فهرست مطالب mohammadreza jelokhani niaraki

Landslides are a common natural hazard around the world, but the accuracy of the maps produced can be impacted by various adverse effects and uncertainties. Researchers have continuously sought to improve the accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps. This study aims to create a landslide susceptibility map for Austria using t-test and random forest models. Nine criteria for landslide occurrence, including elevation, slope, aspect, distance to drainages, distance to faults, distance to roads, land cover, lithology, and precipitation, were used. In the t-test model, the weight of each criterion was calculated using the t-statistical test and then combined with each other using the Simple Additive Weighting technique to draw the final landslide susceptibility map. The random forest model was trained using multiple decision trees and based on the landslide occurrence points and criterion layers, the relative weight of each layer was calculated, resulting in the final landslide susceptibility map. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to compare the two models, with the results showing that the random forest model performed better with an AUC of 0.893, compared to the t-test model with an AUC of 0.852. The importance of different criteria was assessed, and it was found that slope and precipitation were the most important factors in the occurrence of landslides in both models. The results showed that both models have unique advantages in landslide susceptibility mapping. Accordingly, the higher accuracy of the random forest model, and the possibility of weighting the criteria and sub-criteria in the t-test model, make both models practical in this field.

Wastewater network as one of the most important infrastructure facilities can play an important role in achieving sustainable development by improving public health and environmental protection by preventing pollution of surface and groundwater resources. One of the most common incidents that occurs significantly in this network is blockage of the sewer pipes. Recognizing the factors influencing the occurrence of network blockage has a significant impact on accurately predicting what may happen to the network in the future. In the present study, GIS tools and artificial neural network were used to predict and mapping the potential for blockage in the sewer network. Important factors in the occurrence of blockage including, land use, siphon diameter, siphon depth, depth, materials and age of the pipe were used in neural network analysis. From input data of 70%, 15% and 15%, respectively, were used for training, validation and model testing. The results of the simulation using a neural network with a Performance Indicator of R2=0.9 showed a high fitness between the predicted and observed locations of the blockage. Also, in the blockage potential map, areas with high population density, worn texture and unauthorized constructions (due to the installation of unauthorized branches) were observed blockage potential.

In the recent years, the scale and frequency of natural hazards were increased, significantly [21]. Published data and reports on natural hazards show an increase in such disasters around the world [18, 5]. It's not possible to eliminate these risks, completely, but their negative effects can be minimized by using new methods and appropriate data in the decision-making process [12]. Many parts of the world are exposed to the events that involve more than one natural hazard [22، 10]. In natural hazards, any hazard can be associated with hazards or other processes, in which case, they are considered as multi-hazards [22، 6]. Floods, landslides and forest fires are among the most common natural hazards [16]. Floods are one of the most common and destructive natural hazards in the world, which has many social, economic and environmental consequences [24، 15، 14]. Landslides are known as one of the most common geological disasters that cause serious damage to the natural ecosystems and human infrastructure [20، 7]. 17% of all natural disasters occur due to landslides [19، 17]. Fire is also one of the main threats to the environment with many negative effects that in some cases the negative effects continue for more than 10 years after the occurrence of this phenomenon [3]. The financial and human damage of fires have increased significantly around the world in recent years [4]. Recent advances in GIS technologies for data collection and spatial analysis can provide practical tools to develop a hybrid approach and as a useful tool for spatial analysis in risk evaluation [23]. In this regard, GIS is an excellent tool for storing, analyzing and managing spatial data and combines different types of numerical and descriptive values ​​with spatial data [11، 1]. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods have been widely used in integrating, identifying or ranking influential factors, especially in natural hazard analysis [2، 8، 9].

