فهرست مطالب mohammadtaghi alami

The aim of this research was to compare the performance of a submerged obstacle and floating wave barrier in the stability of rubble mound breakwaters based on the damage parameter. The submerged obstacle was attached to the toe, and the floating wave barrier was installed 50 cm from a reshaping breakwater. We carried out tests in a 35 m flume at SCWMRI. Random waves with the JONSWAP spectrum influenced the breakwater. We then analyzed the structure's reshaping using close-range photogrammetric imaging by constructing the DEM and DSM to record the displacement of rocks. Furthermore, we obtained the eroded area and the damage parameter from the integrated model at eight cross-sections at equal distances. We showed that the damage parameter increased by 39.12 and 44.44%, respectively, by increasing the relative wave height from 0.36 to 0.48 and 0.6. Also, the damage parameter increased by 22.94 and 28.26%, respectively, by increasing the relative wave period from 0.6 to 0.8 and 1. In addition, regarding different modes, we obtained the damage parameter in the breakwater without the submerged obstacle and the floating barrier 1.116 under random waves. The damage parameter decreased to 0.701 (i.e., 37.19%) by using the submerged obstacle, while the wave barrier reduced this parameter to 0.735 (i.e., 34.14%); thus, the obstacle has outperformed the wave barrier. Using the obstacle simultaneously with the wave barrier reduced the damage parameter by 51.79%, confirming the highest efficiency and performance among models. Consequently and based on the experiments and findings in this study, this model was suggested for adoption.

Strengthening breakwaters can reduce the damages that lead to hydraulic instability. Aiming to enhance the stability of reshaping breakwaters, this experimental study presents a method for controlling and reducing structural damages against waves by attaching a submerged obstacle to the structure toe and installing a floating wave barrier at a certain distance. In the tests, the breakwater was exposed to a total of 3000 random waves based on the JONSWAP spectrum. By generating an integrated 3D digital model of the structure using close-range photogrammetry, the displacement of armour units was recorded, and the damage parameter was calculated. Moreover, a comparison of the results between reinforced and simple breakwater indicated that the damage parameter was reduced by 37.19 and 34.14 percent by, respectively, attaching the submerged obstacle and installing the floating wave barrier, which confirms the good performance of the proposed models. Breakwater reinforcement with the submerged obstacle and the floating wave barrier simultaneously reduced the damage parameter by 51.79 percent, which was the highest efficiency among the different models. Also, the results show that with increasing the stability number, the damage parameter also increases, and the interaction between the wave steepness and the damage parameter indicates that the damage parameter decreases with increasing the wave sharpness values.

Compact clay layers are one the most impermeable layers. Dispersivity and cracking of clay layers are among the factors that reduce the efficiency of clay and necessitate clay stabilization. Clay healing properties and the importance of self-healing cracks in clay layers as one of the characteristics and attributes of clay in recent years have been studied. In this research, the self-healing performance of clay layers due to the addition of lime to the clay materials of Gordyan dam borrow pit (Gargar) was investigated. For this purpose, two dispersive (S2 and S3) soil samples (ND3 and ND4) were investigated by adding lime to the extent 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2%, and Double Hydrometer, Atterberg limits and Pinhole tests of dispersivity and self-healing were investigated. The results showed that by adding 1% of lime to clay, the range of plasticity index increased and the discharge rate of the pinhole test for both samples was 28% and the final diameter of the sample for both samples decreased by 67%, indicating an improvement in self-healing process and a reduction of dispersivity and becoming non-dispersive soil (ND1). The results also showed that pinhole testing has reliable and more accurate results than other tests in determining soil dispersivity.

