فهرست مطالب mohammadsaeed jadgal

COVID-19 quickly spread worldwide, causing anxiety and fear among individuals and negatively impacting society. One key component for improving control over social factors is health literacy. This study aimed to investigate health literacy and its relationship with the social Influences of COVID-19 on Police force employees.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 300 employees of the Police force employees were included using the census sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, a Health Literacy questionnaire (HELIA), and the social Influences of COVID-19(SIQ) in 2022. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests including analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. The data were analyzed with SPSS24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The results of this study showed that the average health literacy score of Police force employees was 21.91 ± 68.11. In the division of health literacy, 32% had insufficient health literacy, 20.3% had sufficient health literacy, and 22.6% had excellent health literacy. Also, in the classification of the social Influences of COVID-19, 38% were found to have high social Influences, 3/38% had moderate effects, and 7/23% had low effects. Regression results showed a significant relationship between health literacy and the social Influences of COVID-19 (p <0.001). Health literacy can explain 64.0% of the variance of social Influences in Police force employees.

Given the importance of health literacy in preventing COVID-19 and its impact on the social Influences of COVID-19, it appears that educational programs aimed at increasing health literacy can be effective in addressing the social Influences of COVID-19.

Job burnout is a work-related psychological harm that causes emotional problems, reduced personal success, and depersonalization. This study aims to investigate the factors contributing to job burnout among health workers in, Iranshahr City in 1400.

This descriptive analytical study surveyed 150 male and female health workers in Iranshahr City. All participants enrolled in this study using the census method. A two-part questionnaire was applied to collect data, the first part of which gathered demographic information; while the second part concerned with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. SPSS statistical software, version 21 was utilized for data analysis with the implementation of paired t-tests, independent sample t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance.

It was revealed that job burnout was average in  health workers. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in personal performance intensity scores between various age groups; but the intensity of emotional exhaustion and job depersonalization dimensions did not exhibit any significant difference among age groups (p>0.05). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between job burnout dimensions and the duration of residence in a place among individuals (p>0.05).

Preventing the impact of burnout is crucial for enhancing the lives of patients and improving overall performance within the healthcare system. Attention must be given to eliminating and managing factors that contribute to job burnout.

One of the most important issues in today's expanding world is the issue of the environment and its protection. This study was conducted to investigate environmental literacy (knowledge, attitude, and performance of environmental protection) in nursing students of Chabehar City.

This descriptive and analytical research was conducted on 200 nursing students. The research sample was obtained using Simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and an environmental literacy questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS version 18 statistical software and analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests.

The results showed that 69.8% of students had good knowledge about environmental protection behaviors. And 66% of students had good environmental attitudes and 50.8% of students had poor environmental protection behavior. Also, students' environmental behavior had a statistically significant relationship with parents' education level, and gender (p < 0.05). Finally, the results showed that there is a strong positive correlation between environmental awareness, attitude, and behavior variables.

To promote environmental protection behaviors in students, it is possible to hold educational classes in the field of environment, and environmental activities, and use indirect education to develop environmental culture.

Observance of food hygiene is considered an important principle to prevent humans from contracting diseases and also to protect the environment from contamination. Health workers are on the front line forces of the health system. Therefore, promoting the health of health workers has an important role in promoting community health. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of food hygiene based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in health workers in Urmia.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 300 health workers in rural health centers of Urmia city were selected and entered into the study by census method based on inclusion criteria. Data collection tools included 3 parts: demographic characteristics, knowledge questionnaire, attitude and behavior, and health belief model questionnaire. Data were collected and analyzed using interviews.

The mean age of the workers was 36.76±7.61 year. The attitude and behavior of observing food hygiene had a statistically significant relationship with work experience, knowledge, attitude, gender, marital status, and level of education (P<0.05). Based on linear regression test, in all studied constructs, 30% of the variance of food hygiene behavior was explained. The predictive power of perceived efficiency was higher than other constructs (β=0.45).

