فهرست مطالب mohammadreza zare

The poor degradability of antibiotics in conventional wastewater treatment processes has recently encouraged researchers to use advanced oxidation processes based on persulfate (PS) activation. Therefore, the aim of our study was to remove ceftriaxone through the activation of persulfate with zero valence zinc/ultrasonic waves (Zn0/US).

In this laboratory study, the sample containing the antibiotic ceftriaxone was subjected to persulfate activation through an ultrasonic probe with a frequency of 40 kHz. Optimization of operational parameters such as initial pH, catalyst dose, initial ceftriaxone concentration, reaction time and persulfate concentration was done through response surface methodology (RSM). In optimal conditions, synergistic effect, changes in wavelength scanning, mineralization rate and radical scavenger effect were studied. Finally, ceftriaxone concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured through diagnostic devices.

Based on RSM analysis of variance, the maximum removal of antibiotic (94.54%), COD (66%) and TOC (54%) in laboratory conditions including pH equal to 3, 0.75 mg/L persulfate and catalyst concentration, 15 mg/L ceftriaxone and 45 minutes of reaction time were obtained. The presence of tert-butyl alcohol and ethanol as scavengers of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals decreased the efficiency rate of the process to 79% and 45% in the reaction time of 45 minutes and emphasized that the active species participate in ceftriaxone degradation.

Based on the results, the process of Zn0/US/PS can be considered as a pretreatment process for the effective removal of ceftriaxone from water environments.

Generally, using predictive methods for finding critical points and repairing the damage pipes based on these approaches is less costly than renewal them after occurring failure. In this study, by calculating direct costs, two scenarios of “on time repair” (first scenario) and “repair after failure” (second scenario) are proposed to repair the wastewater network pipe. As a case study, part of Isfahan wastewater network (region 2) and its failure data during 1393 to 1396 are considered and the obtained results are presented and compared.

In this work, the concentration of tritium in D2O of various degrees of purity was measured. Samples were taken from the Arak heavy water plant and tritium concentrations were determined using a liquid scintillation detector (LSC) based on tritium decay. In this work, instead of simple distillation, is used the azeotropic distillation method. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded using a Shimadzu UV-2100 spectrometer and an LS50B fluorescence spectrometer. The tritium concentration in the samples varied from 1.75 ± 0.80 to 6.16 ± 1.01 Bq.L-1 in D2O enrichment from 0.35% to 77.50%. The correlation coefficient between tritium concentration and D2O purity in heavy water was obtained as R2 = 0.853. Deviation for 99.8% D2O enriched in heavy water. This was observed from a straight line, leading to a drop in R2. The results of this measurement showed that the tritium concentration did not exceed the value set by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

Objective:

 This study aims to investigate the health anxiety of housewives in Hormozgan, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its related factors.

Methods:

 In this descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design, participants were 258 housewives from Hormozgan Province who were selected using a convenience sampling method. The instrument used in this study was a demographic form and the Short Health Anxiety Inventory with three dimensions (illness likelihood, body vigilance, and the perceived negative consequences of becoming ill). SPSS v. 21 software was used to analyze the data.

Results:

 The mean age of housewives was 35.77±8.81 years. Their mean score of health anxiety was 20.26±6.61. The level of health anxiety in 68.6% of housewives was high. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, physical activity, chronic illness, and household economic status were significant predictors of health anxiety.

Conclusion:

 In order to reduce the health anxiety of housewives during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is recommended to encourage housewives to increase their physical activity, and the government should provide financial support to low-income families.

Ever since the new coronavirus has become the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has manifested with unknown and new presentations. In this report, we are presenting a 46-year-old female infected with COVID-19 (confirmed by RT-PCR nasal swab test) and a known case of Diabetes mellites type 2 who had a history of ICU admission due to COVID-19 with uncontrolled diabetes mellites. In the second admission after recovery, she had blurred vision. Fundus examination revealed multiple yellow-white well-demarcated nonpigmented masses. Diagnosis of the multiple subretinal abscesses was confirmed. KOH-Calcofluor staining of vitreous fluid was negative for fungal infections of the eye. No polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), epithelial cells nor any organisms were detected. The patient was treated with an injection of the intravitreal Amphotericin B 10 µg/0.1cc.  To our knowledge, the presented case is the first case of the subretinal abscess after covid-19 infection.