River training, flood control projects and every changing of river geometry will change the morphology conditions of the river and hydraulic characteristics of the flow in the river. In fact, the goal of river training plans can be found on the basis of the initial energy equilibrium of the river. In this study, the impact of river training on the hydrodynamic conditions of Zarrineh River in conjunction with Shahindezh city in different scenarios were investigated. Zarrineh River training project modeling, as a general objective, is the use of hydraulic simulations to create a river water surface based on new physical, civil, and hydrological properties of a given reach. The motivations for conducting such simulations are flood plain extent mapping based on current and new scenarios and the determination of water level along the study river reach. The objective of this project is to create maps before and after a new river training plan, all within the GIS and Autocad environment with georefrenced origin. Study of Zarrineh river project requires a thorough evaluation of the possible impacts that it may have, both upstream and downstream from the Vahdat Bridge on Zarineh River. Prediction of the operation, maintenance, and repair or replacement of the bridge, requirements of existing and proposed projects are other roles that river hydraulics simulations play in the planning and design processes. Zarineh River is a very wild river and every civil project highly needed to be evaluated from different aspects especially new geomorphological conditions. New liberalized areas beside the river for each scenario should be determined and evaluated for new land use utilizing particularly for Eco-Tourism usages. Sharifi and Pernoun (2017 p. 59) emphasized that the dynamical power of the river in the upstream and flow forces reduction in the downstream  have a significant effect in the geometry formation of the rivers. Niranjan et al., (2010) showed that the MIKE11HD model has been able to accurately estimate and simulate water level in Berahmani river. The simulated river surface profile from MIKE11HD was used to simulate protective structures behavior in the river. The performance of the MIKE11 model in the simulation of hydrologic-hydrodynamic processes of rivers were confirmed in other studies such as Guang et al. (2017), Uleke et al. (2017), Tran et al. (2018) and Kha et al. (2018).

MIKE11 was selected to simulate current and selected new river training scenarios that iteratively solves a one-dimensional energy balance to produce water elevations based on river geometry, channel roughness, flow rate and boundary conditions. MIKE11, developed by DHI, is a software package for simulating flows in rivers. The river geometry is provided in the form of channel cross-sections at regular intervals along the direction of flow. The number of cross sections that are taken varies with study requirements and stream characteristics. About 1 km reach of the upstream and downstream of existing Vahdat bridge with 14 cross sections under current situation (without bridges and without training), the bridge with 120 meters without training, the bridge with 120 m, 200 m and 300 m with bed and banks training. For the current and scenarios it is needed to predict stage, discharge, and velocity as functions of time anywhere on a river in different return periods such as 25 yr. To measure cross-sectional coordinates, previous topographic maps generated from field surveys performed with land surveying instruments were used. All  information to set up the Mike model, including input data files, simulation period, time step and the name of result files and also initial and boundary conditions have been determined and defined. Flow hydrographs for the project at the bridge location for all scenarios, extracted from hydraulically simulations from Mike11. For Hydrograph prediction the Saint-Venant approach with Finite Element method and Six-Point Algorithm of Abbott used to discretized temporal and spatial elements.

 Zarrineh river project consists of Vahdat Bridge that should be modelled and finally it should be cover reliability of new area liberalization without any impact to users of Shahindezh such as Municipality, regional water authority, Environmental protection agency and Ministry of Roads and City affairs. In river training scenario with widening bridge to 300 m, in addition of a liberalization of 90 ha areas on both sides of river banks, water level will be decreased about 65 cm and maximum flow capacity will be increased to 115000 m3. The calibration results indicate that the estimated error rate of flow volume (REV) and the relative error in the peak (REQP) for training scenario are 0.197 and 1.792% respectively that corresponding to current condition about 0.068 and 2.82 percent .This figures shows good agreement between modeled and observed values. Vahdat Bridge with 120 lengths with 1200 m3/sec (25 yr return flow) will overflow to adjacent areas.  The modelling results show the high potential of river training on the flood transmitting and flood routing and also, the accuracy of the simulation of unsteady flow is one dimensional for the desired range by the MIKE11 mathematical model.

