mohammadreza farahmandkia

Plotinus is the greatest Neoplatonic philosopher and one of the most prominent thinkers of ancient times, whose ideas have greatly influenced later philosophers. The issue of time is of great importance to philosophers and philosophical schools after Aristotle, especially in the thinking of Plotinus. One of the important aspects of time-related discussions is how temporal fluid entities are related to fixed and discrete entities. Regarding the issue of time, Plotin first criticized Aristotle's definition of time and then explained the eternal, eternal and fixedness of the order of ages. pay Plotin finally proves his innovative point of view about the time of the image or the appearance of the soul in the world of matter. In the current research, it has been stated with the analytical-comparative method that Plotin's problems with the definition of time are not correct from Mulla Sadra's point of view. Plotin's claim that time is the image of the soul also faces many problems according to Mulla Sadra's principles in transcendental wisdom.

Attachment of the rational soul to the body and the relationship between them has been among critical issues in transcendental and Sinavi wisdom, which has affected many related subjects. One of them is the occurrence of tremors in body organs in which the voluntary motion of the rational soul becomes inconsistent with the necessities of a bodily organ. For instance, when the rational soul is willing to turn a hand to the left or keep it stable, the nature of the organ reacts contrastingly and moves differently. Ibn Sina discusses that some factors are involved in the occurrence of termor including feebleness of bodily organs due to soul-related factors and nerve lassitude in bodily organs due to external material factors. Mula Sadra also believes that the occurrence of tremors is the result of mal-functions in material and bodily powers. The present research proves that all the factors pointed to by Ibn Sina concerning the relationship between rational soul and body can be explained. Thus, the main cause of the tremor originates from the impaired relationship between the body and the rational soul.

Although Plotinus and Ibn Arabi are two separate and independent schools of thought, their ideas about God are very similar. In such a way that some aspects of the similarity of Plotinus's unity refer to descriptive unity and others to intrinsic unity. For this reason, from both of them, the nature of God is not recognizable and does not become known to man or any other being; Also, the essence of God has true unity and other beings have unreal unity. Despite these similarities, there are also differences between the principles and ideas of these two thinkers. Plotinus considers the knowledge of one to be purely negative, and in his view positive perception is generally excluded. Ibn Arabi, on the other hand, proves positive cognition as a unit by distinguishing between descriptive unity and unity. This article is innovative in terms of examining and analyzing the differences and similarities expressed between Plotinus and Ibn Arabi's school.