mohammadjavad heidari

The expansion of the institution of the bank in the societies and the effects of the legal relations formed in connection with it are so vast that it casts a shadow on all the economic aspects of human life. The preparation of a legal form for investment deposit within the framework of certain contracts led him to establish Article 559 and in the struggle of this thought, the mudarabah contract has taken precedence over other forms, but the legislator, by establishing the law on banking operations without usury, is inclined to the proxy contract. The existing works, by emphasizing the differences between the power of attorney contract and the investment deposit account, have emphasized the uncertainty of the legal relationship that has occurred; The position that is in the order of erasing the problem statement; Because simply calling the legal relationship indefinite without prescribing a special framework and rules will not only solve the problem; On the one hand, it will cause many problems for the banking network, such as what is the form of the relationship between the depositor and the bank and what rules does it follow, and on the other hand, it will cause conflicting opinions in the judicial system; In this article, an attempt has been made to give a logical answer to the problems raised by this group on the legislator's position of the law on banking operations without usury, with the help of the descriptive-analytical method and by adhering to the opinions of the Imami jurists and the general rules of the civil law, and in this way, the legislative theory Based on the power of attorney, knowing the above relationship is proved.

According to most of environmental experts, the main reason for the Enviromental crisis is due to some legal defects that cause conflicts of interest in implementation of environmental laws and regulations. Meanwhile, in the light of the provisions of Article 2 of the Law on Environmental Protection, some governmental agencies which are in charge of the environmental protection are one of the main parties to this conflict. The solution to this problem can be reached through reviewing the provisions of Article 2 which has delegated the legal structure and status of the most important custodian of environment, The High Council of Environmental Protection, to an Intra-Departmental and Inter-Ministerial Administrative Council. In this context, some governmental agencies have preferred the interests of the ministry over the environmental interests of the country, whose decisions and approvals in the field of environment are drawn within the framework of the government's short-term economic interests, and in practice, environmental laws and regulations are overshadowed by these interests. Based on the rule of Prohibition of Detriment the position of this council should be upgraded from the Administrative Council within the branch to an inter-force (between Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary Forces) and governing council. This can be an effective step in resolving conflicts of interest and in implementing environmental laws and regulations.

According to most experts of the environment, a major part of the environmental crisis in Iran is due to the failure of some environmental laws and regulations, which has created a conflict of interest in the implementation of environmental laws and regulations. In the meantime, in the light of the content of Article 2 of the Environmental Protection Law, some government organizations are considered as one of the main interested parties in the conflict of interests in the implementation of environmental protection laws against the national interests of the country since they are themselves in charge of environmental protection and are permanent members of the High Council for Environmental Protection and are the highest oversight and decision-making authority as well as the undisputed power of policy-making in all aspects of environmental affairs. In this descriptive-analytical study, the most appropriate, least costly and fastest solution for this crisis, which is caused by the failure of some formal environmental laws, is examined, including Article 2, which has provided the basis for selective and discriminatory implementation of laws and regulations. Thus, according to the jurisprudential rule of "La Zarar (no harm)", which is also the content of Article 40 of the Constitution, by reviewing the content of Article 2 of the Law on Environmental Protection, the position of the Supreme Council for Environmental Protection has been upgraded from an internal administrative council to a supranational council. The result is the elimination of conflicts of interest in the implementation of environmental laws and regulations and the proper management of the environmental crisis in the country.

Our country is dealing with an undeniable environmental crisis which has overshad- owed both the physical and mental health of people and the political, social, and eco - nomical security. Part of this crisis is caused by the mismanagement and unlawfulness of some of the government agencies due to conflicts of interest between ministerial interests and national interests, and the other part is the inefficiencies in some of the structural and formal laws concerning the Environmental ProtectionAct which in itself provides the ground for different conflicts of interest. Therefore, in order to overcome this crisis and environmental challenge in the country, which is a catastrophic threat, to achieve sustainable environmental development, and to a beneficial solution for all the involved parties, the modification of some formal articles in the Environmental Protection Law is imperative. Article 2, is the most effective and low-cost solution with the quickest feedback. In this study, through the application of jurisprudential and legal principles, the opinions of jurists in the field of environment, and solid evidences, the necessary basis for revising Article 2 is provided by valid legal solutions. These solu- tions are presented with the aim of transforming the Supreme Environmental Council from a governmental administration to an inter-ministerial council between the three forces, in order to diminish the governmental monopoly over the Environmental Pro- tection Agency which in itself has the basis for conflicts of interest and a part of envi- ronmental crisis.