The river training projects should be modelled, controlled, evaluated for overflow problem from sidewalls and also river bed and banks should be controlled that is not affected by water score problem. For secure hydrograph transmitting in the reach of Zarineh River and Shahindezh city conjunction, the 300-meter bridge widening scenario is selected and the executive maps and detailed plans for the river training, bridge with a width of 300 meters, sidewalls and end sill structure (river bed stabilizing structure for preventing score)  were provided.

Uncertainties of the field parameters such as hydraulic conductivity and dispersion coefficient, unknown boundary conditions and the noise of the measured data are among the main limiting factors in the groundwater flow and contaminant transport (GFCT) modeling.

Miandoab plain was investigated as a case study for simulating groundwater level (GL) and chloride concentration (CC). This paper presents an artificial intelligence-meshless model for temporal GFCT modeling. In this study, time series of groundwater level (GL) and chloride concentration (CC) observed at different piezometers of Miyandoab plain (in Iran) were firstly de-noised by the wavelet-based data de-noising approach. Then, the effect of noisy and de-noised data on the performance of artificial intelligence model was compared. For this end, time series of GL and CC observed in 14 different piezometers were trained and verified via artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models to predict the GL and CC at one month ahead.

The results showed that the threshold-based wavelet de-noising approach can enhance the performance of the modeling up to 25%. Reliability of ANFIS model is more than ANN model in both calibration and verification stages duo to the efficiency of fuzzy concept to overcome the uncertainties of the phenomenon. Discussion and

Waveletde-noising approach as a data preprocessing method enhances the performance of the artificial intelligence model in temporal modeling of GFCT.

River training, flood control projects, and every change of river geometry will change the morphological conditions of a river and the hydraulic characteristics and flow. In fact, the goal of river training plans can be found on the basis of the initial energy equilibrium of the river. In this study, the impact of river training on the hydrodynamic conditions of the Zarrineh River in conjunction with Shahindezh city in different scenarios were investigated. The Zarrineh River training project modeling, as a general objective, is the use of hydraulic simulations to create a river water surface based on new physical, civil, and hydrological properties of a given reach. The motivations for conducting such simulations are flood plain extent mapping based on current and new scenarios and the determination of water level along the study river reach. The purpose of this project was to create maps before and after a new river training plan, all within the GIS and Autocad environment with a georefrenced origin. Study of the Zarrineh River project requires a thorough evaluation of the possible impacts that it may have on the Zarineh River, both upstream and downstream from the Vahdat Bridge. The prediction of the operation, maintenance, and repair or replacement of the bridge, requirements of existing and proposed projects are other roles that river hydraulics simulations play in the planning and design processes. The Zarineh River is a very wild river and every civil project is needed to be evaluated from different aspects, especially from new geomorphological conditions. New liberalized areas beside the river for each scenario should be determined and evaluated for new land use utilizing particularly for Eco-Tourism usagesand repair or replacement of the bridge, requirements of existing and proposed projects are other roles that river hydraulics simulations play in the planning and design processes. The Zarineh River is a very wild river and every civil project is needed to be evaluated from different aspects, especially from new geomorphological conditions. New liberalized areas beside the river for each scenario should be determined and evaluated for new land use utilizing particularly for Eco-Tourism usages.  MIKE11 was selected to simulate current and selected new river training scenarios that iteratively solve a one-dimensional energy balance to produce water elevations based on river geometry, channel roughness, flow rate, and boundary conditions. MIKE11, developed by DHI, is a software package for simulating flows in rivers. The river geometry is provided in the form of channel cross-sections at regular intervals along the direction of flow. The number of cross sections that are taken varies with study requirements and stream characteristics.  About 1 km reach of the upstream and downstream includes Vahdat bridge with 14 cross sections under current situation (without bridges and without training), the bridge with 120 meters without training, the bridge with 120 m, 200 m and 300 m with bed and banks training.  For the current scenarios, it is needed to predict stage, discharge, and velocity as functions of time anywhere on a river in different return periods such as 25 yr. To measure cross-sectional coordinates, previous topographic maps generated from field surveys performed with land surveying instruments were used. All information to set up the Mike model, including input data files, simulation period, time step and the name of result files and also initial and boundary conditions were determined and defined.  Flow hydrographs for the project at the bridge location for all scenarios were extracted from hydraulical simulations Mike11. For Hydrograph prediction, the Saint-Venant approach with Finite Element method and Six-Point Algorithm of Abbott were used to discretize temporal and spatial elements. The Zarrineh River project consists of Vahdat Bridge that should be modelled and it should be checked for the reliability of new area liberalization without any impact on users of Shahindezh such as municipality, regional water authority, environmental protection agency and ministry of roads and city affairs. In river training scenarios with widening bridge to 300 m, in addition to the liberalization of 90 ha areas on both sides of river banks, the water level increased about 65 cm and the maximum flow capacity increased to 115000 m3. The calibration results indicated that the estimated error rate of flow volume (REV) and the relative error in the peak (REQP) for training scenario were respectively 0.197 and 1.792%, corresponding to the current condition which were about 0.068 and 2.82 percent. The figures showed a good agreement between modeled and observed values. Vahdat Bridge with 120 lengths and 1200 m3/sec (25 yr return flow) will overflow to adjacent areas.  The modelling results showed the high potential of the river training for the flood transmission and flood routing. Also, the accuracy of the simulation of unsteady flow is one dimensional for the desired range by the MIKE11 mathematical model. The rivertraining projects should be modelled, controlled, and evaluated for overflow problem from sidewalls. In addition, river bed and banks should be controlled so that they are not affected by water score problem.  For secure hydrograph transmission in the reach of the Zarineh River and Shahindezh city conjunction, the 300 m bridge widening scenario was selected and the executive maps and detailed plans for the river training, bridge with a width of 300 meters, sidewalls and end sill structure (river bed stabilizing structure for preventing score) were provided.