In designing educational interventions, the variables of self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived susceptibility, and perceived sensitivity should be emphasized as the most important predictors of food hygiene behaviors in health workers.

Smokeless tobacco consumption is one of the serious health-threatening factors in society, especially among adolescents. Due to the high usage of these products in the southeastern regions of Iran, this survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of smokeless tobacco products and related factors among high school students in Chabahar city. This study was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, in which 330 high school students were selected by a simple multi-stage random sampling method. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire and was filled using an in-person method. Data were then analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests by SPSS v.21 software. In this study, the mean age of the students was 16.3±1.14 years. Results showed that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco products was 45.8% among students, 43.3% among close friends, and 38.8% in families, where the predominant form of smokeless tobacco products was Pan-Prague (62.2%). Furthermore, the results of logistic regression revealed that addiction of close friends (OR=3.8, p=0.001), addiction of family members (OR=2.1, p=0.03), addiction of males (OR=2.2, p=0.001), low awareness (OR=3.9, p=0.001), and low attitude (OR=2.7, p=0.001) can significantly increase the likelihood of smokeless tobacco usage in students. Altogether, the findings of this study showed that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco usage among high school students in Chabahar is high, and thus, appropriate, effective, and preventive interventions should be taken into account regarding the influential factors.

Food insecurity is recognized as a serious public health problem worldwide. Since pregnant women are among the most vulnerable groups and their food insecurity may cause complications during pregnancy and on their newborns, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between food security and body mass index (BMI) of pregnant women in eastern Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 335 pregnant women in 10 health centers in the east of Iran. Participants were selected by random cluster sampling. Data were collected using standard questionnaires including 18-item household food security survey module (HFSSM) designed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and nutritional evaluation forms.

The mean scores of the HFSSM of all pregnant women were 7.2±4.3. The household food security of pregnant women was significantly related to the occupation of spouses, mother's education, monthly salary, private home, and mother's age (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between food security and BMI (P=0.98).

Based on the results, few people have food security. Pregnancy in older age, lower-income, and education affected the household food security. Appropriate strategies and policies are necessary to combat this problem.

Oral and dental diseases, especially caries and periodontal diseases, are among the most common diseases in the world. This study aimed to determine the factors related to tooth brushing behavior in high school students based on the health belief model.

The present study is of a descriptive cross-sectional type. The sampling was done by random classification in two classes of girls' and boys' schools on 400 ninth-grade students from six cities east of Guilan Province, Iran, in 2022. The study instrument was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, knowledge, constructs of the health belief model, and brushing behavior. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using the chi-square test and Pearson linear correlation coefficient. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted relationship.

Direct and weak linear correlations were observed between the state of desirable brushing behavior with knowledge scores (r=0.15), self-efficacy constructs (r=0.25), and perceived benefits (r=0.22). Also, an inverse and significant correlation was observed between behavior and perceived barrier (r=-0.24). Based on logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and socioeconomic status, the variables of knowledge (OR=1.11; 95%CI, 1.02%-1.21%), self-efficacy (OR=1.10; 95%CI, 1.05%-1.51%), and perceived barrier (OR=0.97; 95% CI, 0.95%-0.99%) had independent and significant relationships with desirable tooth brushing behavior.

Considering the low level of desirable tooth brushing behavior and the low average knowledge score, it is necessary to take appropriate interventions to provide, maintain, and improve students' oral health.

Health literacy generally refers to the ability of individuals to access health information and use it to make appropriate decisions in maintaining and promoting health. This study was the first attempt to design a psychometric tool for measuring the coronavirus health literacy for adults in Iran in 2021.

The items related to the questionnaire were designed using the existing documents, articles, and questionnaires. The initial version of the questionnaire consisted of 30 items. Content validity and face validity of the introductory tool were evaluated by a group of experts and interviews with adults. After reviewing the content validity, the number of tool items was reduced to 22. Then, the reliability and structural analysis of the tool was evaluated by a descriptive-correlation study conducted on 400 respondents who were selected via sequential non-probability sampling from adults in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran.