Mazandaran province is located in north of Iran and includes part of the Alborz Mountain belt. There are about 3 million of people in Mazandaran province (4.9 percent of the population in Iran) with an area of ​​about 23,756 square kilometers (1.46 percent of Iran). The first step of the research is the production of standard maps and their standardization. The second step is determining the weight and importance of each criterion by experts. In the third step, using the weighted linear combination (WLC) multi-criteria method, the weights produced by the AHP method and the standard benchmark maps are combined to create flood, landslide and fire hazard maps, separately according to the effective factors. The validity of these maps was assessed using two accuracy evaluation parameters and based on historical events. In the next step, according to the overlap and spatial distribution of the predicted high-risk areas, the final multi-hazard map is produced. Finally, by comparing the population map of Mazandaran province and the produced multi-hazard map, the amount of population and area at risk of each of the hazards were determined and evaluated.

In this research, using standard criterion maps, weight values ​​assigned to the criteria and using WLC multi-criteria method, multi-hazard maps (flood, landslide and fire) of Mazandaran province were produced. AHP method was used to determine the weight of each criterion. Then, maps were prepared regarding the potential for flood, landslide and fire hazards. Each of these maps were classified into 5 different classes with very low, low, medium, high and very high risk in order to study the areas with potential risk. In the production of flood potential mapping, the criteria of distance from the drainage network, height and slope have the highest weight and importance according to experts. Most areas with flood risk potential are located in the northern parts of Mazandaran province. According to experts, the incidence of landslides is closely related to the type of land, the degree of slope and proximity to the road. In new Quaternary sediments and steep areas near to roads in Mazandaran province, landslides are most likely to occur. Forest lands near to roads and mountainous residential areas show the highest risk of fire. As a result, in this area, human factors can play a very important role in creating and occurring fires. In addition to using the degree of overlap of the fifth grade of each of the flood, landslide and fire potential hazard maps in the production of multi-hazard map, the geometric average of all hazard potential hazard map classes to produce the map multi-hazard has been used. The reason for using this method is to apply the concept of geometric mean and maintain the value of high-risk data and spatial locations in each of the potential hazard maps. In order to estimate the area and population at risk of each of the flood, landslide and fire hazards, the overlap of each of them were calculated using a multi-hazard map and the population map of Mazandaran province was done.

The aim of this study is to prepare a multi-hazard map of Mazandaran province and determine the area and population exposed to these hazards. The results of this study showed that many areas in Mazandaran province are exposed to more than one natural hazard. Multi-hazard interaction in an area can have much higher negative effects than the sum of the effects of several hazards alone. Therefore, to manage natural hazards and reduce their negative effects, using a multi-hazard approach and planning based on the results of this approach is very important. On the other hand, due to the fact that estimating the potential of each risk is affected by several spatial criteria, the use of multi-criteria spatial decision-making models can increase the accuracy of spatial modeling of multi-hazard maps. The results showed that about 0.04% of the population and 0.6% of the province are at risk of all three. These areas are located in the central strip of Mazandaran province. As a result, these areas are more sensitive than other areas of Mazandaran province.

Today, with the growing population and the expansion of cities, assessing the quality of urban life is of great importance. These evaluations give organizations and city managers a good perspective for future planning and budget allocation. In the meantime, there are various methods for assessing the urban quality of life, among which the combined use of GIS-MCDA can provide an assessment of the quality of urban life with unique capabilities of GIS. 

In this study, OWA method, which is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods with two local and global approaches, was used to evaluate the quality of urban life. OWA is a method in which multi-criteria analysis is performed based on multiple and contradictory criteria and the best solution is selected. In fact, the OWA method is a risk-based approach in MCDA. In other words, this method introduces a new concept of Boolean decision-making method and weighted linear combination that has different degrees of risk (risk-taking). The OWA operation develops a variety of strategies, from the highly pessimistic mode defined in AND to the highly optimistic mode defined as OR in Boolean logic. The risk level can be adjusted by determining the degree of ORness from 0 to 1. 