Safety in the ways especially in mountain regions is highly important. Ground instability especially in the sloped hillsides can cause many risks. Running of trenches is one of the unpleasant consequences in the unstable grounds which usually occur in the marl lands, weathered stones, and non-condensing sedimentary layers. These landslides can occur during road making or using and applying the projects. There are several ways for stabilization of steep slopes that usually one or more are used given to the factors causing instability and environmental conditions and geology of the slopes and economic issues and ease of implementation to stabilize unstable trenches. Since the track of railway projects may pass through agricultural lands and orchards and slide of trenches may cause redirection or the variant that this redirection usually causes destruction of the agricultural lands and orchards and leads to irreversible damage in this area then, it is tried in this study to analyze influential factors on regional instability in the country emphasizing railway projects. Data analyzed included factors such as lithology, the presence of weak surfaces and weak intercalated marlstone layers, gravity and slope changes at the hillsides, loading and total weight of the hillside materials, material and granulation of the material and their thickness, water from rainfall, vegetation, topographic status and alignment of layering slope and topographic slope, hillside direction, land use. Then, methods for stabilization were proposed. Stabilization methods in this study include changing slopes in the trenches, creating maintaining structures such as retaining walls of the trenches, and making rock shed or artificial tunnels.

Internet addiction has a negative effect on mental health and leads to clinical discomfort and disorder. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between Internet addiction with sleep quality and depression in dormitory students.

This study was a descriptive-analytical study. Since all students living in dormitories participated in this study (95 people), the sampling method was census. The study used three Young Internet addiction questionnaires, the Goldberg Depression Inventory, and the Petersburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire. For statistical analysis of data, descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and also analytical statistical tests such as one-way analysis of variance with SPSS 22 software were used.

Among the students studied, 63 (66.3%) were normal in terms of Internet addiction, 31 (32.6%) were mildly addicted and 1 was severely addicted to the Internet. The study of depression among students showed that out of 95 people, 22 people have mild to moderate depression and 10 people have borderline depression. The mean score of studentschr('39') sleep quality was 7.38 ± 2.88 and there was a significant relationship between it and Internet addiction (P <0.001)

Given the prevalence of Internet addiction among students and its significant association with depression and poor sleep quality, the necessary planning should be done to prevent this health problem.

Considering the importance of health anxiety (HA) and its impact on the management of a pandemic, the present study investigated HA among healthcare workers during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 220 healthcare staff working in health centers and hospitals in Iran. Participants were selected using convenience sampling method. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire. The first part contained demographic information and the second part included a health anxiety questionnaire (HAQ). This questionnaire was provided to the target community through social media and the required data was collected. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA).

In the present study, out of 220 participants 128 (58.2%) were employed in health centers and 92 (41.8%) in hospitals. The mean HA score was 17.36 ± 7.66. Moreover, the mean HA scores in health center and hospital personnel was 17.81± 8.02 and 16.52 ± 6.78, respectively, which were not significantly different (P=0.217). The results showed that exercise and chronic disease are significant predictors of HA (P=0.0001 and P=0.043, respectively).

The HA level was very high in healthcare personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study showed that physical activity and having an underlying disease are important predictors of HA. Hence, in order to reduce the level of anxiety in healthcare personnel, it is recommended to plan regular physical activity programs and make changes in the work schedule of personnel with underlying disease

Today, the supply of qualified drinking water has become the main concern of the competent authorities. Drinking water, in addition to the appropriate quantity, must have appropriate standards regarding physicochemical and microbial properties. Nitrate and nitrite ions are of special importance due to their adverse environmental and health. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of these ions in the drinking water of Evaz city and to perform calculations related to health risk assessment.

In this study, five points were selected and 50 samples (10 samples from each point) were collected over time intervals. After transferring the samples to the environmental chemistry laboratory, the concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions was determined by the spectrophotometer (DR6000) according to the instructions provided by the HACH.

The concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions in all parts of the network was lower than the standard set by the WHO. The highest and lowest concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ions were obtained at the sampling sites of Patrice Restaurant (1.04 and 0.021 mg/L) and ABFA (0.8 and 0.0162 mg/L), respectively. Also, risk assessment based on the age range of infants, children and adults was 0.125, 0.00375 and 0.043, respectively, which shows that long-term water consumption will not have a negative impact on human health.

The physicochemical quality of Evaz drinking water was acceptable and human exposure to this water has a non-carcinogenic risk of much less than the critical range.

Currently, the most important health priority of the whole world is COVID-19. Due to the lack of an effective treatment and vaccine for COVID-19, it is important to seriously focus of the prevention.The aim of this study was to investigate the Knowledge and practice of Hormozgan province workers regarding the protection against COVID-19.