In the exploratory factor analysis, 22 items were loaded in 4 factors, representing 59.31% of the observed changes. The Cronbach α coefficient was acceptable for each factor. The retest of the questionnaire at a two-week interval also confirmed the constancy of the questionnaire. The final questionnaire with 22 items in 4 areas of access, understanding, evaluation, and use of information and health services was approved as a valid and reliable tool.

The findings of this study showed the competence of the mentioned tool to measure the coronavirus health literacy of adults in Sistan and Baluchestan Province.

</span></span> The COVID-19 pandemic has posed global challenges, prompting strict measures to curb transmission. Yet, it's also sparked a surge in global domestic violence cases, worsened by lifestyle changes and confinement.</span></span></span></span></span></span>

</span></span> This paper synthesizes empirical evidence from various countries to examine the correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and the escalation of domestic violence. It explores the impact of home-stay regulations on increasing instances of intimate partner violence and analyzes the implications for public health and legal systems.</span></span></span></span></span></span>

</span></span> Studies indicate a significant rise in domestic violence cases during the pandemic, with notable increases reported in China, the United States, France, Argentina, Cyprus, Singapore, and Australia. The incidence of emotional, sexual, and physical violence against women has particularly surged, underscoring the urgent need for intervention.</span></span></span></span></span></span>

</span></span> Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic has serious social, psychological, and economic impacts. Addressing it demands a holistic approach: raising awareness, legal measures, support services, family education, cultural promotion, and moral adherence. Collaboration among governments, civil society, and communities is vital for a safer, inclusive society.</span></span></span></span></span></span>

In general, cotinine is taken into account as one of the stable metabolites of nicotine. The most common application of this biomarker is to measure tobacco exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a health education intervention on salivary cotinine levels among Chabahar guilds.The present investigation was a quasi-experimental study design with one intervention group. The population study has been performed on the guilds of all classes in Chabahar city in 2019. A total of 320 participants were selected by the simple random sampling method. The baseline cotinine contents were determined for 150 participants by the random sampling technique. The intervention was performed in three training sessions using group discussion methods, lectures, imagery, documentation, brainstorming, and social media (WhatsApp). After six months from the intervention, the consumption behaviors were measured in the same 320 participants. Also, the cotinine levels were measured in the same 150 participants. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests in SPSS statistical software version 20.In the post-intervention phase, 34.4% of guilds reported that they did not use SLT, and a significant relationship was observed between consumption status before and after the intervention (P 0.001). Also, the mean score of salivary cotinine significantly dropped from 588.02 ± 344.4 m m-1 to 240.19 ± 300.8 m m-1 in the post-intervention stage (P 0.001).The cessation of SLT products in the present study and a significant reduction in cotinine levels in the post-intervention phase were compared to the pre-intervention phase. The results confirmed the effect of a health education intervention on the participants. It is suggested that the researchers measure the levels of cotinine in addition to the self-report questionnaire.

Today, addiction, especially injectable addiction, is the most important risk factor for viral diseases transmitted through blood, such as AIDS, hepatitis C and B.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the predictive factors of AIDS prevention behaviors based on the protection motivation theory (PMT) in drug addicts living in addiction treatment camps in city of Rasht, North of Iran.

This cross-sectional-descriptive study was conducted on 320 drug-dependent patients living in addiction treatment camps in Rasht city. The samples were selected by simple random sampling method. The required data was collected through a questionnaire and then analyzed using multivariate linear regression model.

There was a very weak significant correlation between the HIV prevention behaviors and constructs of PMT including perceived self-efficacy (r=0.20), knowledge (r=0.16), reward (r=0.15), perceived response cost (r=0.14), perceived response efficiency, and fear (r=0.11). The PMT model accounted for 7% of variation in HIV prevention behaviors. Though, the model explained 38% of variance of protection motivation.

