فهرست مطالب mohammadhossein haddadi

One of the challenges in translating literary texts is the cultural elements, and this is especially important in the translation of dramatic literature due to the use of drama, i.e., performance on stage. Among the approaches to translation that take into account the purpose of translation and the function of the text in the target language, and give a special place to the audience's understanding in the translation of dramatic texts, is the Skopos theory. This research aims to extract the cultural elements in the play „The Man Outside“ based on the division of cultural elements into two categories of tangible cultural elements and intangible cultural elements, and according to them, evaluate the performance of the translator from the perspective of Skopos theory. The result of this research shows that although Golshiri's translation has been used in theatrical performances, his transfer of tangible cultural elements is not in line with the goal of the play, which is performance on stage.

A new chapter of literary movements in Germany has started due to the development of pop literature. Pop literature is the outcome of the rebellious feelings of a younger generation towards the prior social and political values. Christian Kracht is one of the contemporary writers in the German literature scene who was from early on considered as one of the main figures of German’s pop literature due to his unconventional style in describing the concerns of newer generations in his first novel Faserland. However, the main reason that makes Faserland one of the highlights of the contemporary German pop literature world is its psychological aspects demonstrated in the escapisms of its protagonist. This study tries not only to demonstrate pop literature’s vast potentials in manifesting deeper psychological concerns of a society, but also how it is possible to read Faserland’s protagonist as an example of an adolescent, living in mid-90s Germany, who isn’t able to cope with the history and society of the country he’s living in.

When it comes to the concern of transfer of form and content in lyrical literature translation, the first step would be the question that “does basically the essential capacity to transfer the form exist in the target language and literature?” Friedrich Rueckert's innovative and creative solution to this problem is that at the first step, he has entered the poetic form from persian language and literature in German prior to translating poems of Hafez, making use of Persian language capacities in German language and literature. The consolidation of lyrical form of ġazal in German, gave him the opportunity and possibility to move across richness of german language, culture and literature and reminds a new way of thinking about how to transfer form source language to target language. This thought played an important role in realizing his motto "World Poetry is Global Reconciliation" and was in line with the idea of world literature.

Today it would be impossible to imagine the world without extensive intercultural communication and having the necessary competence for communication between different cultures plays an indispensable role in the success or failure of such interactions. A communication that in case of failure would lead to pessimism and misjudgment amongst members of different cultures.
Present-day scholars have reiterated on the importance of teaching intercultural competence in foreign language teaching classes as the main place to transfer such skills. A number of Iranian researchers have also highlighted the significance of training the intercultural competence to the students of German Language at the University of Tehran.
Adopting a critical approach, this article seeks to examine the theories of intercultural communication in order to shed light on the issue and to introduce a relevant educational plan based on those theories. We intend to present a practical strategy in order to design a new course for German language department at Tehran University to make a contribution to the field.

Many of the poems in Bertolt Brecht's plays serve the narrative theater and give as one of the key elements of the alienation technique an especial effect to his narrative narratives. However, Brecht, in line with his intellectual transformation regarding to his political and social positions, has also written independent poems, in which he has taken up positions on the political, social and economic issues of the day. These poems, in line with his ideology and following the transformation in his political and social ideas, are distant from his earlier poems regarding the form and content. Brecht does not have much in common with the concept of love in his artistic life due to his political views of the day, however the present essay seeks to show with a view to his lyrical poems that love has a role - although not a very strong one - in his artistic life.

Acquiring and promoting competency in literary translation has got evident importance in teaching literary translation and its aim is to make the students competent to translate content, linguistic style and function of literary texts equally into destined language. To reach this goal, it is possible to help acquiring and promoting literary translation skills in students by considering different theoretical and practical prospects in teaching literary translation, as well as, various methods. The purpose of the present article is to strengthen the competence through evaluation and contention of hedges and difficulties, problems and errors in literary translation and to propose translation strategies and didactic suggestions with retrospective method for translation products and following to that, to suggest didactic solutions that cause teaching literary translation, as a skill, takes place with more influence in academic ambient and at the same time, leads to improvement in students translations.This article is concerned with the importance of language style and function of literary translation in the target language regarding Heinrich Kleists translation of anecdote Mutterliebe.

