فهرست مطالب mohammadhossein sharafzadeh

With the expansion of interdisciplinary studies, linguistics, which is the science of language study, as a science that has various applications in the humanities, also found a special place in the field of Quranic research. One of the linguistic approaches to Qur'anic studies is structural semantics, which studies the Holy Qur'an in a new way. Therefore, this research, which has been done by content analysis method, seeks to study the words of the Holy Qur'an in the two groups of Meccan and Madani, extract linguistic functions and find cohesion or noncohesion of meaning between them. For this purpose, first, the most frequent Meccan and Madani special words of the Holy Qur'an were extracted and after examining the lexical and semantic information by drawing tables and diagrams, the linguistic functions were extracted and their semantic relations were examined. The results of the studies showed that the language functions used in the two groups are different and the words studied in each group have a thematic and conceptual relationship.

Donald Trump’s 106 handpicked tweets of his supporters in terms of his retweets, during his 2016 presidential campaign starting from the day before his candidacy announcement, June 15th, 2015, until the day he took office on January 20th, 2017, were explored in accordance with the Fairclough’s approach to CDA: (1) to identify the specific linguistic, discursive, and social features employed in Donald Trump’s retweets; (2) to explore how Donald Trump is represented via his retweets; (3) and to examine how Donald Trump’s opponents are represented via his retweets. The findings revealed a severe authenticity issue regarding Trump’s retweets since numerous Twitter accounts from which he retweeted did not exist on Twitter. Additionally, his representation was mainly us vs. them. He was attributed with Godlike characteristics while his opponents were poorly portrayed. Moreover, his representation was concentrated on his personal character, his popularity, and his financial success. From the discourse perspective, his discourse was simplistic, populistic, informal, and repetitious filled with powerful words describing nationalistic and economic–oriented ideologies. Generally, the discourse struggled to legitimize Trump as the prime candidate and delegitimize his opponents due to the people’s discontent with the career politicians. This study indicated that Trump’s presence as a celebrity politician was due to the need in society for a novel character to relieve traditional politics while his language simultaneously transformed the existing social order in the realm of American politics

The contemporary metaphor theory is based on the belief that the system of human understanding and perception is based on metaphor, which is entirely involuntarily mixed with human daily life. In this approach, it is considered a part of human life. So, metaphors are not only a pure linguistic function but also an essential tool for understanding abstract and intangible things in the human mind, and their scope of work and influence is not at the level of words but in the depth of meaning and concepts. Since part of the language structure of religious texts, such as Nahj al-Balaghah, contains metaphors, and the metaphors of this religious text are far beyond linguistic and literary metaphors, this research aims to find abstract metaphors of "sadness and "happiness". In the present study, by reading, searching, and examining the translated text of Nahj al-Balaghah, some sadness and happiness words and their synonyms were found, and some contained conceptual metaphors. Therefore, the words containing the conceptual metaphor of sadness and happiness were chosen and explained according to the theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). As a result, metaphorical mappings were obtained, such as sadness is substance, sadness is a living thing, sadness is fire, sadness is a fluid, sadness is destructive, sadness is dust, sadness is clothes, and the mappings of happiness is the object, happiness is a living being.

This study has focused on studying adverb typology using the Loeb-Diehl framework. Loeb-Diehl has examined 120 world languages from the point of view of manner expression and has developed a 10-step framework. In the present work, the main goal was to find a typological placement for manner adverbs in Persian using the framework. In the present study, the authors first investigated the strategies and then compared them to adverbial data from the Persian language. Our data were gathered from different sources as books specifically Make Problems like a Chocolate, translation of the novel Wuthering Heights, sentences from articles, and finally our own language data. Lastly, the data was compared with the framework and put into various strategies. Our approach was descriptive-analytical and we used content analysis as our technique. COOR IMPERSO and ADJ IMPERSO are commonly used strategies in the Persian language, according to Loeb-Diehl, but our studies indicate that Persian speakers don't use them. According to her argument, Persian speakers can benefit from one part of the PP strategy, but our studies revealed that other parts of the strategy are also utilized in our language. Moreover, the Persian language benefits from the ADV strategy. The Persian language does not employ CONV, COOR PERSO, PCP, ADJ PERRSO, or PCP COP strategies.

