فهرست مطالب mohammadreza zinatizadeh

Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death in worldwide and imposes a huge economic burden on the health providing systems in countries. So today, researchers are looking for new anti-cancer drugs with more potency and fewer side effects. Worldwide, the development of anti-cancer drugs from natural resources is on the rise. Animal venom is one of the most important and valuable biological resources, and some scientists believe that it is one of the future hopes of humans to cure some incurable diseases, including cancer. These biological compounds include a variety of neurotoxins, enzymes, peptides, carbohydrates, minerals, and proteins with specific biological and chemical activities that have effective peptides such as hyaluronidases, phospholipases, sphingomyelinazes, cholinesterase, and alkaline phosphatase and so on. In fact, these biologic features make them an attractive issue in developing anti-cancer agents. In this study, animals who their venom have these biological characteristics have been studied.

Nowadays, cancer is one of the major public health problems in the worldwide. Ras is an oncoprotein that is mainly active in types of human cancers. A mutation has been observed in  Ras gene among the more 90% of cancers including  pancreatic, lung, and colon cancers. Ras proteins (N-Ras, H-Ras, and K-Ras) act as molecular switches and are activated via GTP binding and signaling cascades to control cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, apoptosis, migration, and division. Conversion of GTP to GDP (inactive state) is achieved through the internal GTPase activity of the Ras gene.

This review article has been performed by searching Cancer, Ras, Pancreatic, Lung, and Colon keywords in various data bases such as NCBI, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.

Mutation in the Ras results in loss of internal GTPase activity and permanently activates the protein. In this scenario, a continuous signaling is achieved by Ras  leading to cell-free growth, avoidance of cell death mechanisms, and resistance to treatment. RASSF family of effectors or Ras inhibitors are involved in many of these pathways. Thus, RASSF proteins may act as Ras death effectors. It′s inactivation may also progress the development of Ras-dependent tumors.
Discussion and

In general, RASSF proteins represent an interesting and contradictory part of Ras that  can be used as a useful tool for targeting a large set of Ras-derived tumors.

Breast cancer is now the most important type of cancer in women around the globe and accounts for 25% of all types of cancer. Prevention and treatment of cancer are essential.

The main methods for treating cancer include chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, gene therapy, and hormone therapy. Chemopreventive test programmes began in 1987, when over 1,000 agents and agent combinations were selected and evaluated in preclinical studies of chemopreventive activity against various types of cancers.

An important feature of anticancer drugs is a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells; these drugs have some cytotoxic agents found in animal venom. The ICD-85 is a combination of three peptides, ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 Da, and derived from the venom of the Iranian brown snake (Gloydius halys) and the yellow scorpion (Hemiscorpius lepturus).

ICD-85 has an anti-proliferative effect and anti-angiogenesis activity on cancer cells. The side effects of chemotherapy are multiple drug resistance and effects on natural tissues, among others. Therefore, cytotoxic anticancer drugs are useful in treating cancer. The present work investigates the effects of ICD-85 on in vivo and in vitro studies.

Salmonella is a gram-negative intestinal microorganism that causes food poisoning in humans. The genus Salmonella has five virulence genes stn, Phop / Q, spvc, slyA and sopB. These genes encode proteins in different parts of the bacterium that can counteract the immune system, complement, and death within the cell. The aim of this study was to identify virulence genes in Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated from clinical specimens using Multiplex PCR and to determine their antibiotic resistance patterns.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 60 stool specimens were collected from the patients with acute diarrhea and vomiting in Karaj hospitals and hospitals during 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on Muller Hinton agar medium (CLSI). Multiplex PCR was also performed to detecting virulence genes using specific primers.

The results of antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all isolated samples were susceptible to imipenem, gentamicin and amikacin. Also, the frequency of Phop/Q, slyA and stn genes were 100%, 98.3% and 91.6%, respectively. Also, sopB and Spvc genes were not detected in Salmonella typhimurium isolates.

The results of the present study indicate on the high incidence of virulence genes in Salmonella typhimurium clinical samples which can be considered as an alarm signal for the spread of these genes to other Salmonella serotypes.

Salmonella is a Gram-negative intestinal organism and causes food poisoning in human. Salmonella has five virulence genes, stn, Phop/Q, spvc, slyA and sopB. These genes encode proteins in different parts of the bacteria that can confront with immune system, and the complement system and can cause death in the cell. The aim of this study was to detect slyA, stn, sopB, Phop/Q and spvc genes in Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated from clinical samples by the multiplex PCR method and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns. Material and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, in 2006, 60 stool samples in order to identify Salmonella typhimurium from Alborz-Karaj Hospital were collected. After confirmation of the strains by using standard biochemical and microbiological tests, an antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on a Muller Hinton Agar medium and based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Multiplex PCR assay was performed to detect virulence genes using specific primers. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all isolates were sensitive to imipenem, gentamicin and amikacin. Also, molecular findings showed that the prevalence rates of Phop/Q, slyA and stn genes were 100%, 98.3%, and 91.6%, respectively. While sopB and Spvc genes were not observed in isolates of Salmonella typhimurium. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of virulence genes in clinical Salmonella typhimurium isolates can serve as an alarm for the prevalence of these genes to the other Salmonella serotypes.