To select the evaluation criteria, first the available resources in this field were examined and then the opinions of experts were collected. Because local conditions are different and people in different places may have different criteria for the quality of life, similar criteria were combined and criteria were localized. Finally, these data were collected in six layers including: traffic, population density, access to green space, access to health services, sidewalk condition and air pollution. Then, the weights of each layer were calculated using the AHP method with an inconsistency rate of 0.08. In the second phase, raster layers with pixels of 15, 30 and 60 were obtained, each of which covers an area of 225, 900 and 3600 square meters, respectively. This change in the size of different pixels and its sizes was calculated according to the area of each neighborhood and reaching the appropriate pixel size for the study area. The reason for this variation in the pixel size of the layers produced is to study the effect of scale and achieve a scale suitable for the study area because over-shrinking the pixel size increases the cost of collecting field data while increasing processing time and data collection. Also, the large size of the pixels will cause merging and generalization and will make the ranking of places unrealistic. Therefore, the necessary care must be taken in the size of the pixels. Surveys on six neighborhoods including: Islamic Revolution, Valiasr, University of Tehran, Ghaem Magham, Behjatabad and Laleh Park and layers of air pollution, traffic, access to health services, sidewalk quality, access to green space and population density showed the use of local and global approach, Changes in pixel size and varying degrees of risk-taking can each have a direct and enormous direct effect on the results of the urban quality assessment process. With the change of each of the cases, while a significant change in the classification area in many cases occurs, the ranking of the regions also changed. In examining different approaches, using a degree of risk-taking of 0.7 and pixel sizes of 30 and 60 with a 5 * 5 filter has given better results. Therefore, due to the high sensitivity of the expressed variables and the direct effect of the weight of each layer, high care must be taken in selecting the variables and the weight of the experts. 

Comparing the two approaches, it can be seen that in the local approach, in general, "completely undesirable" areas are more scattered in the center and southeast. While in the global method, the dispersion of "completely undesirable" areas does not have a fixed cumulative pattern in the area and its effect can be seen throughout the neighborhoods in the form of small and large spots. It is evident from the results that "Fully desirable" areas in this approach are mostly seen on the outskirts of parks and boulevards. According to the results, the highest percentage of "perfectly desirable" floor area compared to the area itself is related to conditions with a degree of risk of 0.7, 3 * 3 window and a pixel size of the input layers of 15 meters.

Extended AbstractIntroductionTourism has positive economic, social, and cultural effects on human societies and is one of the most valuable sources of income in many countries. Travel planning is one of the most important issues that can be considered in order to have a good and desirable trip. Travel recommendation systems are examples of techniques used in the field of tourism that aim to match the characteristics of tourism resources or tourist attractions with the needs and priorities of tourists and provide the most appropriate tourism place. Voluntary geographic information (VGI) can play an important role in this regard. People in the community can monitor and share the geographic information of their environment as active, analytical, intelligent, responsible, environment-aware, circulate, distributed and interactive sensors.This study recommends a system that intelligently receives demographic information, users' interests and preferences, and according to the spatial information shared as a VGI by other tourists, recommends the most suitable tourist attractions to the visitors using the recommendation system based on Bayesian networks. Also, the tourism-oriented GIS system, using the TSP algorithm, provides the most optimal route to reach the tourist attractions on the map. MethodologyThe study area is the historical area of ​​Yazd with an approximate area of ​​3.5 square kilometers, which is located in the city center. Yazd city, with an area of ​​107.4 square kilometers, is the largest historical unit and administrative center of Yazd province, which in recent years has faced a very large population growth compared to other urban areas of Yazd province.In this research, the database of Yazd Municipality has been used to collect statistical information on tourism visits in 2015, the vector layer of the regional road network and the vector layers related to the location of tourist places, services and all related facilities. Also, in order to implement the tourism recommender system with a suitable user interface, software programs such as Arc GIS 10.5, PostgreSQL 9.6.1, Visual Studio 2013, NETICA 6.3, Notepad ++, and Geo-Server 2.13.2 have been exerted.Bayesian network is one of the methods of presenting knowledge by combining Bayesian theory with a graphical model and has many applications in problem-solving and cause and effect analysis. This method uses a posterior probability distribution to analyze various parameters and includes a set of nodes and directional edges that nodes represent variables and edges represent cause and effect relationships between variables.The Bayesian network designed in this study has been qualified and quantified based on demographic information (age, gender, income, occupation, level of education and type of travel of users), interests and preferences of tourists, and previous knowledge (information collected from related sources) in the NETICA software.VGI is an essential source of geographic information when data collected from other sources is impossible. The information system designed in this research has a system to enter the preferences and interests of tourists after visiting tourist attractions. In this system, the experience of others is considered more than the experience of new people.In addition to providing a list of tourist destinations tailored to users' preferences, a tourism recommender system also identifies the best route to access each tourist attraction. The routes suggested in this study start by moving from a tourist residence or hotel and return to the starting point after visiting the recommended places. For this reason, the TSP problem has been used for optimal routing in this system. Results and discussionThis article aims to develop a tourism recommender system to offer suitable tourist attractions to tourists. The system can predict tourist attractions tailored to new users' interests and access paths based on combining the demographic information of new users with data from previous ones who voluntarily share their views of tourist attractions by composing recommendation algorithms and VGI data in the form of a Web-GIS system.After introducing the tourist attractions, the user's movement route between the tourist attractions is done by specifying the starting point (Mehr Hotel). Also, in order to move the user, the suggested locations are extracted and the optimal route introduced by the system is displayed on the OSM map with the help of the network layer of the area roads. At any time, the user can view the nearest facilities on the map, such as coffee shops, restaurants, gas stations, hospitals, etc. ConclusionDetermining the appropriate tourist attractions according to the interests and preferences of tourists is one of the important measures in tourism planning. Tourists will be delighted with a trip when their needs, interests, preferences, demographics, and social conditions are considered in the travel planning. In this research, a GIS web-based tourism recommender system has been created using voluntary geographic information and tourist demographic information. The system uses Bayesian network modeling to analyze the preferences of tourists and can predict the behavior of visiting tourist attractions through conditional probabilities and display the impact of each parameter and factor in selecting the type of tourist attractions. One of the most important features of this system is the possibility of user interaction so that tourists can voluntarily share their opinions and suggestions about the visited attractions. So, the system will provide recommendations related to tourist attractions that are in accordance with the interests and preferences of new tourists.