Analysis of visual media using the critical discourse analysis approach is an effective method. With a new approach and using Fairclough's views in the tradition of critical discourse analysis, this qualitative study has dealt with the Evolution of Walt Disney animations’ focus on females. Accordingly, both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of three Walt Disney animations, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Beauty and the Beast, and Frozen 2 -each of which respectively representing classic, renaissance and new era periods- have been analyzed. The selection criterion for these animations, apart from their “female” main character, is their temporal dimension. In Fairclough's three-dimensional analysis framework, the description section is based on Halliday's views, the text and visual signs interpretation section is based on Leuween’s views and philosophers such as Michel Foucault, and the explanation section -which analyzes discourse, power relations, social institutions, and hegemony- is based on the views of Foucault, Althusser, and Bourdieu. In addition, various types of signs have been analyzed by taking advantage of leuween’s, Pierce’s and Barthes’s views. Also, the trinity has not been separately analyzed, but in connection with each other and in the Hegelian tradition. Using these views, how women are represented in these animations has been shown and the purpose, power, and hegemony behind these animations are expressed. In addition to imposing a special lifestyle on the audience, the creators of the animations have achieved more sales and wealth by activating the female character.

A Linguistic typology is a field of linguistics that studies the systematic similarities and differences between the different languages ​​of the world and compares the morphological and syntactic structures between different languages ​​without considering their background. The present study, in the framework of Dryer article (1992), examined the order of words in the Kholosi language. The method of data collection was through recording the answers of informants to the questionnaire that was prepared in this regard and interviewing them. The results showed that Kholosi in comparison with the Eurasia languages, by having 14 verb-final criteria and 14 verb-medial criteria have a balance between the criteria and in comparison with the languages of the world, by having 15 verb-final criteria and 17 verb-medial criteria, like Persian language, shows a tendency towards the  verb-medial group. Considering the values of the criteria in both groups of languages, we find that Kholosi has undergone fewer changes in terms of word order compared to Persian language.

This study deals with the semantic nature of the motor actions of Mazandaran language by emphasizing the dominant pattern for distributing information related to the way and movement, how to represent multiple information of the path and multiple information of the method. Since almost all researches on the semantics of motor actions of Iranian languages and dialects have been done about Persian language based on the cognitive approach and patterns of Talmudic lexicography (1985 and 2000b), the present study can It should be a step towards filling this gap in the field of other Iranian languages and dialects and a starting point in this regard. The approach of this study to the motor verbs of Mazandaran language, especially non-simple verbs in line with the view of Azkia et al. (2015) about simple motor verbs in Persian language has been formed within the framework of lexical patterns. In the present study, simple and uncomplicated lexical verbs are placed in a group as opposed to functional simple verbs. The 140 body verbs of this study include 39 simple verbs, 57 simple verbal verbs and 44 simple functional verbs. The main question of this research is what is the dominant pattern for distributing information about the method, path and movement in Mazandaran language? As a result of this research, it can be pointed out that in the Mazandaran language, it is not possible to determine a dominant pattern for the distribution of information related to method, route and movement. Motor verbs translate this information almost equally. According to this study, out of 140 motor verbs in Mazandaran, 96 verbs (68.57% of the total verbs) have been lexical and 44 verbs (31.43% of the total verbs) are functional.

The present study investigates the grammatical gender feature in Kholosi language. This language belongs to the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which is spoken in the villages of "Kholos" and "Gotav" in Hormozgan province. Kholosi has preserved this grammatical feature inherited from the Sindhi language since long ago. Sindhi language is the historical language of Sindh state, which has been influenced by Farsi, Urdu and Balochi languages. Kholos is the name of a small village in Kokhard, Harang district of Bastak city, which is located in the west of Hormozgan province, 18 km from Jinnah city. Many believe that this people migrated from India to Iran before Islam and accepted Islam after settling in this region. After the migration of this people to Iran, due to the existence of geographical borders and lack of contact between the residents of this region and the speakers of the Sindhi language, their language gradually changed. These changes occurred in the field of vocabulary, grammar and syntax, so that now the speakers of Kholosi language cannot communicate with the speakers of Sindhi language. The category of grammatical gender only focuses on some languages of the world. An important question that is raised in linguistics is the method of assigning grammatical gender to nouns.