Our aim was to determine the EPIYA-cagA Phosphorylation sites and dupA gene in H. pylori isolates among patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. Pathogenicity of the cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori is associated with EPIYA motifs and higher number of EPIYA-C segments is a risk factor of gastric cancer, while duodenal ulcer promoting gene (dupA) is determined as a protective factor against gastric cancer. Patients and A total of 280 non-repeated gastric biopsies obtained from patients undergoing endoscopy from January 2013 till July 2013. Samples were cultured on selective horse blood agar and incubated in microaerophilic atmosphere. The isolated organisms were identified as H. pylori by Gram staining and positive oxidase, catalase, and urease tests. Various motif types of cagA and the prevalence of dupA were determined by PCR method. Out of 280 specimens, 128 (54.7%) isolated organisms were identified as H. pylori. Of 120 H. pylori isolates, 35.9% were dupA positive and 56.26% were cagA positive, while cagA with ABC and ABCC motifs were 55.5% and 44.5%, respectively. Fifty six percent of the isolates with the ABCC motif have had dupA genes. We also found a significant association between strains with genotypes of dupA-ABC and duodenal ulcer disease (p = 0.007). The results of this study showed that the prevalence of cagA-positive H. pylori in Shiraz was as high as in western countries and higher numbers of EPIYA-C segments were seen in gastric cancer patients. We may also use dupA as a prognostic and pathogenic marker for duodenal ulcer disease and cagA with the segment C for gastric cancer and gastric ulcer disease in this region.

One could see, considering German and Iranian Literatures, that Story in Story, as an oriental Technique, which penetrated from Iran to European literature, has been applied in different ways in Iran and Europe. The Mode of application of Technique created a new Genre in Fiction in Europe and especially Germany, which firstly has been assigned as Characteristics of Novel. Some Scholars saw  Falkentheorie  (as Symbol of turning point or reversal in the Story) in the Novel as essential, but others did not take it seriously. Main Objective of Iranian Authors, using Story in Story, was to psychotherapy of psychotic people. But European Authors applied the Technique in different Manner. Obviously, one sees the Difference in various literary Epochs. The Paper is concentrated on Description of these Differences; furthermore, using some Examples from oriental and occidental literatures, the Paper analyses Features of Story in Story.

The cause of death in burn patients after 48 hours of hospitalization has been reported to be bacterial infections. Recently, due to the compounds accelerating the healing process and the intense reduction of treatment side effects, medicinal plants are used to cure burn wound infections. This study aims to investigate the medicinal effect of the ethanolic extract of Scrophularia striata on burn wound infection in in-vivo and in-vitro in comparison with silver sulfadiazine (SSD). One hundred and fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 equal groups. A hot plate of 1×1cm was used to create second degree burn wounds. The ethanolic extract of S. striata was provided through percolation method. Group 1 was treated with SSD, group 2 with S. striata, and group 3 was considered as control group. All animals were infected to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On days 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 after burn wound injury, the animals were euthanized and were evaluated histologically. The MIC and MBC were determined using the micro dilution method. The rate of wound healing was significantly greater in S. striata group in comparison to SSD and control groups. S. striata contains was shown to have anti-bacterial and wound healing effects while this effect was significantly more than SSD denoting to its use when needed for burn wounds infected to P. aeruginosa.

The German translation of the Qur''an is one of the ways of understanding this Holy Book in German-speaking countries. But because there are deficiencies in the Translation of the Quran، the reader is unable to reach this goal. The main purpose of this study is to identify deficiency factors in the German translation from the beginning until now to reduce vulnerability by providing the necessary solutions. Results of this study show four major problematic factors of the German translation: 1. Structural damage (morphological، syntactic، grammatical، etc.); 2. Damage of Fiqh (jurisprudence failure to inform the translator of his inability to understand the verses of Ahkam); 3. Lexical Damage (vocabulary and maintain homogeneity and the detection of systematic translation); 4. Damaging the theological and doctrinal beliefs and assumptions (para-lingual factors). He present essay accurately reviews the problematic factors in the German translations of the Quran and provides some suggestions for solving these problems.