Finding the right public parking lot for car parking is one of the major problems for citizens. Drivers spend a lot of time and distance finding the right public parking lot, which increases traffic, air pollution, fuel consumption, driver fatigue and confusion. In this regard, this article attempts to improve the process of parking searches and routing for citizens by providing a mobile GIS-based application. The location-aware program consists of three main modules, including two local parking management modules and comprehensive web-based parking management and a mobile-based parking locator module. The local parking management and comprehensive parking management modules collect information about each parking lot and transfer it to the Parking Finder module. Citizens can get the most appropriate parking and access path by prioritizing any of the criteria found in the Parking Finder module. The program was used to improve the routing of the park in Yazd. Then, a survey of 55 citizens using the system to find parking was conducted to evaluate the proposed plan. Survey results show that 36.4% of participants used the program more than 10 times a month and more in the afternoon (63.6%) and on weekends (20%). It has also reduced the time spent searching (54.5% less than 10 minutes and 16.4% more than 15 minutes) and increased the efficiency of using parking systems in Yazd.

Finding the right public parking lot for car parking is one of the major problems for citizens. Drivers spend a great deal of time and distance finding the right public parking lot, which increases traffic, air pollution, fuel consumption, driver fatigue and confusion. On the other hand, the growing population of cities, especially in tourist areas, has led to the issue of finding a suitable parking spot and finding a lot of attention due to the lack of adequate parking lots and lack of adequate parking information. At the city level, this is facing many problems. Many cities are currently developing location-aware parking systems using ICT. These systems combine telecommunications, geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) to make parking information accessible to drivers when needed and the most effective way to navigate the empty spaces of parking lots. Designed as web applications, these systems are available from mobile devices or personal computers (laptops) .The main task of these applications is to select the most suitable parking lot based on the evaluation of available parking lots. To this end, these systems combine a set of criteria that affect the selection of a parking lot with the weight of each parking lot, using Multi-criteria Location Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA). Introduce the largest parking lot.