The piano key weirs (PKWѕ) are type of nonlinear weirs which can increase the discharge for a given width without the increase in head water .In piano key the length of weir crest in both upstream and downstream can be incresead and therefore can be considered to be a suitable substitution for the labyrinth weirs, with a relatively small footprint In this study, in order to evaluate the Hydraulic performance of PKWs of free & submerged flow, totally 554 experiments are conducted on 11 physical models. Results showed that in the free flow the PK₁.₄ (inlet over outlet key width; wi /w₀=1.4) in the head water ratio of 0.5≤H₀/P≤1 and the PK1.25 in H₀/P≥0.1 as compared with other weirs, has higher Hydraulic performance. In the case of constant values for the wi/w₀ ratio and changing of the floor slope from 1:1.5 to the curve (a quarter of the circle; PKC) the discharge coefficient of these weirs increased about 3 percent. In the condition of submerged flow the value of the submerged upstream head over the free flow of upstream head (H*/H₀) increased by decreasing the submerged upstream head ratio (H₀/P). For the PK1 weir and in the submergence values lower than 0.48, the downstream depth had no effect on upstream depth of weir, and H*=H₀. The modifying of PK₁ causes a decrease the modular submergence range in this weir and occurrence of the full submergence with a little delay. Modifying of PKC₁, lead to an increase in the modular submergence range and no change in the full submergence.

Piano-Key weirs (PKW) and labyrinth weirs (LW) are nonlinear weirs that can increase the passing over flow magnitudes for a given width without increasing the water head. Arced configuration of this weir, improve the flow direction to the cycles And reduce inequality entering of flow to the various cycles. Arced labyrinth(ALW) and Arced piano key(APK) weirs are especially well used for spillway rehabilitation where larger probable maximum flow have required modification or replacement of the spillway. In the current paper, a total of 308 experiments were conducted on 15 laboratory models for analyzing the variations of APKW and ALW Hydraulic Performance through altering the geometric parameters, i.e. cycle arc angle(θ), weir height(P), crest shape, Magnification cycle(Lc-cycle/w), cycles width ratio(w/P), apex length(A) and compared with the LW, PK and linear weirs. By increasing the cycle arc angle and modifying this weirs, increased efficiency so that The average and maximum difference in discharge coefficient of ALW (θ=40o) than LW weirs are 12 and 21 percent, respectively and this difference are 25 and 40 percent between the APK (θ=40o) and PK weirs, respectively. Modified arc weirs are more efficient than their unmodified weirs. But with increasing Ht/P, values of their discharge coefficient connected to each other. Finally, by increasing the cycle arc angle, the superiority of piano key weirs are more than the labyrinth weirs.