Materials and Metods:

This research is descriptive and the data of this research was collected through interviews with speakers of Kholosi language. To collect the data of this language, 10 speakers of Kholosi language were interviewed. Among them, 3 men and 7 women in the age group of 30 to 85 years were selected. The data were analyzed in the form of Corbett's (1991) semantic system and formal system. Moreover, the way of assigning grammatical gender to nouns in this language was investigated in derived, compound and loanwords. This research was conducted with the aim of achieving the following question:What is the criterion for assigning gender in Kholosi language? Since no linguistic research has been conducted on Kholosi language so far, in the background section of the research, some researches related to grammatical gender in other Iranian languages have been mentioned. The definition of grammatical gender in this research is based on the research of Corbett (1991). The main feature of grammatical gender is matching. In languages that have a gender system, the most common number of genders includes two classes (feminine and masculine). Kholosi language also has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine, at the level of nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

In data analysis, the grammatical gender of Kholosi words was investigated based on the semantic and formal system of Corbett (1991). According to Corbett (1991), in the semantic system, the meaning of the word is the only criterion and basis for determining grammatical gender. In Kholosi, there are nouns such as: "sister", "mother", "woman", "father", "brother" and "man" which have feminine and masculine semantic characteristics. In this language, in addition to humans, specific words are used to refer to some names of male and female animals according to their gender. According to the phonological rules in the Sindhi language, proper nouns that end with the vowels [-a], [æ], [-i], [-ey] are feminine, and nouns that end with the vowels [-o], [-u], [-ū], [-ow], have masculine grammatical gender . In derived adjectives, the gender of the noun used in it determines the grammatical gender. In Kholosi compound words, the final vowel indicates the grammatical gender, but if the compound word ends with a consonant, then the grammatical gender of the first morpheme determines the grammatical gender of that word. The rules of grammatical gender of loanwords in this language are the same as assigning gender to nouns. In Kholosi language, there is a match between adjective and noun in terms of gender and number. In descriptive compound, the suffix is ​​attached to the end of the compound and to the adjective. The sign / ᴐ /- is used for the masculine adjective and the sign /-i/ is used for the feminine. To express the concept of indefinite, the independent definition letter is not used, but the number /hek/ "one" before the nouns has this role. /heko/ is used for masculine nouns and /heki/ is used for feminine nouns. In Kholosi, there is a gender match between the verbs and the subject, only if the verb is past tense and intransitive. In other tenses, they have a tense limit and the verbs match the subject only in terms of person and number. The gender matching suffixes are /du/ for the masculine gender and /di/ for the feminine gender. In this language, there is a match between gender and person, but in the imperfect continuous form for the second person singular, at the end of the verb, the feminine gender marker /-di/ is used in a neutral form to indicate both genders. The relative verb "to become" in the past tense and in the singular form has the distinction of masculine and feminine grammatical gender. The sign /ᴐ/- is used for masculine adjectives and the sign /-i/ is used for feminine adjectives. If the adjective is plural, these additional signs are removed and the plural sign /-a/ is used at the end of the adjective.

Kholosi language has overt and covert grammatical gender. Masculine nouns end with vowels [o, u, ow, ü] and feminine nouns end with vowels [a, æ, i, ey]. Loanwords are also subject to the same phonetic rule. If loanwords end in a consonant, they usually take the masculine gender. In Kholosi language, animate, inanimate and object nouns also have grammatical gender distinction. In this language, nouns match verbs, adjectives, pronouns, numbers, and letters of definition in terms of gender, and there are many restrictions on the correspondence between nouns and their dependents, including tense, phonetic, person, mood, and number restrictions. Verbs in this language have grammatical gender distinction only in the past tense and singular. The relative verb "to become" in the past tense and in the singular case has gender distinction. Noun has masculine and feminine gender only in singular case, and if the noun is plural, it has no grammatical gender. The speakers of Kholosi language use grammatical gender in their speech and are aware of its existence, but due to the influence of Persian language, the speakers of the new generation of this language in this village use the category of grammatical gender less.