The proposed citizen-centered parking system consists of three main functional areas: local parking management, comprehensive parking management, and a functional parking lot. The information recorded in the local parking database is transmitted online to the comprehensive parking management system database and is provided through the embedded web services to the parking finder application to provide location and descriptive services.

this article, systems are designed and implemented as a mobile based application to service drivers to determine the most appropriate parking and access path. The program is made up of three main application areas, identifying the current location of each user and utilizing mobile device positioning technology, combining user-specific preferences to fit each of the criteria in the application. Provides the most secure parking. After applying weight and determining the importance of each of the existing criteria by the drivers, the proposed program introduces the most suitable parking lot among the available parking lots using WLC Multi-criteria Decision Analysis. The route to the desired parking lot is displayed on the map as text, audio and graph. Showing the shortest route to the parking lot can be very useful for drivers in busy traffic and busy hours, preventing additional routes and increasing traffic.In order to evaluate the proposed program, 55 users of the questionnaire program were prepared in the form of 5 questions. The first question relates to how often the program is used during a month. 20 participants (36.4%), more than 10 times a month and more in the afternoon (35 people, 63.6%) and weekends (11%, 20%) of this program to find out They have used parking. This indicates that people in Yazd are facing severe parking problems at certain times of the day due to the increased traffic and intra-city traffic, and this program can be very useful and effective in finding suitable parking.

This article proposes a citizen-centered parking tracking system to improve parking search and routing in Yazd city. The innovative program combines instant parking information with drivers' personal preferences using mobile features to provide the most appropriate parking and accessibility. The program consists of three main application sections, two of which are web-based and one mobile-application. The web applications section is used by parking officials and the general manager of parking lots, and information about each parking lot is stored and recorded at any time. The mobile application segment is used by drivers and receives instant parking information online. In addition, this section shows the most suitable parking and the route of access to each driver, by prioritizing the criteria in the program through each driver. Implementation of this proposed city-wide program has shown that time spent searching for parking spaces has been significantly reduced, saving drivers time and money. Using this program also allows drivers to find the best parking in terms of distance, cost and number of vacancies by registering minimal information on their mobile phones. Providing parking location and access can also help drivers in busy city hours. However, in this research, no analysis has been conducted on the level of simplicity and usability of this system by citizens.

The environment is arena of human life and. In the last few decades, concerns about the quality of the living environment has been one of the most important problem of the society. Unsustainable and irregular development of cities that the producing the majority of the contaminants and are the center of all other human activities (Seyfadin and Mansourian, 2011, p53), cause different kind of crisis like environmental problem and reduced quality of the environment (Camp et al, 2003, p. 16). Thus improvement of the quality of urban living environment is one of the most important goals of any society. Quality of life is a complex and multi-dimensional concept that encompasses social, economic, environmental and physical dimensions of urban quality is one of the key dimensions of quality of life. Tehran is a metropolis that is in critical environmental conditions in many of the 22 regions (Farhadi and Taheri, 2009: 204). In 2017, the city ranked 199th out of 231 major cities in the world in terms of urban quality (Mercer Human Resources Advisor, 2017). At present, the continuation of the current trend can seriously affect the viability of Tehran in the not too distant future, therefore, special studies and investigations are needed to improve and improve the quality of Tehran's environment. The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of the environmental dimension of urban life with incorporation AHP-OWA method in different scenarios and based on different degrees of risk taking. As well as the analysis and study of dimensions and identifying effective indicators on the environmental dimension of urban life quality, and remarking the problems and deficiencies in order to help managers and urban planners are the goals of this study.

In terms of the nature, this study is a descriptive-quantitative and analytical one because by providing information about studied option, we describe it, then analyzes the data through different procedures.In this method first criteria are extracted using satellite images, layers of information and pollution measurement stations data that contains: greenness, the temperature of the Earth's surface, air pollution, noise pollution and vulnerability of urban buildings. In the second stage, the analysis and comparison of two for two criteria done using hierarchical analysis method for the determination of the final criteria weights. Finally, we overlap the above mentioned indicators through the AHP-OWA consolidated method in the Arc GIS and final indicator the environmental of urban life quality resulted. Region 6 of Tehran is selected as the research territory and geography and statistical population resulted from this region. This is an area with a surface of 45.2138 hectares, approximately 3.3 percent of the city surface and in view of geographic location is located in the central district of Tehran.

