0.841, 0.837, 0.871, and 0.78 for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, respectively, indicating a good and acceptable level. Subsequently, through factor analysis utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, the designated items are categorized, and the crucial components for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are identified, comprising 3, 1, 2, and 1 components, respectively. The variance shares of the first to third components for opportunity points are 31.05, 22.33, and 13.564. For weaknesses, the variance share of the only component is 59.154. The variance shares of the first and second components for opportunity points are 32.316 and 29.964. Lastly, the variance share of the single component for threat points is 70.537. The total explained variance for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is 66.943, 59.154, 62.281, and 70.537, respectively. The results highlight that the key factors driving women's participation include a suitable cultural platform, financial support, and the role of women in sustainable development, women's employment in agriculture and related industries for tourism development and environmental conservation, and tourism attractions and handicraft sales. Weaknesses mainly stem from a lack of training, insufficient technical facilities for handicraft production, financial constraints, cultural shortcomings, and underestimation of women's participation. Opportunities focus on surplus production, government support, and the establishment of organizations and cooperatives, alongside increasing literacy levels. Threats are rooted in cultural, economic, and social barriers.

In this study, the effects of tourism policies on the development of entrepreneurship in tourism target villages in Ramsar city have been investigated using questionnaire techniques and quantitative models.The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results of TOPSIS model and Shannon entropy in prioritizing tourism policies in terms of the impact on entrepreneurship development indicators showed that rural tourism development policies in various fields such as health, sports, etc. with a score of 0.845 have the greatest effects on entrepreneurship in the regions. There was a village in Ramsar city. Policies to improve security in rural communication networks as well as policies to improve residential infrastructure in rural areas were ranked second to third with scores of 0.8 and 0.796, respectively. Policies for the revitalization and activation of rural industries, the provision of necessary training for rural professionals and tourism managers, the training of tour guides among rural youth, and policies to promote environmental health in rural tourism spaces were also ranked next. Then, the mean scores for the three main areas of the studied infrastructure were analyzed. In fact, the effectiveness of tourism infrastructure, training and development of tourism human resources and tourism marketing and advertising has been calculated and prioritized based on the final scores obtained from the TOPSIS model. The results in this regard showed that policy-making in the field of tourism infrastructure with a score of 0.706 will have the greatest impact on the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas.

Today, agriculture cannot provide enough employment opportunities and income sources to meet all the needs of rural areas in most developing countries, hence, tourism is a strategy for rural development and reconstruction of villages. In this regard, since the dominant occupation of the rural population in the study area is agriculture, the formation and development of agricultural tourism activities is a must. Through this development, villagers can obtain the proper exploitation and use of human and environmental resources and capabilities, the efficient management of the environment and the correct use of resources.

The purpose of this article is to explain the role of agricultural tourism in the environmental improvement of rural areas of Rudsar County.

The current research is a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population of three groups included tourists, local managers of villages and experts. 16 villages out of 382 inhabited villages of Rudsar city were selected non-randomly.  The required data were analyzed using a researcher-made questionnaire and randomly distributed among 384 people. According to statistical methods such as SPSS software and TOPSIS model, the environmental quality components were presented in the study area and prioritized in line with the environmental goals of the villages.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical territory of the current research is the rural areas of Rudsar County.

The findings show that the aesthetic component with a score of *C = 0.9637 ranks first, the functional-structural and activity component with a score of 5760 *C = 0.0 ranks second and environmental component is ranked third with a score of *C = 0.4251 among components of development of agricultural tourism. Also, according to the score of sub-components, the villages with agricultural tourism potential were prioritized.

The final results of the research show that the villages with favorable environmental quality have the necessary conditions for the successful implementation of agricultural tourism. Therefore, the area has the necessary capabilities for the development of rural tourism while maintaining the dimensions of environmental sustainability.

Agricultural production cooperatives are an appropriate approach to achieve economic and social development and the realization of social justice. These companies are a good tool for improving agricultural conditions in terms of redistributing the benefits of agricultural sector growth, increasing job opportunities, developing people's participation, paying attention to rural women, lowering investment risk in agriculture, reducing production costs, and others
Explaining the performance of agricultural production cooperatives in the development of villages in Savojbolagh city was considered as the main goal of the study.

Descriptive-analytical method was used to conduct this research. The statistical population included 708 cooperative villagers and cooperative managers. The sample size was estimated to be 250 for the survey using a questionnaire based on the Cochran method. This study was conducted as a case study in 28 villages with cooperatives. Data analysis method was the use of qualitative statistics (calculation of frequency, frequency percentage, weight average and deviation from the criteria of the questionnaire items) and the use of inferential statistics (chi-square test to test research hypotheses and Wilcoxon test to compare the results obtained from Surveys have been on the performance of agricultural production cooperatives before and after their establishment). The research area was villages with cooperative companies in Savojbolagh County of Alborz province.

Agricultural production cooperatives, however, have been effective in increasing the participation, cooperation and teamwork of the villagers; However, due to the fact that the weight average was below the average in most of the items studied, this participation was not very tangible. According to the results of the Wilcoxon statistical test, the agricultural sector in the time after the establishment of the agricultural production cooperative was faced with more favorable conditions than before the establishment. In addition, it was found that the mean weighted values ​​of most of the items studied in the field of survival of the population of villages with agricultural cooperatives were less than the average of 3. Therefore, the activities of these cooperatives have not had much effect on increasing or maintaining the rural population.

Agricultural cooperatives have the ability to solve operational problems such as employment development, financing and expansion of mechanization of agricultural activities, but due to the economic weakness of the village and the limited resources and infrastructure in these areas, they have not had acceptable performance.