Accurate modeling of hydrological processes such as rainfall-runoff can provide important information for water resources management of a watershed. Consequently, various black box models have been used recently to simulate such a complex phenomenon. Efficiency of any data driven model largely depends on quantity and quality of available data and noisy data may create negative impact on the performance of the model. In this way, noise reduction of data using an appropriate denoising scheme may lead to a better performance in the use of the data-driven model. Therefore in this paper, first wavelet-denoising method was applied to denoise daily time series and then by adding noises to this denoised data and forming different training sets with the denoised- jittered input data, simulation of rainfall – runoff process for Pole Anyan station in Zarrineh River drainage basin in upstream of Bookan dam, was done by both ANN and ANFIS models. To evaluate the model accuracy, the proposed model was compared with MLR and ARIMA models.
Comparison of the obtained results via the trained ANN and ANFIS using denoised-jittered data revealed that the outcome of the this model for runoff forecasting is improved when the proposed approach, as a pre-processing method, is applied to the used data. The results show that the proposed data processing which serves both denoising and jittering approaches could improve performance of the ANN and ANFIS-based rainfall-runoff modeling of the case study respectively up to 23% and 14% in verification phase.

When groundwater is contaminated, removal of contaminants and the restoration of quality may be slow and sometimes, impractical. It can be harmful for human health, the ecosystem and can result in water shortage. Thus, simulation of contaminant transport can be an important task in hydro-environmental studies and consequently, it is necessary to develop the robust models which can determine the temporal forecast of pollution. For temporal modeling groundwater level and contaminant concentration (GLCC), several computational methods, namely, finite difference method, finite volume method, finite element method and boundary element method have been applied for numerical solution of governing physical-based partial differential equation (PDE). Although the physical-based numerical technique are widely used for temporal and/or spatial modeling of systems, some real-world conditions such as anisotropy and heterogeneity can have meaningful impacts on GLCC and restrict the usefulness of such methods. As a result, these method may be replaced by other techniques. In situation where there is no sufficient field data and output accuracy is preferred over perception of phenomena, a data-driven or black box model can be proper subsided. The uncertainty and complexity of the groundwater process have caused data-driven models such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are widely used by hydrogeologists. Several studies have been performed to examine the susceptibility of artificial intelligence (AI) models for GFCT modeling.
Wavelet transform coherence (WTC) is a technique for examination the localized correlation coefficient and their phase lag between non-stationary time series as a function of both time-frequency spaces. Furthermore, the cross-wavelet power is indicated as high common power of two time series and is found in time-frequency space by cross wavelet transform (XWT). Specifically, XWT investigates the regions in time-frequency space with large common power about a consistent phase relationship, and accordingly suggestion for causality between and time series. On the other hand, the WTC explores the regions in time-frequency apace in which and time series co-vary, but not essentially with high power. So, while analyzing two time series for evaluating both causality and local co-variance, the WTC is more suitable.
In order to examine the applicability of the proposed AI-meshless model in real world conditions, the contaminant transport problem in Miandoab plain located in the northwest of Iran was considered as the case study. Miandoab plain, is located in a delta region of Zarrineh and Simineh Rivers. Urmia Lake in north of Miandoab plain, the largest salt-water lake in the Middle East, has been experienced climate change in early 2 decades.
The wavelet transform coherence used in this study can be considered as a novel method for spatial clustering of piezometers, for detecting the interaction of aquifers in the plain and relationship between water level of the lake and GLs and CCs of piezometers located near the lake shore witch can present helpful information in GL and CC modeling.
The results showed that the efficiency of ANFIS model was more than ANN model up to 30%. Reliability of ANFIS model is more than ANN model in both calibration and verification stages duo to the efficiency of fuzzy concept to overcome the uncertainties of the phenomenon.

