فهرست مطالب mohsen hasani

 This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) for use on Iranian population.

 This is a correlational study. Participants were 280 undergraduate students in Mashhad, Iran in 2017 who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. They completed the Persian version of NMP-Q and the Cellphone Overuse Scale (COS). To assess the test-retest reliability, 40 participants completed the questionnaire again two weeks later. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS v. 20 and LISREL v. 8 applications using Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation test, and confirmatory factor analysis.

 The results showed the high internal consistency of the questionnaire (α= 0.921 for overall scale and 0.748-0.885 for subscales). Correlation coefficients for assessing concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were reported 0.51 and 0.81, respectively. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, all four subscales of the main version were confirmed in the Persian version.

 The Persian version of NMP-Q has good validity and reliability for use in Iran.

To adopt the best strategies to reduce smoking, identifying the factors that affect the use of tobacco is needed. Socio-economic situation is one of these factors, and this study examines the effect of household characteristics and development indicators of the living area on the probability of smoking in urban households in Iran.

The methods used in this study consisted of Heckman two-step and panel data models. The required data has been extracted from the information of expense and income of Iranian households’ plan during the period of 1383 - 1393, central bank and statistical yearbooks.

Based on the results of the two-step Heckman model, the household size is directly related to smoking and education level of the head of household and home ownership inversely associated with tobacco consumption in the household. Also, in households where the head is male, there is a greater probability of smoking. With increasing household expenses (income), the probability of tobacco consumption increases. Estimated results of the panel model indicates that the increase in GDP per capita, price of consumer goods and services, and the proportion of college graduates in the population has been decreasing the effect on tobacco consumption. In addition, the increase in the ratio of the custodians of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation directly related to the proportion of households with tobacco use.

Implementing policies to improve the social and economic conditions of households and development indicators in different regions of the country can lead to a reduction in smoking.

some cardio-pulmonary complications, such as lung pneumonia in the radiotherapy treatment of breast cancer are associated with several factors including the amount of irradiated lung volume. Therefore in this study, the determining factors in irradiated lung volume have been investigated.
In this study, 48 patients with early breast cancer treated with 3D CRT radiation, were chosen. All ORS and PTV were contoured based on the RTOG atlas. CLD, MLD and GPD parameters were measured and their relationship with irradiated lung volume percentage was studied by DVH curves.
The correlation between CLD and GPD with a percentage of irradiated lung volume in the tangential fields was linear. For example, CLD of right lung CLD equal to 15, 25 and 35 mm accounted for 10%, 17% and 24% of lung volume in Tangential fields, respectively.
The correlation between CLD and lung volume in tangential fields for the left and right lung was significant. With an increase of one unit in the CLD, on average we expect that left and right lungs volume is increased 2% and 3.2%, respectively.

Tobacco use imposes health and economic costs both on individuals and society, so it is essential to anticipate plans to control its consumption, by using price policies through tax tools. But in the case of tobacco addiction, there are doubts about the impact of these policies. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effects of pricing and tax policies by estimating the demand function of smoking and its elasticity. The almost ideal demand system (AIDS) model which is the most effective models is used in this article. The required data were also extracted from cost and income data of the Iranian urban households during the years 2001-2014. Based on the results of estimates, tobacco is a low elasticity good and therefore using taxes doesn’t have much effect on smoking.