After providing the standard criteria affecting the final quality of the living environment, the final environmental dimension of quality of urban life derived using the analysis overlap. To calculate the weight of the criteria, Choice Expert software is used. Paired comparison matrix indicates that air pollution has the most and the temperature of the Earth's surface has the lowest importance in evaluating the quality of the urban environment. The amount of incompatibility in paired comparison criteria is 0.04 and shows being the comparison is acceptable.Findings of criteria map shows that Keshawarz Boulevard, Saei and Valfajr neighborhoods have appropriate greenness, while in Vanak neighborhood due to high density of buildings greenness is not sufficient. The Earth's surface temperature criteria suggests that Northern neighborhoods have the highest value of land surface temperature and the neighbors with sufficient vegetation have the minimum value. The amount of air pollution in the central and southern to southwest regions of Tehran is higher than north and northeast of city.In terms of noise pollution criteria, the neighborhoods located in the south of the city have worse situations than north and central localities. Finally the results of the vulnerability of the building shows that 42% of buildings have low vulnerability, 53% with the average vulnerability and 5% have high vulnerability.

Results in different scenarios suggest that 7% of the region is in very appropriate, 29% in appropriate, 17% in the medium condition, 22% in an inappropriate situation and 24% are in very bad situations. According to the environmental quality of urban life in designed scenarios, The environmental quality of urban life in the most pessimistic designed scenarios indicates that no neighborhood is in a very good group and 3 are in a very inappropriate group, 4 are in the middle group and 2 are in the appropriate group, while the most optimistic. The state has 6 neighborhoods in the appropriate group and 1 neighborhood in the inappropriate group. Also, 1 neighborhood in the inappropriate group, 2 neighborhoods in the middle group and 4 neighborhoods in the appropriate group. This indicates that in modeling the quality of life in this area even if the degree of risk taking in decision-making is increased or a very optimistic view of the environmental dimension of quality of life is still 1 neighborhood of this area namely Amirabad neighborhood with very poor quality of life and 1 neighborhood. That is, Ganjavi's Nezamy district has a poor quality of life. The results also suggest that of the south and southwest parts of the region are in better situation compared to the north and north-astern. According to the different scenarios in different degrees of risk taking, in this area, air pollution is the first and the most effective factor in reducing dimension of environmental life quality. So planning and preventive measures to reduce air pollution is proposed to solve this problem.