Heavy metals causing the pollution of environment through industrial activities. biological methods have been used to remove toxic element that compared to other methods are promising technologies with higher efficiency and lower cost. The aim of this study was to isolate strains with high tolerance to arsenic from 3 area of groundwater Sirjan.

were cultured on LB agar medium containing 5ppm arsenic. After 24h incubation, 25 colonies of resistant strains were isolated. DNA was extracted by using phenol chloroform method and contaminated samples were examined by PCR reaction. In order to detect microorganisms by molecular methods , 16SrDNA primers were used. Amount of growth was determined by spectrophotometry at 600 nm in 24h. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and biosorption analysis was performed by method of antibiogram and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The strain was identified by 16SrDNA PCR sequencing. Results and

From 100% of bacterial isolates in this study were 20% gram positive, 40% gram negative bacilli, 28% gram positive cocci and12% Gram negative spiral. Genetic analysis results for the basil sample showed that the strain was 100% consistent with the Bacillus Cereus strain LS24. The dominant strain had a minimum inhibitory concentration just 1000 ppm at a temperature of 40°C, pH 7 and 150 rpm. This bacterium was removed 62.8% of arsenic from the solution. Superior strain was Bacillus cereus LS24 by biochemical and genetic methods.

Mycoplasma are small, cell-free bacteria enclosed by a membrane. These bacteria belong to the class of Mollicutes, the order of Mycoplasma tales, and the genus of Mycoplasma. There are more than 100 identified species of mycoplasma. The ratio of cytosine to guanine in its DNA is 23–40% and its genome size is 1350–600 kb. Mycoplasma require cholesterol to grow, and the temperature suitable for the growth of this bacteria is 37°C. Mycoplasma cause contamination and infections in humans and animals. Some mycoplasma species are seen only in animals. In general, mycoplasma are colonized at the surface of the mucus, and most species are non-invasive. Five main species of mycoplasma have been identified in laboratory mice, including: M.arthritidis, M.collis, M.muris, M.neurolyticum, and M.pulmonis. These species generally require protein-rich environments that contain 10–15% of the animalchr('39')s serum, and their growth requires nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD), which is commonly used to cultivate mycoplasma in mice. Laboratory research has found that mycoplasmas contamination has an adverse effect on animals. Therefore, it is important that health monitoring programs are implemented as a quality control for animals used in laboratory research.

Aflatoxins are a large group of mycotoxins and secondary metabolites of Aspergillus fungal species. aflR The interfering genes group in the transcription and production of aflatoxin plays an important role in Aspergillus fungi. In this study, the molecular identity of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. in fresh pistachios in Sirjan city was investigated.
In This study 100 samples of fungal infected pistachio were purposefully collected from pistachio warehouses in Sirjan city. Samples were transferred to the sabouraud dextrose broth medium. The positive control used in this study were generator genes of aflatoxin in Aspergillus strains and negative control were non Aspergillus fungal strains and non aflatoxic Aspergillus. DNA extraction were performed by kit and PCR method was used for identification of AflR gene in samples of fungal infected pistachio warehouses for confirmation of the presence of the generator genes of aflatoxin.
Molecular results showed that among 100 samples of fresh pistachio nuts that were purposefully selected, there were 10 healthy samples, and in 64 Aspergillus fungi ones, 18 samples contained pencillium, 1 sample mucor, 5 sample Saprophytic and 2 samples contained unknown fungal infection. Among Aspergillus, only in 7 cases were regulatory gene of aflatoxin.
By studying this subject, factors affecting on ways to reduce aflatoxin can be found. Since most countries are sensitive on the issue of aflatoxin in terms of health, this research can play an important role in the ways of increasing exports to countries.

Mycoplasma pulmonis and muris infections have been associated with several diseases in conventionally housed laboratory rat and mice colonies. In naturally infected of mycoplasma pulmonis in mice and rat colonies, the respiratory organ appears to be the favored site of colonization; so, it was not surprising to see that infection spread from the site of urogenital tract to the respiratory tract. In this research, PPLO broth culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect Mycoplasma pulmonis and muris contamination in mice strain NIH. A new species of Mycoplasma muris(MYMORazi) have been identified in the nasopharyngeal, lung and vaginal samples of mice strain NIH in Razi Vaccine and serum research institute. Despite using two pair's specific primers targeting 16SrRNA gene of Mycoplasma pulmonis, detection was failed in both organs. We propose that the Mycoplasma muris strain MYMO Razi can cause infection in both organs of mouse strain NIH without presence of Mycoplasma pulmonis.