In this cross-sectional study, the study sample included 406 workers working in the Hormozgan province who were selected through an available sampling method. The instrument used in this study was a two-part, valid, and reliable questionnaire. The first part contained demographic information and the second part included a questionnaire about knowledge and behavior regarding COVID-19. The questionnaire was provided to the participants through social media and the required data were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and ANOVA, independent t-test, and multiple regression analysis.

Regarding the COVID-19 symptoms and prevention, 78.6% of workers answered the questions correctly. The average score of workers’ behavior was 32.70±3.84, which indicates only 56% of the participants had appropriate behavior. The results of the study showed that the mean scores of behavior in men and women were 33.51±3.51 and 31.96±3.95, respectively, which are significantly different (P-Value≤0.001). Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, knowledge, exercise, and gender were predictors of workers’ behavior (P-Value<0.05).

According to the results of this study, improving the awareness of workers about COVID-19 and increasing their physical activity, result in more preventive behaviors against this disease. Therefore, raising their awareness through education and also planning and encouraging them for regular physical activity is recommended.

 Lead toxicity has become a growing health concern in countries such as Iran. However, little information is available on the assessment and evaluation of the health effects of lead exposure in mine workers.

 The present study assessed the occupational exposure to lead and examine the association of blood lead (PbB) levels with hematological and kidney function parameters in mine workers.

 In this matched case-control study, the level of PbB was measured in 100 workers (70 exposed and 30 non-exposed), and then its relationship was evaluated with complete blood count (CBC) parameters, zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), urea, blood creatinine levels, urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin, and creatinine levels.

 The results showed a linear and significant relationship between the PbB level and B-ZPP, U-ALA, U-coproporphyrin, and U-creatinine levels in states of PbB levels > 20 μg/dL in a time and dose-dependent manner. A significant relationship was observed between the PbB level and the years of occupational exposure to lead and the B-urea level (P-value < 0.03).

 Chronic occupational exposure to lead decreased hematocrit, RDW-CV, MCV, MCH, and HGB values but did not significantly change RBC counts. Therefore, a regular assessment of routine blood parameters (such as CBC and ZPP) and renal function indices can be effectively used to monitor the toxic effects of lead exposure.

Resource allocation is one of the most complicated managers' concerns, which forces them to seek novel methods and approaches. The fixed-cost (FC) allocation among different decision-making units is one such problem. That has led to considerable research in this regard. Numerous methods have been proposed, that the most important of them is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Fixed-Cost allocation problem is more reflected in project portfolio management. The management has to allocate a common cost between several different projects. However, due to the nature of the project, the previously proposed methods are insufficiently adapted to the project execution realities. In this research, a novel method is proposed to allocate FC aligned with project management methods. For this purpose, the current situation of projects is first evaluated using the Earned Values Management method. Then projects which are out of scope are identified. Inverse Data Envelopment Analysis estimates the required costs to keep them back into their scope on the assumption that the project's efficiency remains constant. Finally, by using non-linear programming, the fixed-cost allocates optimally. In order to illustrate the proposed method, a real case example is presented.

Sulfonated magnetic nanoparticles (SO3H-Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs) have been explored as an efficient, cost-effective, and recyclable nanocatalyst for the facile synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2H-indazolo[1,2-b]phthalazin-1,6,11(13H)-triones through a one-pot three-component reaction between aldehydes, dimedone, and phthalhydrazide under mild and green (solvent-free) conditions. Simple separation of the catalyst using an external magnet, efficient recyclability of the developed magnetic nanocatalyst up to five fresh runs without significant loss in its catalytic activity, excellent yields of the designed reactions (88 to 98%), low reaction times as well as solvent-free and facial reaction condition are some advantages of the present procedure that qualified the fabricated magnetic nanocatalyst for industrial applications.

In this research, numerical analysis of the hybrid lead rubber bearing system with shape memory alloy was investigated by Abaqus software and the effectiveness of various parameters on its performance was examined. The parameters studied are the bearing dimensions, the type of shape memory alloy and its cross-sectional area, the lead core diameter, the thickness of the rubber layer and the compressive stress. In this hybrid bearing, memorable form shape memory alloy are used as a recovery unit and lead core is used as a unit of energy dissipation. For this purpose, a finite element model of the bearing is modeled using the Abaqus software and the effect of the various parameters mentioned on the bearing performance has been investigated. The results show that the structures equipped with this bearing have better seismic performance than lead rubber bearing. Finally, depending on what kind of performance is required from the bearing, the parameters can be obtained optimally. As a result, in order to achieve a combination of behavior, both the suitable absorption capacity of lead and the recentring property of the shape memory alloy, it is necessary to balance the stiffness between the lead core and the shape memory alloy wire.