In recent years, most of the countries that are affected by continued recession or the ongoing financial crisis focus on developing and promoting businesses including entrepreneurship, marketing, and commerce processes. Information technologies play a key role in business development, digital marketing, advertising, real time monitoring, customer support and long term business growth. This study examines the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as one of the information technologies in the context of business development. The strong relation between business and location makes GIS as a valuable tool to support information needs in business-related decision making processes and attain long term business success. The spatial-analytical capabilities of GIS, such as network and overlay analyses can be effectively used to explore and analyze the business situations in order to provide more informed business decisions, plans and marketing strategies. GIS has the potential to integrate the spatial (location), economic, demographic, and social data to model customers and competitors’ behaviors and answers the questions in the domains such as customer and marketing analysis, market prediction, investment, advertisement strategy, business site selection, market, and so on. In the following, a study was conducted to determine the optimal locations for investment and business in the establishment of restaurants in Babolsar city using the multi-criteria Best-Worst GIS-based method.In a general categorization, Types of businesses in urban space are divided into service, commercial, manufacturing, and technology and information groups. The components of urban businesses in various fields are related to the spatial characteristics and geographical location of the business. Geographic and spatial investigations provide the useful information for urban business owners. However, in recent years, less attention has been paid to the spatial parameters of urban businesses. The spatial analysis of customer, competitors and markets behavior is important for development of business in urban space and it will make a better understanding of markets, competitors and customer behavior in the urban space. Information is a basic tool for development of the urban business. In the past two decades, advanced industrial countries have focused on new information technologies as the core of development. Today, there are a variety of computer information systems available for provide information in various fields of urban business. GIS is one of these systems, which can be used for spatial or geographic purposes in urban areas. Given the complexities of urban space, GIS can simulate complex spatial analysis and provide appropriate solutions. This technology, using the Strong functions, makes accurate decisions and optimal management of resources in urban space. Small and large businesses in urban space can use GIS as a useful tool for analysis and decision making. GIS has business analyst, network analyst, spatial analyst, 3D analyst and many other complex analyzers for implementing and managing integrated systems, including a complete urban business system. In this study, the use of GIS as an appropriate and highly relevant information technology for the development and improvement of urban businesses is discussed and discussed.The city of Babolsar, located in Mazandaran Province, Iran has been selected as the study area. This city has long been a hub for tourists and travelers owing to its peculiar location. Considering the significance of tourism as a major source of income, creating tourist infrastructures such as restaurants has found great importance. In this study, first the applications of GIS as a suitable information technology for the development and improvement of urban businesses are studied through the library method. Then, to evaluate the location options and select the most suitable place to establish a restaurant in Babolsar, Mazandaran province, the best-worst combination was used as one of the multi criteria criteria and GIS analysis tools. Effective criteria and restaurant alternative locations are then determined based on previous researches and standardized criterion maps are produced. Each criterion is then weighted by experts using Best-Worst Method (BWM). The Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method is ultimately applied to combine criterion maps with the criteria weights to determine the alternative scores in the expert-derived map. The map is divided into three classes of suitable, moderate, and unsuitable.GIS is able to answer a large volume of business owners' questions in the field development and improvement of the urban business. These questions the six main groups of included what time? Where? Why? How? And what? In order to improve business development. GIS has the ability to integrate economic, social and spatial data from customers, competitors and the market. Then, by analyzing and modeling the location-based data, use the results for develop and improve of the urban businesses. Information technologies play a key role in business development, digital marketing, advertising, real time monitoring, customer support and long term business growth. This study examines the applications of GIS as one of the information technologies in the context of business development. The strong relation between business and location makes GIS as a valuable tool to support information needs in business-related decision making processes and attain long term business success. The spatial-analytical capabilities of GIS, such as network and overlay analyses can be effectively used to explore and analyze the business situations in order to provide more informed business decisions, plans and marketing strategies. GIS has the potential to integrate the spatial (location), economic, demographic, and social data to model customers and competitors’ behaviors and answers the questions in the domains such as customer and marketing analysis, market prediction, investment, advertisement strategy, business site selection, market, and so on. GIS helping the business owners to modeling and tracking the customer behavior so that they can answer questions such as business customers, what are more business customers than urban areas? Who can be the best business customers and where are they located in the urban? What products and services do business customers use in a particular urban area? How can other customers reach other locations?