Contamination with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most important risk factors for developing cervix cancer. Since there is no possibility of detecting the virus and its subtypes by using current biochemical and serological methods and cell culture, the molecular methods such as multiplex PCR have particular importance in accurate, early and definite diagnosis of this virus. So, in this research, our goal is to use a proprietary multiplex PCR assay based on HPV-16 and HPV-18 of human papillomavirus for molecular recognition of HPV and to evaluate its prevalence in cervix cancer patients.
In this experimental study, after collecting samples from malignant cervical lesions of the 60 patients, the viral DNA was extracted and multiplex PCR was done by specific primers of human papillomavirus in all samples. After the analysis of multiplex PCR products by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, specificity of the test was also evaluated.
Among 60 samples, 19 cases were confirmed to be positive for HPV contamination and 41 cases were negative. So the prevalence of HPV contamination was reported 30% in this population.
This study showed that Multiplex PCR by specific primers for HPV-16 and HPV-18 of human papilloma virus is a proper and accurate method for detection of this virus and the results also confirm the previous reports of correlation between HPV and cervical carcinoma in iranian population.

Infectious agents cause 15-20% of cancers worldwide. The infectious agents and contamination may be caused by a local chronic and advanced local inflammatory response, or by tumorization. Mycoplasma contamination can interfere with biological agents and cause DNA damage which affects gene expression, and disrupts the control of cell cycle inspection and apoptotic responses. Mycoplasmas are widely distributed in nature; some mycoplasmas have the ability to penetrate into the cell and cause severe disease. Most mycoplasmas are known to infect the cell culture media, which is difficult to detect and contaminate. M. hyorhinis is one of the causes of Mycoplasma contamination in tissues samples from cancer patients. Mycoplasma is related with human cancers and several other human diseases. Several studies have shown that the potential role of M. hyorhinis includes esophageal, gastric, lung, breast, glioma, colon, and prostate cancers. The prevalence of M hyorhinis in various tissues leads to cancer progression. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to this mycoplasma agent in order to control and understand its mechanism.

Mycoplasma muris (M.M) is a small pathogenic bacterium that lives in the female mouse genital tract. Mycoplasma muris may have harmful effects on the reproductive health of female. This research was performed to optimize the detection of M. muris in NIH mice in the Department of Animal Breeding, Razi Vaccine and Research Institute, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 29 vaginal samples of NIH mice were selected through simple random sampling. For detection of the mycoplasma, the vaginal tissue removal of samples was done. First, samples were crushed using mortar and pestle with PBS 1ml, then were cultured in the PPLO broth and incubated at 37°C for 24h, they were passed through 0.45 μm pore-size filters and inoculated into specific PPLO broth and agar media for 3-4 weeks. In the next section, the PCR test was used with primers of 16S rRNA gene of M. muris. From 29 tested samples, 17.24% samples were positive for M. muris by PCR method, while 35.93% cultures showed positive. The phylogenetic analysis indicated a new strain of M. muris. The results of culture and PCR methods displayed the contamination in NIH mice. Therefore, Therefore, more researches are needed regarding the presence of mycoplasma for treatment and clinical signs.

According to the report of World Health Organization, The prevalence of foodborne diseases is one of the nutritional problems of the world. Pastries are good environment for microbial growth because of the ingredients and conditions of production and maintenance. The purpose of this study was to identify microbial contaminations from wet and dry sweets in Sirjan.
300 wet and dry pastries samples were prepared from the confectionary units of Sirjan completely randomly and according to the national standard of Iran, the rate and type of microbial contamination were investigated. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA statistical test and SPSS software.
In this research we can mention to high contamination of wet sweets in spring was related to Bacillus, Mildew, Yeast (19/59 %) and in the summer season yeast (26.6%) and in dry sweets in the spring, Mildew (25.27%) In summer, Yeast and Bacillus (23.94%). The most common cause of this research is yeast, which indicates over-storey sweets in stores and poor storage and transportation conditions.
According to the results of this study, The contamination of wet and dry pastries is high in bacteria, as well as Mildew and Yeasts and Bacillus. Therefore, seems necessary using different ways to control microbial corruption, especially the growth of bacteria and Mildew, including the use of healthy and hygienic raw materials and promoting the level of health awareness of those involved in the preparation and distribution of these products.