The early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the most important and destructive diseases in Khuzestan province. Study genetic structure of A. alternata populations provides different levels of information in the management of early blight disease in tomato farms. Short sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic structure and estimate genetic diversity in A. alternata isolates in Khuzestan province.
In this study to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic populations of A. alternata pathogen, sampling was randomly carried out on aerial parts of tomato plants with leaf brown lesions in farms and glasshouses from five different regions in Khuzestan province such as: Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan, Ahvaz, and Dezful. Each sample was cut into 2–5-mm long pieces, were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water and air-dried with sterile filter paper. The sterilized samples were placed onto a general medium potato dextrose agar (PDA). A total of 64 A. alternata isolates were obtained from infected samples. Pathogenicity test was carried out on local susceptible cultivar under an artificial condition in the greenhouse. For obtaining the mycelia mass, liquid cultures were initiated by adding 2–4 mm 2 pieces of filter paper to 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL PDB medium (potato dextrose broth). Mycelium was collected by filtration through sterile filter paper with a vacuum funnel. Mycelia were harvested, frozen and stored at -20°C. DNA was extracted using a modified hexadecyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) procedure. A set of five paired sequence repeat primers (SSR) were used to determine the genetic diversity of A. alternata isolates. PCR amplification was performed in a 25 μl reaction volume. The bands generated by SSR primers that were repeatable and clearly visible with a high intensity were scored manually for the presence (1) or absence (0) of bands in each isolate. Data analyses for evaluating of genetic diversity of isolates were calculations using molecular software such as: NTysis, Gene Alex, and POP GENE.
A total of 21 alleles were produced by SSR primers with an average of 4.2 alleles in all populations. The highest and lowest amounts of alleles were related to locus AEM13 with eight alleles and loci of AEM6 and AEM9 with two alleles respectively. The average of allelic variability per locus was the highest in Shoshtar population and the lowest in Dezful population. Observed allele number and effective numbers of alleles were higher in Shoshtar in comparison of other populations. A Comparison of genetic diversity parameters in five population showed that Shoshtar population has the highest genetic diversity but lower values were estimated for Dashte azadagan. The highest and lowest genetic distance was detected between Ahvaz-Dezfol (0.066) and Shoshtar-Omidieh (0.005), respectively. Based on dendrogram of populations revealed two distinct groups, one group contained Dezful and the other Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan and Ahvaz. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 85 percent of the genetic diversity of all the isolates and 14% is allocated to different geographical areas. There was the high genetic similarity between isolates from different regions. High genetic similarity can be attributed to the migration of genes or genotypes of different factors. With according to of Cluster analysis based on UPGMA and Dice similarity coefficient at 62% level, eight groups were revealed. On the basis of microsatellite data indicated high genetic diversity within the isolates; this number of alleles could not lead in separation, on the basis of geographical locations between samples. In this study, the relationship detected between isolates within the six populations were probably due to exchange of tomato seeds between sampled regions and geographical closeness as well.
This study have been carried out for the first time in Iran, and in comparison of international populations, a different level of diversity was detected within and between populations of worldwide A. alternata isolates. In this study, the high genetic diversity of A. alternata detected in five populations exposed a potential risk to tomato farms. Genetic diversity of A. alternata in Khuzestan province as an air born pathogen is a warning for a breeder to apply the successful use of resistance genes in local disease management. This gene diversity helps breeders for screening potential resistant cultivars according to gene diversity of A. alternata population in order to develop of durable resistant. Quarantine regulations will need to prevent the introduction of more diverse isolates into these populations and prevent transmission any isolates from this area to other regions of the country. Understanding the genetic structure of pathogen populations in the present study may provide insights into the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of pathogens and could lead to improved strategies for managing the disease. The obtained results indicating the high genetic diversity due to mutation, recombinant and a sexual mating ability of the pathogen in the Khuzestan province. Results in this study will be useful in breeding for tomato early blight resistant cultivars and developing necessary control measures.

Due to lack of agroforestry research in Iran, it is important to identify the existing agroforestry systems in order to create a database for further researches. Feridan and Chadegan citis, west of Isfahan province are two areas in which the various agroforestry systems have been developed. These two regions were selected for research because of providing the easy access and a variety of systems. The goal of this study was to design a method to collect, detect and record the data in the interdisciplinary field of agroforestry. Therefore, it was meant to introduce the traditional sicence of agroforestry and to create the necessary research backgrounds plus the development of this knowledge. Field observations, interview, recording the basic information, primary Carlowitz method (1972) and Mathinkhah et al(2003) method were adopted for describing and recording the agroforesty systems. The informations were recorded in special forms for each system based on Matinkhah et al (2003) criteria and eight cases of Carlowitz method for nomenclaturing systems. Furthermore, several adjustments were performed in accordance with region conditions and added to the existing criteria. Finally, 17 different agroforestry systems were identified and documented in the study. The descriptions of these systems are provided in the paper according to the 22 criteria. Also there is a list of the system names, region with principal criteria of trees, crops and forage in which exist in Nair (1993) classification. These systems were classified according to the ecological and climatic conditions, the level of technology and social and financial conditions.

Beam-hardening artifacts in CT image set of patient with a hip prosthesis cause difference between dose distributions resulted by treatment planning system (TPS) algorithms and actual dose distribution in patient body. In this study, dose distributions of TPS algorithms were compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulations of Titanium and Steal as a hip prosthesis for different photon energy.
Siemens Primus linear accelerator was modeled using the MCNPX code for 6MV and 15MV energy mode. Dose reduction due to Titanium and Steal were calculated by different algorithms of Isogray TPS and compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulations of Titanium and Steal. The accuracy of the algorithms for different depth and energy was evaluated.
In 6MV energy, for Titanium, there was 12.9%, 12.6% and 10.7% and for Steal, there was 14.3%, 14.1% and 12.1% differences between simulation results and TPS algorithms included Superposition, Collapsed cone and FFT Convolution respectively. In 15MV energy, for Titanium, there was 15%, 15.6% and 13.3% and for Steal, there was 21.7%, 22.3% and 20.1% differences between simulation results and TPS algorithms included Superposition, Collapsed cone and FFT Convolution respectively.
There was significant dose reduction due to hip prosthesis whereas the TPS algorithms do not have ability to predict the dose reduction accurately. Thus, use of Monte Carlo based algorithms recommend for dose calculation in patient with high density prosthesis.