Chomsky (1981)'s theory of governance and referentiality, which distinguished between superstructure and deep construction, was considered as a candidate for describing syntactic disorders in grammatical aphasia speech. Depth is a surface that contains the lexical features of sentence structures and thetaic relations between these structures. The structure is derived from the depth of motion by kinematic moments. Role nuclei and their projections are of special importance in derivation. Match markers are time and state that are associated with lexical constructs such as verbs and nouns. Role structures such as complement and auxiliary verbs are produced in their original position, the role nuclei. Role nuclei and their identifiers are the landing sites of structures. Which have moved from their position in the depths of construction. Many studies have shown that the omission and replacement of mere adjectives is one of the main signs of grammatical production speech. Linguistic disorders caused by brain damage are categorized as generalized aphasia. Patients with disabilities have different language abilities depending on which area of their brain is damaged. Damage to the broca area usually leads to a disorder that has several symptoms, the first and most obvious of which is poor production. The second characteristic of Broca's aphasia is the regular omission and substitution of sounds, which is called relative phonological aphasia (also called motor aphasia). The third characteristic of Broca's aphasia is a defect in the ability to construct morphological and syntactic patterns. The most common of these symptoms is the loss of most sub-categories, such as prepositions and adjectives, as well as adjectives. Broca's aphasia is also associated with deficiencies in syntactic knowledge. Although patients seem to understand language well as long as they can rely on their knowledge of word meaning and pragmatics, they do not seem to be able to. Use syntactic knowledge in interpreting sentences. As mentioned earlier, this language center not only controls production but also plays a vital role in word formation and sentence construction. The Broca area seems to deal mainly with the structural and organizational aspects of language and is therefore responsible for the production rules governing the creation of sound patterns as well as the morphological and syntactic rules governing the construction of words and groups. Research shows that language is a complex cognitive skill that plays a vital role in human cognition, so it is directly related to other cognitive skills and should not be evaluated alone. In patients with aphasia, disorders in cognitive skills such as attention, memory. they cause disorders in language functions and if left untreated, they can delay the healing process of language disorders. Injury or disorder in the Broca area of the left hemisphere of the brain leads to different levels of speech disorders. The present study focuses on the domain of Inflection; tense and agreement in verbs produced by Persian agrammatic aphasics. Two main objectives are considered in this research. 1. Is the construction of a morphological structure preserved in the speech of grammar? 2- Are the grammatical errors produced in the speech of Boka people (grammars) as a result of a disorder (a disorder) the selection of role categories in the linguistic productions of Persian grammatical individuals by observing the behavior and performance of the verb definition?

The present study is a field, descriptive and analytical research. First, the researcher prepared a list of Broca aphasia patients to collect the desired data and referred to Neyriz Martyrs Hospital and with the help and assistance of a neurologist, reviewed the patients' medical records and CT scans. He has been performing his tests on the site of the brain lesion for 6 months. However, during these tests, he also faced some problems, including the fact that the number of sick men was higher than that of women. Sometimes patients died during treatment or suffered other serious injuries. Due to the medications they were taking and the special care taken to treat these patients, it was not possible to interview the researcher at any time; Therefore, sometimes the tests were performed in several stages and in a short time. In this research, data analysis is presented in the form of tables and graphs. This study was performed on 6 patients who were referred to Shohada Hospital in Neyriz, Fars province in 2019. The subjects were 35-80 years old, with at least elementary education, monolingual, Persian-speaking and right-handed. Data collected by Persian Aphasia Tests. This issue is analyzed in the theoretical framework of generative grammar, Pollock’s (1989) Split INFL Hypothesis, Friedmann and Grodzinsky’s (1997) Tree Pruning Hypothesis and also Chomsky's Minimalist Program (1992).

The findings suggest that Friedmann and Grodzinsky’s syntactic tree pruning hypothesis (1997) does not have the explanatory adequacy to describe this disorder. Moreover, Persian agrammatic aphasics omit verb inflectional markers while showing no tendency to substitute morphemes. Observation of verb conjugation errors shows that 6 subjects tend to omit the current time and match markers. Cognitive studies have shown that the specific characteristics of each language determine the patterns of elimination and substitution observed in brain-injured patients. Since Persian is also an analytical language and usually by removing a grammatical word, the root of the word can be alone. It is conceivable as a word, so the removal of restricted monosyllables is conceivable and the replacement of one monosyllabic with another is not expected. According to the statistical data of Table 7, substitution errors rarely occur in the speech of prescriptive patients and include only 12% of misstatement errors, while 88% of errors are omission of morphologies. In short it can be stated that the result C. The present tense in Table 7 is a testament to the fact that prescriptive patients follow the rules of well-constructed vocabulary in their language.

In general, patients with Persian dyslexia suffer from speech disorders in various dimensions, which indicates that a cognitive-linguistic method should be developed to improve their speech abilities. The findings of the research can be discussed from different axes. According to the findings of the analysis of the data produced by patients with grammatical dysfunction, grammatical insufficiency was observed in their speech. By reviewing and analyzing the data, we found that adjective morphemes have limited application time and correspondence in their speech, and this finding is consistent with the results of research on the limited use of these morphemes. This study claims that the origin of this disorder Production is associated with limitations of processing capacity. That is, it activates slowly and slowly affects its lexical units. Therefore, it is better to look at grammatical disease as a computational disorder than a conceptual disorder. They face problems. Due to lack of access to syntactic knowledge, patients resort to adaptation as a strategy, thus eliminating the vocabulary units that had a problem processing. In fact, patients call aphasia a processing disorder, ie their ability to link information. Syntactically and affect morphology. Therefore, a cognitive-linguistic method should be used to assess linguistic abilities in grammars.