The PMT model could not predict HIV prevention behaviors. There are many other factors such as low intention that may interfere for adopting the desired behaviors. So, it is suggested to explore a wider range of psychosocial factors in future research.

Falling is one of the most common and serious health problems, especially at home among the elderly. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of education in reducing environmental hazards at home for the elderly.

In this quasi-experimental study, 200 elderly people were equally divided into intervention and control groups in 2018. The educational intervention was performed in 4 sessions of 45 mins. Data were collected through a standardized home safety checklist during interviews and home visits before and after six months of the training intervention. SPSS software (v19) analyzed the collected data. Chi-squared, Mann Whitney, Wilcoxon, and Exact Tests were used in this study.

The results showed that the mean score of all dimensions of home safety increased in the intervention group compared to the control group after the intervention. Except for the safety dimensions of external stairs and kitchen, this difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The findings also showed a significant decrease in the percentage of falls in the intervention group compared to the control group after educational interventions (P <0.05).

Educational intervention is useful in reducing home environmental hazards in the elderly and makes the elderly less likely to fall during their daily activities.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle is necessary to maintain and promote health. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of teach‑back method on improving the lifestyle of health ambassadors in Urmia.

In this quasi‑experimental study, 200 health ambassadors were participated. The research sample was obtained using simple random sampling method. Data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics and lifestyle standard. The educational intervention was performed in 4 sessions of 45 min based on the teach‑back method. Data were collected through a lifestyle questionnaire before and 3 months after the educational intervention. Then, the data were analyzed by mean and standard deviation, independent t‑test, paired t‑test, and Chi‑square test through SPSS 19.

The results showed that 24% of the control group and 21% of the intervention group had a good lifestyle before the educational intervention. After the educational intervention 27% of the control group and 54% of the intervention group were in good lifestyle. The results also showed that the mean score of total lifestyle and all its dimensions in the intervention group increased compared to the control group after the educational intervention and the difference between the mean score of total lifestyle and all its dimensions in the intervention group after the intervention was significant (P < 0.05).

Among health ambassadors, teach‑back communication is more effective in improving the lifestyle. Therefore, it is suggested that this method must be used in designing training programs for health ambassadors.

Pregnancy can affect the prevalence of domestic violence during this period for various reasons, such as decreased sexual intercourse, misconceptions, and abnormal feelings about pregnancy.

This study aimed to determine the severity and frequency of domestic violence among pregnant women in Chabahar.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 pregnant women referred to health centers in Chabahar, southeast Iran. The Dispute Resolution Measures Questionnaire collected the data. The ANOVA test, t test and logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Data were entered into the computer using SPSS version 16 software.

Overall, 3.5% of women experienced very mild violence, 13.5% mild violence, and 83% moderate violence during pregnancy by their husbands. There was a significant relationship between total violence and pregnant women’s and husbands’ education (P < 0.05). Also, elementary literacy of pregnant women (OR = 4.7, P = 0.001) and husbands (OR = 6.2, P = 0.001) increased the likelihood of domestic violence among pregnant women.

Due to the relatively high rate of moderate domestic violence, health promotion interventions, such as educating men about various dimensions of violence and its negative impact on the family, creating a culture to strengthen the status and human values of women, and holding training sessions for married men, can help reduce violence during pregnancy.

Consumption of smokeless tobacco products annually causes the death of more than 250 thousand people worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of transtheoretical model education on the temptation / self-efficacy of smokeless tobacco products among guild traders.

In this quasi-experimental study, 320 guild traders were studied by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was used after confirming its validity and reliability. Intervention strategies included group discussions with videos and photos related to the destructive effects of smokeless tobacco products on general health and oral health, using data projectors and PowerPoint. After 6 months from the intervention, the questionnaire information was collected again and finally the data were analyzed in SPSS 20 software using descriptive and analytical tests.

