mohammadmahdi taghdisi

The issue of Christians' belief in the divinity and goodness of Jesus (pbuh) - in the sense that they call this divine prophet God, the son of God, or the son of God - is one of the most important issues that commentators of the Holy Quran have tried to criticize. In this research, we intend to examine the evolution of the Qur'an commentators' opinions in addressing and criticizing this issue and show what changes have been made in the commentators' understanding of this historical concept. The results of the research show that the commentators of the early period only disproved this theory, and the commentators of the middle period, by emphasizing the explanation of the verses and without referring to the Christian religious sources, only limited themselves to the irrationality of this theory, but the commentators of the contemporary period, while carefully examining the sources of Christianity and talking with their scholars, they have tried to show the time and how to create this belief deviation in Christianity and express the reasons for its cancellation in a documented way.

As the language of Hadiths (similar to the common code) bears advantages compared to the common words of the people besides bearing divine instructions, their reading and understanding require particular reflection concerning the coinage and application of the words. In the language of Hadiths where the fundamental structure is comprised of the lexical meaning and the common code, words constructed by Islam and the prophetic sharia can be observed; thus, rhetorical structures like rhetorical simile and trope (in its various forms including metaphor and allusion) are commonly found in them. As a vanguard Usuli of the Mutaakhirin Era, Allamah investigated the Arabic vocabulary in several works like “Nihayat al-Wusul Ila Ilm al-Usul” and analyzed the typology of words concerning meaning during their coinage and application. The current study aimed to explain the most fundamental types of words and investigate the role of such differences and their influence in understanding Hadiths according to Allamah. Thus, the results showed that paying attention to the type of words applied in Hadiths leads to understanding them accurately and correctly, but ignoring such typologies during their interpretation causes their misunderstanding.

Belief in Mahdism is one of the most basic Islamic teachings. In the Isnad of Mahdawi hadiths, there are narrators who have been introduced as Ghālī, and if their exaggeration is proven, it is one of the factors that threaten the validity of hadiths in this field But according to the order of the Infallibles (as), mentioning virtues is not considered exaggeration. Exaggeration in virtues has also become a relative issue, and it is possible that in the books of Riālī, a group of narrators have been introduced as exaggerators or accused of exaggeration. Abu Sumaina is one of these narrators who is one of the numerous narrators of hadiths and many trustworthy narrators have narrated many hadiths from him. Also, his existing Mahdawi narrations in the interpretations of Shiite narrations are free of exaggeration. In the meantime, Sheikh Tūsi's statement regarding the exception of narrations containing his exaggeration by narrators, along with the history of the early Shiite rijal Scientists in not rejecting all the hadiths of a narrator, despite considering him weak, confirms the acceptance of the validity of his Mahdavi hadiths according to the documents in the commentary.

As one of the most significant elements of narrative structure, time relationships bring the audience closer to the atmosphere and world of the story. The issue of duration is the most discussed realm of time in the narrative which takes into account the relationship between the period of events’ occurrence in a story as well as the amount of the text devoted to the same events’ presentation. Indeed, finding the duration of time within the text and its investigation in different versions of a story leads to a better understanding of the given text. It also lets the audience be in close contact with the scene of that event and proceed along with its different acceleration. This paper tends to study the duration of time in four versions of magicians’ story and their confrontation with prophet Moses (AS) and Pharaoh in the Qur’an in the light of Gerard Genette’s perspective. Consequently, the examination of narrative techniques related to the time duration in these versions represented that the scene and dialogue, and the descriptive pause have obtained the highest frequency, and as a result, it provides a condition to take a lesson from the story, while the elimination and summarization have attained the least frequency.