The current research is based on the theoretical framework of Hyland's meta-discourse to analyze the interaction between the text of the JCPOA and the views related to it. According to this pattern, a text can have meta-discursive tools not just words, and the author may use a group, clause or even a sentence for his meta-discursive tools, especially if the text is in the field of politics, it goes beyond the word and includes the sentence. The question that is raised is how the attitudes of certainty and doubt affect the views towards the JCPOA as an international document? The findings of the research show that the frequency of meta-discursive tools in the whole corpus was more than other verbal variables, and also the findings in two groups of male and female critics in terms of the frequency of meta-discursive tools in men's reviews were more than that of women. In this way, the sexist approach regarding language and its use is also strengthened, and also, more attention is paid to the text of the document than to the parties to the document and the agreement, and despite the fact that the attitude of certainty has a higher percentage. assigned, but in practice and reality it has given the opposite result. The method used in this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.

Frame Semantics was first proposed by Charles Fillmore (1982). Frame Semantics states that word meaning is constructed within a system of knowledge which is deeply rooted in the socio-cultural experiences of humans. In this theory, the conception of 'Frame' is deemed to be an approach towards semantic analysis of natural languages. "Verbs" as the most important construction of the languages are present in most of the states and occurrence of the events and play an important role in semantic change. The aim of this study is evaluating the efficiency of Frame Semantics in Lori Mamasani and providing the semantic frames of certain verbs of this dialect. The data in this study consists of 32 verbs out of 128 verbs collected from Lori Mamasani which were analyzed through descriptive-analytical approach. Analyzing the semantic frames of these verbs, our findings suggest that there are significant differences between the semantic frames of these verbs with their corresponding verbs in standard Persian. We shall argue that these differences originate from social and individual experiences of societies. These verbs, in their utility range, have more meaning inferences and more concepts compared to standard Persian. In other words, they have undergone semantic variation and have lost their meaning components in standard Persian over time.

The purpose of this research is cognitive study of patterns and the dominant one for distributing information about the manner, path, and motion in Mazandarani language. Through interviews and conversations with 15 native speakers over 50 years old. The data were collected and recorded. In order to conduct interviews, efforts were made to focus on situations and contexts in which the possibility of a motion event occurring was high. The recorded speech data were then represented in writing. In analyzing the meaning of verbs, the focus was only on the explicit and physical meaning, and the metaphorical and implicit meanings were avoided. Then, based on Talamy criteria (2000b), data were analyzed. The results show that there are six patterns of lexicography in Mazandarani language. The other one is mentioned as it is not possible to determine the dominant pattern for the distribution of information about manner and path in the Mazandarani language since, in this language, motor verbs render this information into words to the same extent.

Damage resulted from two linguistic features of syntactic comprehension and grammatical judgment in patients suffering from Aphasia, weakening the linguistic function, affecting cognitive skills. Therefore, the present study has been conducted to compare the extent of syntactic comprehension and grammatical judgment in patients with Aphasia.

This study is descriptive-comparative. Forty-five patients with Aphasia were selected by a simple random sampling method. The data were collected by a researcher-developed demographic questionnaire, Persian Aphasia Battery (PAB) test, and syntactic comprehension and grammatical judgment test and were analyzed by the Chi-square test.

In general, the patients suffering from Aphasia are more affected by syntactic comprehension damage than grammatical judgment. This difference was significant in the comprehension of dative sentences than replacing complex short sentences, predicative accusative than tracing the long simple sentences, understanding of inverted sentences than tracing long, complex sentences, nominative connectives than long simple sentences, nominative predicative than long simple sentences, and inverted dative sentences than replacing long, complex sentences (P<0.05). Despite the significant difference between the damage of syntactic comprehension in patients with Aphasia and their grammatical judgment, no significant difference was seen in the comprehension of active and continuous sentences

According to the results, there was a significant difference between the extent of damage of syntactic comprehension compared to the damage of grammatical judgment in the patients suffering from Aphasia. Therefore, the grammatical judgment of the patients was better than their syntactic comprehension.

Typology of language deals with similarities and differences among different languages in the world. The current research aimed to study the typology of constituent order in Lori dialect of Mamasani as a south branch of Western Iranian languages in Fars province based on the framework of Greenberg (1963) and the revised framework of Dryer (1992). The methodology including qualitative and quantitative data were obtained employing face to face interview with 45 native speakers without considering their gender involving 65 hours of free speech and 45 questionnaires as well. The research shows that Mamasani  Lori contains both VO versus OV criteria and manifests strongest type of VO typological properties in Eurasia and world languages. The results also indicated that despite the general similarities of this dialect with standard written Persian, there are some differences in terms of prepositions, structural elements, and the order of verbs and adverb of manner. Furthermore, it was portrayed that some prepositions have different morphemes that can appear both before and after the nouns. The research data also revealed that the prepositions and the adverbs of manner in Mamasani Lori can be located both before and after the verbs, an occupancy behavior which is different from standard written Persian.   