In order to detect damage in a large-scale and complicated structure¡ there is need to exact nonlinear numerical modeling that its results have been analyzed using a method of system identification. In this way¡ the extended finite element model (XFEM) based on cohesive crack model (XFEM Based Cohesive Crack Segments) for concrete material as a reliable model is used for investigating real responses of Karun 3 concrete dam against applied loads and damages. In this model¡ whole of the structure is potentially under damage risk¡ while there is no initial crack. The dam is numerically modeled and analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) and XFEM Based Cohesive Crack Segments respectively¡ and the dam is analyzed under the seismic excitation. Then¡ for specification of crack effects and nonlinear behavior¡ the structural modal parameters and their variation should be investigated based on structure response for obtaining damage initiation time and its location by using system identification based on continuous Wavelet (CWT) transform. Results show that the dam natural frequencies decrease after the crack is formed¡ where decrease in longitudinal and vertical responses are more than the transversal response decrease. Moreover¡ crack width and its exact location are specified precisely from comparing the intact and damaged crest and central cantilever vibration modes. Therefore¡ the combination of XFEM Based Cohesive Crack Segments and CWT is useful procedure for structural health monitoring of concrete arch dams.

In the current study, seismic cracking identification of concrete dams is conducted based on extended finite element method (XFEM) and Wavelet (WT) transform. First, the dam is numerically modeled and analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). Then cracking capability to the dam structure is added by applying the XFEM without introducing the initial crack, and the dam is analyzed under the seismic excitation. In fact, the whole dam structure is potentially under damage risk, and any zone reaching the fracture limit, begins to crack, which grows in the structure. This crack is usually unpredictable and is not easy to detect, therefore the structural modal parameters and their variation should be investigated based on structure response by using time-frequency transform. Results show that, investigating time-frequency window of the structure response and model parameters obtained from the numerical model, the history of physical changes occurred in the structure, cracking initiation time and damage localization is performed from comparing the intact and damaged vibration modes. Moreover, investigating the first natural modal indices of the intact and damaged structure, damage initiation and its location on Koyna dam height is easily detected, while for the second indices it is not performable.

Groundwater is a major source of water supply for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses; hence, its quality modeling is an important task in hydro-environmental studies. While many data-based models have been developed for this purpose, the performance of such data-based models can be drastically enhanced if they are based on temporal and spatial pre-processing. In this study, geostatistics tools (e.g., Co-Kriging), as spatial estimators, and self-organizing map (SOM), as a clustering technique, were employed in conjunction with Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for the temporal forecasting of such quality parameters as electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the groundwater in Ardabil Plain. Using the results thus obtained, the impact of spatial data clustering was also investigated on the same parameters. The results showed that, if propoer input data are selected, the proposed spatial clustering technique is capable of imporving groundwater quality forecasts made by ANFIS.

Two incompressible SPH numerical solvers, including a modified explicit method and a new implicit method have been developed to simulate the sediment-laden free surface flow problems. Using, consistent discretization schemes, the proposed explicit method improves somewhat the accuracy of the usual explicit ISPH methods. The implicit method additionally guarantees the incompressibility condition completely. In the presented methods, the liquid phase is modeled using Navier-Stokes equations and to predict the non-Newtonian behavior of the sediment phase, the Bingham plastic rheological model is used. The accuracy and capabilities of the developed incompressible SPH methods is first validated in comparison with available experimental and numerical results of a single-phase water-sediment mixture flow generated by unsteady dam break problem. Then, they are applied to simulate an eroding dam break problem with a two-phase flow sediment transport. Comparing the obtained results with the available results in the literature shows that the developed methods particularly the implicit one, are very powerful tools for simulation of the problems including sediment transport induced by violent free surface flow, with interactions between flow and sediment and morphological changes in bed.