Zika virus was identified in Uganda in the Zika Forest in 1947. It is a tropical disease transmitted by mosquito which is similar to Dengune virus, the western Nile virus and yellow fever. While the virus does not cause the illness in mosquitoes, feeding mosquitoes from the blood of the patients transmit virus to the healthy subjects. The prevalence of the virus was limited to Africa and Southeast Asia until 2007 and no one paid much attention to it. The virus was spread in one of the Islands of Pacific Ocean called Micronesia, in 2007. The present article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies for Zika virus. Methods and Materials: This review article has been performed by searching Zika and Zika viruses keywords in various data bases such as SID, Google Scholar, and Magiran. Since Zika virus has been introduced as an urgency by the World Health Organization (IMO)and due to the significance of the topic, this article is concerned on the virus, disease, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and counseling strategies for pregnant women and the way they are evaluated. Discussion and Conclusion: The present article examines the ways of transmission, a suitable basis for the development and the prevalence of Zika virus in different countries including our country. Considering the several travels to Brazil, the prevalence of this virus and preventing the outbreak of Zika virus to authorities are advised to provide mobile laboratories at the country’s air terminals to carry out medical examinations and screen the travelers to these countries to avoid other health problems in our country. In conclusion, prevalence is always better than treatment.

The discharge process is the most effective steps in the hospital efficiency; moreover, it is one of the management challenges in many hospitals. This study aimed to determine the duration of discharge process in different inpatient parts of Imam Reza hospital.
Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study investigated the time of discharge process in different inpatient parts of Imam Reza hospital. By census, 122 patients who were discharged during the two weeks were participated in the present study. Data were collected by attending in discharge unit, observing the patients case, recording the time of physician discharge order, and receiving the exit card. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency using Excel software.
The results indicated that the mean discharge process was 129.6 minutes with a standard deviation of 72.4 minutes at Emam Reza hospital. The minimum time of discharge process was related to male surgery with duration of 20 minutes. In addition, the maximum time of discharge process was related to female surgery with duration of 375 minutes.
Discussion and Although there were no statistically significant differences in the mean score of the time of discharge in Emam Reza hospital, the impact of being educational hospital cannot be ignored in this process. Therefore, it is recommended to develop the certain programs for interns to attend punctually in the sections. Furthermore, computer systems can be used to expedite the discharge process.

Assessment of forest road pavement condition and its optimal cost management is backbone of a forest road network. In addition, an optimum budget allocation is a challenge during road life cycle. The precise assessment requires special equipment that is often neglected due to its absence or the associated high expenses. Therefore, it is recommended to use techniques that can provide cheap and fast linear and nonlinear modeling of pavement deterioration. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to detect the warning level of forest road pavement as well as to plan the pavement maintenance. The GA was evaluated to identify the warning level of pavement and provide a plan for the maintenance of the road network over a period of five years based on annual plans across a test site of 5 series located 50 km west of Haraz forest road network. The results showed the optimum protrusions warning level for five centimeters damage and rutting 10 cm. Moreover, it was shown that an optimum planning combined with regular repair and maintenance work enables reducing the associated costs from 25 to 73 percent during the first years. It showed the importance of regular maintenance activities at the network level of pavement and application of novel techniques to allocate budgets for pavement maintenance.

The following article discusses Khomeini’s consideration for the existence of any relation between science and religion. The author deals with the importance of this matter and shows how the struggle of media for the alleged separation between the two is so divisive. The author also touches on the questions of the total independence of scientific thought and its clear separation from religion. He carries an interesting piece on Western forms of secularism. In another section, he analyzes Khomeini’s concept that had different interpretations. He argues the obstacles in the way of the growth of science and technology, its methodology and especially its limited perceptive knowledge and notes the contradiction between these. His analysis of the matter makes room to discuss how it can be created in an atmosphere where science and religion have harmony. This observation precisely insists on the Islamic view.