In Language Typology, by examining linguistic similarities, researchers try to establish the universality of languages and, accordingly, provide the possibility of studying the main source of linguistic dispersion. One of the main features which received a considerable attention is the study of constituent order in languages. The aim of the present study is to describe the ordering categories of structures in Mamasani Lori, a Southwestern branch of Iranian languages in Fars province based on the 24 feature model of Dryer (1992). The purpose is to study the linguistic constructs and the position of the variable and the nucleus in relation to other linguistic features. In this regard, the questions of the present paper are as follows: a.“What kind of relationship does exist between different variables in Mamasani Lori?” and b. “Based on the under-studied typological features, what are the similarities between Persian and Mamasani Lori”?   

Extensive research has been performed on the typology of world languages, however, the initiator of this research field is rooted in the seminal work of Greenberg (1963). Language typology in which linguistic varieties are studied has devoted special attention to the study of prepositions. Dryer (1992), through a typological survey, introduces a new paradigm by encroaching on Greenberg's views, according to which the languages ​​of the world are classified into different head initial and head final languages. So the authors of this study follow Dryer’s (1992) variable typology which is a modified and extensive form of Greenberg’s (1963) typological universals. Based on this framework and among five main variables, the relevant position of direct object, adjective, preposition, and genitive constructions are explored in this study. Based on Dryer’s view, if X and Y present correlation with the verb and direct object they are called paired variables. The pair can be in relation to the verb or the direct object. In head final language, it is observed that postpositions occur predominantly, whereas in head initial languages, prepositions occur predominantly. Dryer believes that there is a significant distinction between VO vs. OV languages. In VO languages, subject and object are usually located after the verb, while in OV they are located before the verb. This general rule is also valid for those languages which present both OV and VO word orders.   

The statistical population of this study consist of people aged 32 to 101 years. The face-to-face interviews have been randomly carried out with 45 native people regardless of their gender and literacy in the form of 65 hours (3900 minutes) free speech. There were also 45 related questionnaires distributed. The questionnaire contains 330 sentences adopted from the work of Comrie (1981) to classify and compare the traces of world languages. The aforementioned questionnaire can be downloaded from the website of the Max Planck Leipzig Institute. The data were recorded alternately between the years 2016-2017 by one of the authors who is the resident of Mamasani and consequently were transcribed precisely by IPA (international phonetic alphabet).   

The data show that Mamsani Lori uses prepositions rather than postpositions. One of the postpositions is  ra which is generally used in the form of a cliticized =a attached to the verb stem and the noun so that  the other elements follow this clitic. Moreover, prepositions and postpositions can be used alternatively in Mamasani Lori in various positions before or after the verb. In complex sentences and clauses, the noun phrase is generally used before the relative clause and the genitive. Both the GEN-HEAD and the HEAD-GEN are common in Mamasani Lori.   5. Conclusions & Suggestions The data analysis shows that, regarding constituent order typology, Mamasani Lori cannot be placed in one single type. Rather, Mamasani Lori represents a split-behavior variety. For example, the prepositioned-type shows a great variety  in Mamasani Lori, however, postpositions and prepositions are both used. The number of prepositions are much higher than the number of postpositions, and according to the prepositional component, it should be considered as a head initial language. However, despite the nature of prepositions as defined in the typological universals, these prepositions can be placed anywhere in the sentence namely before or after the verb in Mamasani Lori. Such a variable contradicts to the classification of Dryer typology because the head initial languages must have predominantly a preposition and the preposition must be placed after the verb. As for the other components, the position of the relative clause shows the same great variety, but mostly their position is after the verb. Other components of Dryer are predominantly in a more stable position in Mamasani Lori. Some prepositions in Mamasani Lori have different allomorphic features that can occur both before and after the noun, as well as the prepositional phrases which are mentioned both before and after the verb. The Adverb of Manner in Mamasani Lori is mentioned both before and after the verb, which is contrary to the standard Persian.  It can finally be concluded  that Mamasani Lori is in the process of changing due to the linguistic interfering of Persian as the standard and educational language of Iran. This is a result of importance for the researchers of Iranian languages.   