The potential toxicity of diazinon and malathion byproducts had been poorly studied. This study aimed to determine the toxicity of malathion, diazinon, and their byproducts generated through the UV/nano-Zn process. Diazinon and malathion samples were prepared at 1, 5, and 10 mg/L concentrations. In this study, the UV/nano-ZnO process was used for the degradation of these insecticides. The contact times in reactors were 0.5, 1, and 2 h and pH was set at 6, 7, 8, and 9. The dehydrogenase enzyme assay using Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas bacteria was used for malathion, diazinon, and their byproducts. All tests were prepared in triplicate. The probit analysis in SPSS Ver. 16.0 software was used for the calculation of EC50 (50% effective concentrations). According to the results, byproduct analysis and toxicity assessment were performed in the following situation in the UV/nano-ZnO process: pH 8, contact time of 2 h, initial concentration of 5 mg/L, removal efficiency of diazinon and malathion of 95.4% and 97.5%, respectively. The EC50 values using Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas were 0.35 and 4.26 mg/L for diazinon and 173.3 and 279.82 mg/L for malathion, respectively. The EC50 values using Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas were 2.24 and 2.82 mg/L for diazinon byproducts and 28.10 and 197.92 mg/L for malathion byproducts, respectively. This study showed that in some cases the byproducts of diazinon and malathion produced through the UV/nano-ZnO process are more toxic than diazinon and malathion (primary forms). Therefore, it can be suggested that their removal in photo-catalyst processes should be under special caution.

Wastewater network is an inseparable part of urban life. Due to importance of this network as one of the urban infrastructure, the failure of this system will lead to stopping service, causing many social, economic and environmental consequences. Hence, assessing the wastewater networks condition and its failure is an important approach for managing it. Generally, failure of system means any condition which is lead to stopping service. In general, artificial intelligence methods are used as a low-cost method to predict failure. In this research, genetic programming (GP) is used to predict the number of blockage (hydraulic failure) in the wastewater network and its results are compared with the results of the artificial neural network (ANN). As a case study, here, a part of Isfahan wastewater network is investigated. The parameters such as age, pipe length, slope and depth as input data and the number of blockage are considered as the output data of the model. In this research, the number of blockage data in the wastewater network at 1394 and 1395 are used, in which the 70% of the data is used for training and 30% for the test. These data are classified in three way leading to three model. In the first model, data are classified based on the slope and in two other models the data are classified according to the cover depth. The results show that all models predicts the number of blockage with good accuracy. In addition the accuracy of the result of GP model is better than the ANN model. For example, for GP model, the values of R2 and RMSE for the second model at the training stage are 0.97 and 0.8 and at the test stage are equal to 0.94 and 0.69, respectively. However these values for ANN model are 0.96 and 0.95 at the training stage and 0.87 and 0.96 at the test stage respectively. These results show the superiority of the GP model in comparison with ANN model in which the results of second proposed model are better. The results of these proposed model can be used for preventive maintenance, prioritization of sewage network repairs and inspections, and finally to prevents the occurrence of suddenly accidents.

Shift-working is one of the most important problems among the nurses and co-exposure to noise can worsen this problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of shift working and noise exposure on blood pressure of nurses in hospitals in the south of Iran in 2019.
 

In this cross sectional and descriptive-analytical study all 350 nurses from three hospitals in the south of Fars province were enrolled and using a researcher made questionnaire necessary data including occupational data, number of day and night shifts per week, demographic characteristics, and nurses' life habits were collected. Noise pressure level, noise frequency analysis at the workstations, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before and after the work shift. SPSS software version 19 was used to evaluate the relationship between these variables.

The mean noise pressure level in the Nurses' workstations before and after shift work was 51.67 and 69.27 dB, respectively. The highest equivalent noise pressure level was observed for nurses working in the delivery ward (mean: 64.33 dB-A). The average systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the nurses before and after the work shift was 104/ 66 and 109/ 70 mmHg, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the number of night shifts per week in studied nurses were 1.49 ± 1.29. The results showed that increasing the level of noise and the number of night shifts per week increases the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the nurses (R2 = 0.79 and 0.86, respectively).

Noise emitted from different sources in hospitals and simultaneous shift working aggravates cardiovascular disorders in nurses. Therefore, managerial and engineering interventions are needed to prevent adverse effects of noise and shift working.