In the pre-intervention phase, the mean scores of temptation/ selfefficacy in pre-contemplation stage were 16.63± 1.59, 16.45 ±1.51 contemplation and 13.28±0.48 readiness, but in the next phase, from the intervention, the mean scores of this structure in individuals in the pre-contemplation stage decreased to 9.97±2.09, contemplation to 9.94±2.26 and readiness to 10.61±2.18, and there was a significant difference between this structure and the changes were observed (P-Value <0.001).

By designing and implementing interventions based on the transtheoretical model, the temptation of people consuming these products can be reduced at different stages of change and their self-efficacy to overcome tempting situations can be increased.

Maintaining the health of its municipal saints is very important in various aspects, namely personal hygiene, public health and environmental health. Pakbanan is one of the occupational groups that are more exposed to all kinds of occupational hazards and injuries than other workers, which according to their occupational nature are potentially and actually exposed to various types of hazards: infectious / non-communicable diseases, mental problems, nutritional problems, Safety problems are skeletal problems. In such a situation, it seems that self-care management will be the best behavioral response to prevent common diseases in this group. Self-care management clearly increases the efficiency and skills of the individual in the face of the health problems of the virtuous. On the other hand, managing self-care activities can lead the virtuous to maintain health and well-being and increase the ability of the virtuous to take care of themselves and reduce the incidence of disability and treatment costs. Therefore, the pure should feel responsible for their own health and the health of the community, and this sense of responsibility will be realized through self-care.

Paying attention to dairy food hygiene is very important and prevents the common diseases between humans and animals. Due to the fact that health care providers are a model of health in the community, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior of dairy foods hygiene among health care providers.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 300 health care providers working in health centers of Urmia in 2020 were selected by census method and entered the study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire including three parts: demographic characteristics, dairy consumption status questionnaire, knowledge, attitude and behavior questionnaire. Optional participation in the study, the confidentiality of information and obtaining permission and code of ethics from the research committee were among the ethical considerations of the research. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using analysis of variance, Tukey and Pearson correlation tests.

The mean and standard deviation of age of health care providers was 36.76 ±7.61. The results showed that most health care providers had good knowledge (51.7%), moderate attitude (50.4%) and good behavior (45.2%) toward dairy food hygiene. On the other hand, a significant correlation was observed between knowledge, attitude and behavior of dairy foods hygiene (p<0.05).

According to the findings of this study, educational interventions in accordance with the educational content of dairy food hygiene should be performed to increase and sustain the knowledge, attitude and behavior of health care providers.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are highly addictive and contain at least 28 carcinogenic chemicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of theory‑based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change on consumption of SLT products by Merchants’ Guilds in 2018.

The present quasi‑experimental research was conducted over one intervention group. The research population consisted of all consumers of the SLT products among the merchants’ guilds in Chabahar City, Iran in 2018. Data were gathered from 320 individuals by simple random sampling using a valid and reliable researcher‑made questionnaire. The intervention program was designed based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change cognitive processes and lasted 6 months. After the intervention, the same questionnaires were administered among the participants. The data were analyzed by SPSS version20 using the descriptive and analytical tests.

In the preintervention phase, the participants’ mean scores of the cognitive processes at the precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages were 29.16 ± 4.63, 25.07 ± 3.84, and 12.12 ± 1.63, respectively. At the postintervention phase, mean scores of the precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages reached to 40.5 ± 5.96, 38.8 ± 5.03, and 35.5 ± 4.23, respectively. Furthermore, the participants’ mean sores at the action and maintenance stages were 36.4 ± 4.57 and 43.3 ± 3.29, respectively. According to the ANOVA, a significant relationship was found between cognitive processes at the preintervention phase and stages of change (P < 0.001).

Individuals can improve from the precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation phases to the action and maintenance stages by attending based on Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change educational interventions. It is suggested that the structure of this model be used to reduce high‑risk behaviors in other occupations.