Analysis of the interaction between political texts and its audience, It is one of the most complex and at the same time fascinating cases and areas that can bring attitudes and views towards most of the commitments. Show agreements and what is done in the form of binding and non-binding documents. Based on the descriptive-analytical method, the author, after examining political discourses in terms of critical discourse analysis and revealing the relationship between text and ideology in the Borjam document, showed that no text or speech or writing is neutral. Rather, it depends on the particular situation. This may be completely conscious or unconscious, as well as intentional or unintentional. For this purpose, the researcher based on the Halliday model of fifty sentences(Sentences that have become the material and commentary in the Borjam document (Persian translation)) From Western political figures and fifty sentences from Iranian political figures, taken from Borjam document, Has used content analysis method based on linguistic indicators in this research And in the end, she has mentioned certainty and uncertainty in the sentences of Iranian politicians and Western politicians in the form of statistics, which indicates that she is almost certain .

One of the main concepts in cognitive linguistics is that each unit of language has a semantic network. In this approach, morpheme, categories, and syntactic constructs all have a symbolic unit. In this sense, enclitics also have their own meanings that add meaning to the base of the host. As a result, the derivative is formed. An extension like the lexical categories provides a category that classifies all its meanings around a central meaning. /-ku/ is one of the most widely used enclitics in the Tangestan dialect which is connected to different bases with the category of nouns, adjectives, and infinities. The present article, in the context of cognitive semantics, explores the various concepts of the "-ku:" as an enclitic. The main objectives of this research are to show that the various meanings of the "-ku:" suffixes are not randomized and present its semantic network. The findings of this study revealed that the "-ku:" enclitic has a coherent network in which the various meanings of this enclitic extend around a prototypical meaning (i.e., definite meaning) in the form of a radial structure.

The syntactic comprehension damage in patients with aphasia can debilitate lingual performance and simultaneously influence cognitive skills. Patients with aphasia, particularly those with Brocachr('39')s aphasia are more vulnerable and act with further disabilities in producing and perceiving verbs in contrast to the other grammatical topics. Aphasia is a disorder or disruption in the natural order and course of speaking with its effect being manifested in the comprehension and expression dimensions of language in the form of disarrays in reading, listening, and speaking skills. Accordingly, it is expected to be difficult to comprehend the sentences with multiple verbs and multiple valencies of verbs. The present study aimed to compare the syntactic perception of sentences with one divalent verb, sentences with one trivalent verb, and two–verb sentences in patients with Brocachr('39')s aphasia.

The present study was descriptive and cross–sectional research. Forty–five patients with Brocachr('39')s aphasia were selected based on a convenience research method. The patients were selected from those who were referred to the neurotrophy center of Tehran University in Tehran City, Iran. They were recognized as patients with Brocachr('39')s aphasia according to the diagnosis of a neurologist and the confirmation of Nilipour’s Aphasia Naming Test (2011). The study subjects included those with Brocachr('39')s aphasia and agrammatism due to a brain injury in the left hemisphere with the diagnosis of a neurologist and the confirmation based on the aphasia test. Patients under pharmacotherapy were excluded from the current study. The required data were collected using a researcher–constructed demographic questionnaire, including the following variables: age, educational level, mother tongue, and dominant hand. We also used the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Test (Delis et al., 2001), covering sentences with divalent verbs, sentences with trivalent verbs, and two–verb sentences for assessing the syntactic comprehension in Iranian patients with aphasia. Data analyses were carried out using Dependent Samples t–test at a significance level of 0.01.

The mean±SD comprehension values of one–verb sentences with divalent verbs, like active sentences was 3.71±1.06. The mean±SD comprehension scores of inverted sentences, subjective attributive sentences, and objective attributive sentences were 3.62±0.96, 3±1.11, and 3.65±1.21, respectively. Besides, the mean±SD comprehension scores of one–verb sentences with trivalent verbs, such as ablative sentences and inverted ablative sentences were 2.88±1.01 and 2.85±1.15, respectively. Finally, the lower averages for the mean±SD comprehension values of two–verb sentences, such as connected sentences with relative pronouns, subjective relative sentences, and objective relative sentences were 2.8±1.26, 2.11±1.05, and 2.18±1.2, respectively. The Dependent Samples t–test results indicated a significant difference between the comprehension of sentences with divalent verbs and sentences with trivalent verbs (p<0.001, t=11.18). Furthermore, there were significant differences between the comprehension of one–verb sentences with divalent verbs and two–verb sentences (p<0.001, t=5.91) as well as one–verb sentences with trivalent verbs and two–verb sentences (p<0.001, t=7.69).

