فهرست مطالب mohammadreza faroughi

Housing plays a major role in the quality of human life and constitutes an important part of living costs especially for low income families. Because of its high cost، most governments assist for the housing supply، especially for low-income groups through social housing or low-interest rate loans. In 2005، a «special rural housing improvement plan” was ratified in Iran which aimed to reduce the vulnerability of rural housing against natural hazards and improve the living quality in rural areas. Under this policy، low interest rate housing loan was provided for residents willing to construct new houses. This article aims to evaluate rural residents'' satisfaction with the quality of these newly built houses. Utilized data in this research comes from a questionnaire survey conducted in 2012 in the Shaft county of Guilan Province، Iran. A total of 332 residents in 10 villages who used rural housing loan were interviewed. Findings indicate that compared to the old houses، main changes in the new rural houses comprise physical improvements including concrete/iron structure، use of durable building material، better facade، smaller housing size and fewer rooms. Another important change is related to the change in architectural design، such as open kitchens، placing bathrooms inside the houses and excluding the non-residential spaces from residential units. Moreover، housing utilities have been enhanced by increased accessibility to land line telephone and natural gas supply. In terms of satisfaction، results show that most residents who received rural housing loan are quite satisfied with the physical conditions، better protection against weather conditions، improved facilities and more beautiful exterior design of their new houses compared with the old ones. The results of kruskal-Wallis tests on contributing factors showed that the residents’ satisfaction in the study area varied based on the geographical location، population of villages، housing size، construction time and the previous location of rural residents.

According to the growing trends of environmental damages caused by industry, the term “environmental technology” has turned to a key term in recent decades. Nevertheless, A clear definition of environmental technology and its criteria is not easy yet, while clear defenition makes it possible for manufacturers and engineers to compare and evaluate technologies from environmental perspective. Therefore, this research aims at providing clear categorizations, definitions and criteria for environmental technology. The current research follows a qualitative analysis, using library archives and resources. According to technology components, Pollution prevention procedures, Effective factors on pollution and production process, Environmental technology in this study is divided into two general categories of software ET and hardware ET. And They are taken place in the hierarchy including environmental management systems as software ET and technology assessment and monitoring, preventive technology, recycling technology, control technology, treatment technology as hardware ET. Finally, criteria of environmental technologies including resource protection, reduction of waste, energy and carbon are presented.

As a common space, urban entrance is the first place that introduces a city to its visitors and it is imprinted in the memory of people. This study aims to provide a detailed analysis of physical development and activity patterns along the main entrance of Rasht, Iran. Utilized data in this research comes from a questionnaire survey through which 707 land lots along the main entrances were studied. A number of statistical methods including nonparametric test of Kruskal-Wallis and crosscorrelation analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Findings indicated that entrance axes in Rasht present a low density pattern, in the form of single row shops with sporadic low rise buildings and uneven distribution of activities mainly by auto- related shops and services. dala aeatsysy aaaaataD a significant difference in the development of physical elements such as density of land lots, lot size, building age, quality of structure and land use/activity pattern among the main entrances. Data results also showed that density of development along the entrances is associated with land use type and ownership. Moreover, the data showed that the age of a building is correlated with quality of structure, land use type and ownership and quality of structure is related with land use type and ownership. Adopting a number of urban planning approaches such as density increase, encouraging mixed land uses, and employing local architectural styles in building design could enhance the exterior outlook, increase the land value, expedite investments and eventually improve the economy along the entrance axes.

As one of the basic human needs, housing directly affects the quality of peoples’ life and is considered to be one of the main concerns of most families. Therefore, provision of suitable housing for citizens is one of the main objectives of economic development plans in many countries. It is important to note that the majority of housing policies have focused mainly on urban housing and despite the fact that an important part of the rural population, especially in developing countries, lives in inadequate housing in terms of physical conditions, little attention is paid on them by governments and other official institutions. The main purpose of this article is to examine the role of Iran’s new housing policy on the quality of housing constructions in rural areas. Given the fact that following the provision of low-interest rural housing loan since 2006, a considerable number of housing has been constructed in rural areas, assessing the effects of this policy can be important. In this study, villages in the Shaft District of Guilan province in the north of Iran have been selected as a case study. The data utilized in this study comes from a questionnaire survey through which 332 loan receiving families were studied. Statistical methods including T-test were used to analyze the collected data. The main findings of the study indicate a significant improvement in the physical structure, main building material and building facade of the newly built houses in rural areas. The newly constructed houses also reflect the changes in rural lifestyle in their physical patterns such as smaller size, fewer rooms and low rate of household per housing unit in comparison with the old houses. However, for the facilities, except the telephone rate, no significant difference is observed between the old and new housing units.