Nowadays, beside water shortage, we face with mismanagement in water resources. In this situation, optimal water management especially in arid and semi-arid areas is very important. The increase of water demands due to population growth, industrial and agricultural developments was inevitable. On the other hand, due to water resources limitations and principal of sustainability in water management, water allocation, is a very challenging work. Hence, for answering to agricultural, municipal, industrial and ecological demands with high reliability, we need very rigorous programs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of storage dam on Hesaroo river in Golak area for floodwater collection at raining times and also providing so called demands to recharge the alluvial aquifer, downstream plain and also rich the groundwater. System Dynamic Modelling (SDM) System Dynamic Modelling is a methodology for studying feedback systems. Forrester introduced SDM as a methodology for decision-making in industrial management problems [1]. SDM is extensively used for water resources modelling due to its flexibility, effectiveness in assessing different management options, ease of operation and suitability for encouraging stakeholder involvement [2]. For simulation, first we made a basic demand and supply framework and our model in Vensim is originated from that framework. In this model, all demands, supplies and also groundwater has been considered.Developed model:We identified shortage in groundwater, agricultural and environmental demands as the most important elements in Golak area. For that reason, after making causal loop diagram (CLD), we developed a Stock and Flow Diagram (SFD) for Golak dam. This model includes Golak storage, evaporation from it, groundwater supply, municipal, agricultural, industrial and environmental demands. Because of groundwater crisis in that area, we added a new Stock to model for distribution of floods to enrich the groundwater supply. The proposed system dynamics model was validated by comparing estimated values to historical data. Validation proved the accuracy of our model.3.1. SFD model in VENSIM In order to investigate the effect of distribution of floods for enrichment of groundwater supply, we run the model (Fig.1) and analyze the effects of distribution while all demands are answered. The results show significant increasing in groundwater’s elevation. This study has showed that System Dynamics is a useful decision support tool for the simulation of sustainable water resource management. Results of this study showed the effect of Golak dam on groundwater storage by distribution of floods to enrich the groundwater. According to this paper, this model can use for the implementation of different managing and operational policies on the water resource allocations. Different Scenarios such as altering the river flow due to dry periods and changing in various demands because of growth in population and industry can be simulated and analyzed by this model.

A consistent implicit Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) method based on projection approach is proposed for solving violent free surface flow problems. In this way، two consistent discretization schemes are employed for first and second spatial derivatives. In this study، it is shown that in explicit ISPH solvers، the field variables and the positions of particles in the process of numerical differentiation are estimated at two different time steps. So، the incompressibility is not completely satisfied. In the present approach، an iteration loop is implemented، in each time-step. Thus، at the end of each time-step both velocity and the positions used in divergence estimation are at the new time-level. The proposed ISPH method is validated in free surface flow problems involving 2-D dam break benchmarks in which both wet and dry beds are considered. Among the advantages of the present implicit method is being more accurate and stable than the explicit one، despite use of lower number of particles and greater time-step sizes. Also، it provides significant improvement in free surface simulations and pressure distribution results.

Drought is the interaction between environment and water cycle in the world and affects natural environment of an area when it persists for a longer period. So، developing a suitable index to forecast the spatial and temporal distribution of drought plays an important role in the planning and management of natural resources and water resource systems. In this article، firstly، the drought concept and drought indexes were introduced and then the fuzzy neural networks and fuzzy C-mean clustering were applied to forecast drought via standardized precipitation index (SPI). The results of this research indicate that the SPI index is more capable than the other indexes such as PDSI (Palmer Drought Severity Index)، PAI (Palfai Aridity Index) and etc. in drought forecasting process. Moreover، application of adaptive nero-fuzzy network accomplished by C-mean clustering has high efficiency in the drought forecasting.