IntroductionCrime is one of the important issues in societies, especially in large cities. The crime control and prevention require the use of citizen’s potentials and capacity in the form of participatory policing. Accordingly, a combination of the citizens’ participation and the police activities with the objective of solving the crime problem and establishing security in the society would be effective. Using Web GIS and citizen-based information systems can facilitate citizens’ participation in crime mapping, analysis, decision making and management for the purpose of crime control and prevention. These systems enable citizens to have active roles in crimes monitoring and reporting. Development of technologies like the smart phones capable of connecting to the internet and equipped with camera and GPS in which the spatial data are automatically produced, will provide a huge volume of criminal spatial data. The people as intelligent and location-aware sensors, using these technologies and through internet access can provide the police centers with update information. Analyzing this information by GIS, would play an important role to connect the community members to police. In this study, a Web GIS-based participatory crime monitoring system was designed and developed. This system integrates three scientific fields including: Web GIS, criminology and citizens participation. It provides a set of tools including crime reporting, mapping, as well as spatial analyses such as nearest distance to police stations and cars, classification of crimes according to the police districts.
Methodology and implementationThe main objective of the present study is the spatial-temporal monitoring of crimes through citizen-oriented crime recording system for all the users of this information including the public and private organizations pertinent to the urban crime problem. A set of tools were used in this system including, crimes mapping by citizens and analyzing reported crimes by police departments. For easily reporting of the geospatial data of crimes, the Google Maps service was used so that the users can determine and mark the exact locations of crime commitments. Google Maps API allows developers to integrate Google Maps into their websites freely. The database used in this system is Microsoft SQL Server which is one of the most robust databases in temporal - spatial data domain. Any citizen can mark the crime location on the Google Map and report the relevant descriptive information in the system. In addition to the reporting and viewing tools, a set of functionalities for the analysis of the reported crime data have been implemented in the system, including the nearest police station analysis, determining the number of crimes according to police districts, and determining crime risk areas, etc.
Results and discussionThe proposed system can be used as a suitable and convenient tool for citizen-based crime monitoring. Interaction of the people with the city space in daily life makes them to gather information on the crimes and provide the authorities with such information more rapidly and with greater awareness than the governmental forces. This system increases the citizens’ sense of responsibility and their interaction with police. Such a system can provide appropriate tool for citizens in the direction of crime prevention and control. Given that the location-based technologies such as GPS and maps are used in smart phones for people and their everyday life, this system provides a good cooperation between citizens and law enforcement agencies in order to monitor, analysis, control and prevent criminal activities. However, the system use is accompanied by limitations and challenges including the cultural issues, lack of familiarity with the GIS and citizen-based web-GIS tools, the validity of the citizens’ data as well as management of such a huge volume of data. Proper training of the citizens, publicity and making the culture for citizen engagement in policing can provide the ground for higher efficiency and better effectiveness of these systems.
ConclusionsCitizens are the key players in crime monitoring, where they can act as active, reasoner, smart, responsible, conscious, distributed, and interactive sensors to carefully monitor the crimes in their local area and provide detailed geographic information to the police. The use of web-based GIS tools facilitates the participation of citizens in collecting and analyzing crime data in order to prevent and control crimes. The relevant police organizations can make use of them to involve the community members in the crime mapping processes. Through such a process, interested parties can have an active role from the initial stages right up to the final stage of urban crime management.
In this study, a web-based GIS crime monitoring system (VGI-based system) was designed and implemented. The system provides citizens with the necessary tools for reporting crimes and allows the police to analyze this information. Citizens can report information about various crimes through the system, along with photos, videos, text, etc., and they can play an important role in monitoring the crimes in the city.
As the future work, this study suggests that systems use additional GIS analysis functions and address more complex crime analyses. Also, other GIS-based technologies, including SDSS (Spatial Decision Support System), could be integrated with these systems. To improve system performance, we need to conduct an empirical study of usability testing for the proposed system.
Given the fact that information is produced by ordinary and unfamiliar citizens via the VGI system, it is necessary to discuss the validation of this data and improve the quality of the citizen-generated crime data. One of the important points for the more efficient use of these systems is the increase of citizen engagement. In this regard, we suggest that conducting educational and promotional programs play a key role in encouraging citizens in participatory crime mapping.

Planning and management of elections has been considered as one of the critical issues across the world. There are many conventional methods and strategies to manage the election processes in an organized manner. After 37 years from Islamic revolution, Iran has been taking effective measures and adopting appropriate strategies to handle the election steps, where the election process could be safely and effectively accomplished. Election process in Iran is of critical importance due to the fact that it is conceived as one of the political events that influences the power of country. Moreover, after 30 years of experiences in holding elections in different national, provincial, and local levels, the election process is considered as of one the main concepts in the political literature.
Today, information technologies play a key role in managing and planning election processes. Considering the political and election requirement analysis of Iranian community, geo-spatial planning and management of polling places using Geographic Information System (GIS) provides an appropriate way for election process. GIS as a powerful and integrated tool with unique capabilities for storing, manipulating, analyzing and visualizing geographically referenced information offers an effective spatial planning and management tool for election management. Although the political atmosphere mainly affects the election results, and, in turn, the country’s future plans and decisions, a GIS-based election management makes a considerable contribution to the election success. Therefore, this paper presents a GIS-based approach for planning and management of the election process, where it integrates the concepts and tools of GIS and election domains to offer proper spatial information system for supporting election steps.