Due to the presence of ionizing radiation sources in the environment and their potential to enter the food chain, the natural radiation in the rice product of Mahmoud Abadu residents of this area should be evaluated.

Using standard sampling methods, the number of sampling points and locations (about 10 points) was determined. After recording the geographical location of the sites, 2 kg of soil and 2 kg of rice were removed and 20 samples were coded. 950 g of soil and rice were milled and transferred to standard Marinelli dishes with 50 mesh. The samples were completely sealed and after about one month, they were visualized with ultra-pure germanium detectors (HPGe). Subsequently, specific radionuclide radiosensitivity in soil and rice soil samples, radionuclide transfer factors from soil to rice, annual effective dose and risk of cancer due to rice consumption were measured.

Effective total dose of nuclei studied in #value, lifetime cancer risk of U238 from #value to 0.00019, Ra226 from #value to 0.00008, U235 # value, Th232 from #value to 0.00027, K40 From 0.00014 to 0.00082 and finally for zero cesium.

 There is no harmful effect on the people of the region regarding the radionuclides of rice.

The behaviour of gusset plates in concentric braced steel frames has been studied. Parameters studied are the thickness and shape of the gusset plate, use of linear and elliptical clearance, non-existence of clearance, edge, longitudinal and internal stiffeners, and use of a single- or double-profile bracing. Analysis has been performed by the three-dimensional non-linear finite element method using the ABAQUS code. Cyclic loading has been used. By eliminating the clearance, the plastic strains in weld between the gusset plate and bracing and plastic strains in the gusset plate are increased. In the weld between the gusset plate and bracing, the existence of any type of stiffeners has increased plastic strains compared to unstiffened gusset plates. In most cases, edge and longitudinal stiffeners have decreased plastic strains of the gusset plate and internal stiffeners have increased them The maximum energy dissipation has belonged to edge stiffeners with an increase of 15.4% compared to unstiffened gusset plates. By decreasing the thickness from 24 mm to 18.8 mm the maximum stress has been decreased by 3.5%. For similar gusset plates, use of single-profile bracing instead of double-profile bracing has not changed the value of maximum lateral load for compressive bracing. In this case, most of variation has belonged to the plastic strains of the weld between the gusset plate and bracing with an increase of 30% in a rectangular plate with a linear clearance and a reduction of 65% in a rectangular plate without clearance compared to a double-profile bracing.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy on improving marital satisfaction and reduction tendency to extramarital relationships women affected by domestic violence. The research design was based on a semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test approach and control group. The statistical population consisted of all women affected by domestic violence in Mashhad cities in 2018. Among them, 30 people have been selected in Convenience Sampling and randomly being assigned into two experimental and controls groups. The experimental group received an emotional couple therapy program in 8 sessions of 60 minutes for one month and, the control group didn't receive the intervention. Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson, 1989), and Extramarital Relationships Questionnaire (ERQ) (Shirdel, 2007) were used in the pretest and posttest for collecting information. Data were analyzed using multivariable analysis of variance. The results of the research showed that after controlling the effect of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test in marital satisfaction and reduction tendency to extramarital relationships. According to the findings of the research, it can be stated that emotionally focused couple therapy to increase satisfaction and reduced tendency to extramarital relationships women affected by domestic violence. Therefore, emotionally concentrated couple therapy can be considered an excellent way to improve couples' conflicts and sexual problems.

The present study has tried to help the development of the branch of sustainability science by improving the characteristics of composite indicators, by proposing a new methodology for constructing sustainability composite indicators. In order to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed method in practice, its application has been presented for assessing agricultural sustainability levels in southeastern Iran (Kerman province). For this purpose, the base indicators in three dimensions of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) for the selected counties of the province were selected based on the literature review and comments of a panel of 15 academic experts and calculated using the data and information mainly collected from the Public Agricultural Census of 2014 and the Statistical Yearbook of 2015 in Kerman province and then normalized. Then, using the Fuzzy Pairwise Comparisons, social preferences for the relative importance of the indicators, based on the questionnaires designed for this purpose and completed by the panel, were introduced into the aggregating functions as weights. The outcomes of this methodology were economic, social, environmental and total sustainability composite indicators for each of the counties, using which the studied counties were ranked based on the relative levels of sustainability. Also, the sustainability of the area was determined in each of the three dimensions and in an overall manner. The results of the study indicate that the proposed method is able to enhance some of the features of the composite indicators in the sustainability assessment process and to support agricultural policy decisions, as a practical tool.