Patients with Broca’s aphasia understand monosyllabic sentences better than two–verb sentences and further suffer from the comprehension of sentences with three–verb verbs and two–verb sentences, compared with singular verb two–verb sentences. Therefore, patients with Brocachr('39')s aphasia encounter different impairments in understanding one–act and two–act sentences.

In different languages, motion can be expressed through motion verbs that are encoded differently in languages. The aim of this research is to compare the motion verbs in both Persian and English languages from the cognitive and typological perspectives based on the theoretical framework of Talmy (2000b) regarding the verb - framed and satellite - framed languages. He (Ibid: 102) describes “satellite as the grammatical category of any constituent other than a noun phrase or prepositional - phrase complement that is in a sister relation to the verb root”. It can be a bound affix or a free word. According to Talmy (Ibid) the following can act as satellites in languages: 1- “English verb particles, 2- German separable and inseparable verb prefixes, 3- Latin or Russian verb prefixes, 4- Chinese verb complements, 5- Lahu non head versatile verbs, 6- Caddo incorporated nouns, 6- Atsugewi polysynthetic affixes around the verb root.” Levin (1993) classified the verbs in terms of motion, measure, avoid, color, communication, weather and etc. Ferez (2008) investigated the motion verbs in English and Spanish languages. This comparison showed similarities and differences between two languages. One of the similarities is that both languages have Path verbs. He also found that both languages have more Walking verbs than Running or Jumping verbs. One of the differences that was found was that path verb lexicon in Spanish is larger in size than English. In Iran, Azkia (2012) investigated motion in Persian language from the cognitive and typological approach. After collecting 435 motion verbs based on Talmy’s definition of motion events from “sokhan” and “moin” dictionaries, she analyzed them based on congnitive and typological framework. She also analayzed them under lexicalization pattern. She found that in Persian language, 3 forms of satellites, namely ‘Figure’, ‘Path’ and ‘Ground’, can be located beside the verb. She also drew the following diagram, while mentioning it is just a hypothesis and extensive research should be done to confirm it (Azkia, Ibid: 251): Figure > Path > Ground Afrashi and Hemmati (2016), Nateghi (2012), Mesgar khoyi (2013 & 2016) have worked on motion verbs and motion events too. Based on sorted corpus of Azkia (2012), 180 and a total of 360 motion verbs (Persian and English) were collected, checked and translated in the context of sentence using bilingual and monolingual dictionaries (Oxford, Aryanpur and Amid). Then they were compared in term of being verb-framed or satellite-framed, classification of semantic elements and the dominant satellite. Our research involved discussion and analysis of data collected about manner, path, ground and figure. We divided path into 5 parts in Persian that involved: 1- Satellite - framed specified path, in this kind of path, the path shows the exact path (e.g. so`ud kardan) 2- verb – framed specified path (e.g. afrāštan) 3- verb - framed unspecified path (e.g. āvardan) 4- satellite – framed unspecified path (e.g. tey kardan) and 5- satellite - verb framed specified path (e.g. bar afrāštan). Also we divided path into 3 parts in English language that involved: 1- Satellite - framed specified path (e.g. come out) 2- verb - framed specified path (e.g. crash) 3- verb - framed unspecified path (e.g. traverse). Manner in Persian language divided into two parts: 1- In satellite - framed verbs (e.g. pilipili kardan) 2- in verb - framed verbs (e.g. šalidan). In English it has two forms too: 1- In satellite - framed verbs (e.g. overturn) and in verb - framed verbs (e.g. dance). Figure and ground can be found in Persian language in the form of satellite-framed: 1- Figure in verbs like “šāne zadan” and ground in verbs like “havā kardan”. In English, figure can be seen in verb like “weight lift” and “iron” in the form of satellite - framed and verb - framed respectively, and ground is seen in the form of verb - framed in a verb like ”fly”. The prefixes and co - verbs mentioned here are examples of satellites in Persian language: 1- bāz / bar (bāz gaštan / bar gaštan): back / opposite 2- boland (boland kardan): upward 3- xārej (xārej šodan): outside 4- dāxel (daxel šodan): inside 5- nazdik (nazdik šodan): near, front 6- vāred (vāred šodan): inside The results showed that the Persian language, unlike English tends to be more satellite - framed. Manner and path are the dominant satellites in the Persian and English respectively. Finally, the semantic elements of Persian language are more satellite - framed than the English language. Each of these two languages has its own special classification toward Talmy’s theory. We can draw the satellites hierarchical diagram in both languages as follows: Persian language: Manner > specified Path > unspecified Path > Figure > Ground English language: specified Path > Manner / Figure