With the rapid increase in the number of elderly people, the need to pay attention to their mental health has become more and more important. Social support plays an effective role in promoting the mental health of the elderly by providing emotional and psychological support. This study was conducted to investigate stress, anxiety and depression and its relationship with social support in the military elderly.

This is a descriptive-analytical study that was performed on 280 military elderly people referred to health care using the available sampling method. Depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using the DASS-21 questionnaire and social support was assessed using Phillips social support questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software using Chi-square, Fisher and linear regression tests.

The results showed that 49.2% of the military elderly had depression, 42.9% had anxiety and 31.8% had stress. Depression, anxiety and stress showed a statistically significant relationship with education, marital status, chronic illness and economic status (P<0.05). Also, the most predictive areas of mental health were family support (B = 0.38) and friends support (B = 0.34) and the lowest were related to the support of others (B = 0.25), respectively, and all areas of social support were mental health. Was predictive and statistically significant (P<0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it can be said that in the military elderly, there is more depression and anxiety than stress. Family and friend support can play a crucial role in the mental health of the elderly. Therefore, paying attention to mental health status and using determining factors such as social support can be effective in reducing mental health injuries.

Health-promoting lifestyle is a valuable factor in improving quality of life. In the care system, health ambassadors have an undeniable role in the development of health behaviors in the community. This study was conducted to investigate lifestyle and the relationship between health literacy in health ambassadors in Urmia.   In this cross-sectional study in 2019, 200 ambassadors were selected using cluster random sampling. Data collection tools were a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ), and Health Literacy Questionnaire (HELIA). Data were entered into SPSS software version 20 and analyzed by descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and Spearman correlation coefficient.   The results of this study showed that the lifestyle of health ambassadors was 13.5% at the poor level, 60.4% at the moderate level, and 26.1% at the good level. Lifestyle was also significantly associated with variables of gender (p=0.01), marital status (p=0.02) and occupation (p=0.008). The results of Spearman correlation showed that lifestyle with all its sub-domains had a positive and significant correlation with (p <0.001) health literacy.   Given the importance of lifestyle in health ambassadors, it seems that educational programs to increase health literacy can be effective in improving the lifestyle among health ambassadors.

The workplace, as a place where employees spend long hours and possibly interact with many people, is one of the most susceptible environments for transmitting the corona virus, so to minimize the risk of contracting the virus, adhere to health protocols in these environments. It is very important. Due to the lack of environmental health forces, the size of the departments, inspection and sensitization training of employees of all departments regarding the observance of coronavirus prevention protocols is not possible. Therefore, the authors in this article suggested the ambassadors of office health as participants in the health of the organization. A health ambassador is an employee of the organization who is the liaison between the health system and the employees of that organization. After receiving face-to-face and face-to-face training on coronavirus prevention health protocols by environmental health experts, the organization's health ambassador can carry out coronation prevention and control activities in their organization. The present study identified the importance of empowering health ambassadors of organizations as selected organizations to prevent coronavirus disease, will interrupt the transmission of coronavirus disease chain in employees.

Falling is a serious problem in the elderly population and one of its complications is fear of falling. Fear of falling is one of the threatening factors of elderly health. This study aimed to investigate fear of falling and its relationship with balance in elderly in Urmia.

This is a descriptive-analytic study that 200 elderly people were selected by random cluster sampling. Required data were collected using a two-part questionnaire including demographic information and Self-efficacy Fear Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using logistic regression test in SPSS v.21.

The results showed that 52.5%, 27.5%, 20% of the elderly had moderate, severe, mild fear of falling, respectively. Results of logistic regression showed age (OR = 2.1, p = .04), female (OR = 1.4, p = .02), living alone (OR = 1.8, p = .05), history of falling (OR = 1.9, p = .008), low balance (OR = 4.1, p = .001), increases the likelihood of fear of falling in elderly.

The findings of this study showed that the level of fear of falling in the elderly is relatively high and appropriate and effective preventive interventions should be carried out according to the factors in the fear of falling in the elderly.