While some philosopher believes that it is impossible for a free act to be determined, others consider that possible. the first group is named incompatibilist and the second compatibilist. Compatibilist should be able ,in addition to rejecting the arguments that is presented for incompatibilism, to present a criteria about the nature of free will that is compatible with determinism. they have presented various criteria. In this paper, the author intends to categorize and evaluate these criteria in the form of six titles, after determining what he means by the Free Will and Determinism. Having the ability and the absence of impediment, the ability of reflective self-evaluation, the ability of choosing according with the ones valuational system, the ability of understanding the true and good, having the guidance control, having proper history, are the criteria that have been discussed in this article. Finally, it is concluded that none of these criteria alone is sufficient and the only theory that includes all of these criteria can be an appropriate theory about the free will from viewpoint of compatibilism.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most important environmental contaminants that can introduce both occupational and public health because of its widespread use. This study was aimed to investigate effects of inhalation exposure to TCE on serum immunoglobulin and electrolyte levels under controlled laboratory conditions. Five equal groups (5 animals each) were randomly selected from a total of 25 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. TCE vapor was generated by dynamic evaporation method in exposure chamber. The animals were exposed to TCE at five different concentration levels (0 ppm as control, 10, 100, 250, and 400 ppm through 8 hours inhalation during a day, for 10 consecutive days. Based on results, IgG, IgM and IgA levels were significantly increased in rats following exposure to various levels of TCE ≥ 100 ppm (P < 0.05). Conversely, TCE exposure significantly caused a decrease in the levels of IgE in the case group with those values compared to control group (P < 0.05). Contrariwise, serum levels of Ca were significantly increased in rats exposed to TCE levels above 250 ppm, the high and very high exposure level (P < 0.05). At a concentration of 100 and 400 ppm, changes were noted in serum P levels (P < 0.05). A moderate positive relationship was found between serum P and the TCE concentration in sub-acute exposure (R2 = 0.66, P < 0.05). In conclusion, sub-acute inhalation exposure to TCE (≥ 100 ppm) is related to the electrolyte and immunoglobulin toxicity in the form of increased Ca, P, IgA, IgG and IgM and decreased Cl, Na and IgE.

 Attention to physical, health, and safety factors in educational environments is the most effective and fundamental factor for physical and mental growth of the students and their learning. Hence, one of the most important and influential school health issues is environmental health and safety. Accordingly, this study was conducted to study the environmental health and safety of Evaz district schools. 

 This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2017 and the conditions of environmental health and safety of 16 schools (elementary, secondary, and high schools) were studied in Evaz County. For this purpose, a checklist with 48 questions was prepared. The checklist was prepared based on the Iranian environmental health of schools standards codes and completed by means of observing and interviewing the authorities and the obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16. 

 The conditions of the schools were in an unfavorable status in terms of the healthy storeroom, controlling the insects and rodents, installation electrical safety (insulating) mat under the electrical panels, and installation of handwashing guide. The results showed that there were no pool and fountain, laboratory and workshop, and balcony and terrace in some of those schools. The statistical analysis depicts the significant correlation between the school area and the places for fuel storage and teachers' rest (P = 0.03). 

 Based on the results the schools of Evaz city were in a favorable status in terms of equipment safety and the building sanitary rules, while the status of individual health and building safety was lower than the standard level. So, such items should be considered for health promotion of such schools.

Exposure to heat stress can result in lipid parameters alterations as well as immunological responses. This study was aimed to investigate these alterations and responses at different humidity and temperatures levels under controlled laboratory conditions in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. A total 15 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats, weighing between 200 and 250 g, 10-11 weeks of age, were used in the evaluation. After one week, animals were randomly divided into three equal groups of 5 animals each. Reference group (group1) was housed in the cage under WBGT of 20(1) according to experimental design. Also, animals were subjected to mild (WBGT of 29 ( 1)) and hotter (WBGT of 33(1)) conditions (8 hr/day for one day) in the exposure chamber as group2 and group3, respectively. At the end of exposure to heat stress, blood samples were collected from the heart of rats and different parameters were determined. Based on results, acute heat exposure significantly caused a decrease in serum IgG, IgM, IgA of rats in the case group compared to control group (P<0.05). Conversely, acute heat exposure resulted in a significant increase in the levels of IgE (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference for the lipid parameters after exposure to acute heat stress compared with the control group (P > 0.05). Acute heat stress may affect immune responses depending on the intensity of the exposure. Higher environmental temperatures (WBGT≥32°C) cause more severe changes in plasma immunoglobulins.