The difference of calculated dose by treatment planning system (TPS) and real dose distribution in patient body is related to calculating algorithms of TPS, and this difference is more evident in heterogeneous tissues like lung. In this study dose distribution was calculated by two algorithms of Isogray TPS and compared to dose distribution calculated by Monte Carlo simulation in water and lung.
Subjects and In this study, the percentage depth dose (PDD) curves resulting from different algorithms of Isogray TPS were compared by data from simulation in homogeneous water tissue. The difference between dose distribution calculated by Isogray TPS algorithm and CT2MCNP program were obtained and accuracy of mentioned algorithm were evaluated in lung.
The difference between simulation results and results of TPS algorithms including collapsed cone, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) convolution and superposition in heterogeneous lung tissue was calculated 5%, 6% and 7%, respectively. In the maximum dose, The obtained difference was 7 % with the same algorithms. no significant differences in the water between simulation results and results of TPS algorithms were observed. and the difference was obtained less than 1%.
In clinical treatment, there was significant difference in dose calculation by TPS algorithm in heterogeneous lung tissue. But this difference was negligible in homogeneous tissues.

This paper examines the influence of development on the dominant method of financing healthcare, the payments out- of- pocket, in 31 provinces during 1384-1390. If this kind of payments would be more than 40% of households’ capacity to pay, they encountered a catastrophic healthcare expenditure.
In this paper, the influence of development (assessed by per capita income and income inequality), inflation and unemployment rates on the proportion of households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures in a panel data model using data extracted Statistical Center of Iran and software E-views 6 has examined.
Estimated coefficients of the Gini coefficient, unemployment and inflation rates show there are positive relations between them and the proportion of urban households facing the catastrophic healthcare expenditures. Whereas, there is a negative relation between per capita income and the mentioned proportion. Meanwhile, the elasticity of the Gini coefficient has the greatest influence on the mentioned proportion.
The results can be deduced that reform of income distribution, increase per capita income and the policies reduce the misery rate (sum of unemployment and inflation rates), which led to an improvement in society’s economic circumstances, can reduce the proportion of urban households facing the catastrophic healthcare expenditures.

In this paper, we propose two preconditioned AOR iterative methods to solve systems of linear equations whose coefficient matrices are Z-matrix. These methods can be considered as improvements of two previously presented ones in the literature. Finally some numerical experiments are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed preconditioners.

Economists have paid ever-growing attention to the significant role of social capital in the development process of societies in the recent years and consider it as a development indicator. But there is no consensus on the definitions and theoretical concepts of social capital, and neither on the amount of its effectiveness on the growth and development process of the societies. Needless to mention, planning and policy-making in any field, including social capital, need scales and measurement though it would be difficult and complicated to formulate an indicator for social capital. Therefore, one of the trickiest shortcomings regarding the concept of social capital is the lack of consensus on how to measure it. Regardless of such limitations, this paper tries to survey the trend and status of social capital in Iran during the previous years through studying its evidences and effects on the society instead of trying to evaluate and measure the social capital indicators. In this way, firstly social capital in Iran is studied in within 1986-2004 by the use of Fukuyama’s alternative method. According to the results, it is estimated that social capital in Iran decreased within 1986-2002 and it increased during. 2002-2004 Later, the extent of Iran’s social capital in 2000 was studied using data gathered by Iranian Survey Project conducted by the National Projects Bureau of Iran’s Culture and Islamic Guidance Ministry in the same year. Considering some assumptions, the social capital in that year was estimated to be in the average level. In the end, assuming the results of the study on the social capital trend in Iran to be correct, the amount of social capital was calculated for each year within 1986-2002 in proportion to that of 2000.

Effective tax rate is one of the most important tax efficiency criteria in tax literature. Moreover, tax system efficiency is usually measured by bilateral comparison between administrative costs and effective tax rate. By examination and estimation of effective tax rate, tax authorities are able to increase tax justice and investigate tax burden on taxpayers. Effective tax rate could be an instrument to direct capitals, as well as its wide using in policy-making and economic decisions. In present paper an attempt is made to estimate effective tax rate in business and corporate income tax. The results show that effective corporate tax rate had an increasing trend from 6.08 to 11.59 during 2001 to 2008 while effective business tax rate has been decreased by 2.1 to 1.3 between 2001 and 2007.