فهرست مطالب mohsen javanmiripour

This study investigates the effect of drought stress on water requirement and morphological characteristics of Eldarica pine and Chinaberry species at different vegetative ages in Robat-Karim region of Tehran province. This study was conducted as a factorial design with three factors: species type, age, and drought stress with a completely random basic design in 10 replications. The factors included the plant component i.e. Tehran pine and bitter olive species and age in three levels (one, three and five years) and drought stress in three levels: mild, medium and high (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7). A total of 18 treatments (9 treatments for each species) and considering the number of 10 repetitions, a total of 180 microlysimeters were obtained. This research was defined according to its objectives, i.e. determining the water requirement, determining the plant factor and examining the effect of drought stress on the water requirement and plant factor. In the phases of determining irrigation planning, there was moisture monitoring in drought stress levels and the measurement of water requirements of species, the phase of calculating reference evaporation and transpiration and vegetation coefficient, and the phase of evaluating the effects of different drought stresses on water requirement and vegetation coefficient. The amount of water consumption in Eldarica pine seedlings during the plant growth period and in different treatments applied including drought stress treatments of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 at age 1, drought 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 at age 3, drought 0.3, drought 0.5 and 0.7 at age 5, including 239.3, 258.3, 307.13,

As a forest evolves, it undergoes various processes that lead to the creation of complex structures and diversity. The heterogeneity of the structural conditions and species diversity increase as living and fallen trees accumulate in population structures. These processes are mainly related to the growth and death of trees, which occur in stages starting from youth, progressing through maturity, and culminating in structural complexity. By examining the complexity of a forest, forest experts can manage and change the complexity and diversity of the forest. This study compares the index of structural complexity in managed mixed stands in Hyrcanian forests to determine the effect of management interventions on this index.

For this study, five one-hectare rectangular sample plots were selected in parcels 305, 306, 309, 310, and 311 located in the Grozbon section of Kheyrud forest situated 6 km east of Nowshahr in the Hyrcanian forest belt of Iran. The Gorzbon section has an area of 1001 hectares. The diameters of all trees above the counting limit were measured using complete inventory in one-hectare sample plots. In addition, we calculated the heights of the trees, the abundance of old trees, the abundance and volume of dry trees, the canopy gaps, the Mingling index, and the Gini coefficient. The structure complexity index was determined using a set of variables related to the most important structural features of forest stands. Single selection indices and the multivariate complexity index were calculated in four steps. Finally, the complexity index of the structure was determined between zero and 100 by adding up each variable. The numerical value of the index is close to 100 and zero in the forest stands with the highest and the least complexities in the structure, respectively.

The study examined 1836 trees in five sample plots across five parcels. The highest density of trees was 564 trees per hectare in plot 306. Mamrez was the dominant species in stands 306, 305, and 310  while beech was the dominant species in stands 309 and 311. The maximum average diameter, head volume, and height were 32.5 cm, 458 m3, and 41 m, respectively, for the sample plot 309. The distribution curve of tree abundance across different diameter classes showed a decreasing exponential distribution in the reverse J shape, with differences observed between the studied stands. The largest number of trees in small-diameter classes (15 and 20 cm) were found in cluster 306, with 283 and 137 trees, respectively. The lowest number of trees in the primary classes were 33 and 31 trunks in stand 309. Comparing the volume of trees in diameter classes showed that the volume distribution in all diameter classes was significant in parcel 309, where the volumes in thick and very thick classes were 296 and 83 m3 per hectare, respectively. Parcels 306 and 307 had no quantity of trees in the very thick class. The sample piece 309 had the highest value of complexity index, with a numerical value of 85 while the lowest value of this index (66) was found in the sample piece 305. The ANOVA test with a probability of 5% (P = 0.05) showed significant differences in the abundance and amount of tree volume, the abundance of old trees, the ratio of clear area to forest area, the abundance and volume of dry trees, tree height, and the Mingling index when comparing the studied characteristics to determine the structural complexity index among different populations.

The habitats that have been studied have an average complexity index of 0.75. The highest and the lowest indexes belong to parcels 309 (0.85) and 306 (0.66), respectively. The other habitats have an intermediate level of complexity, which indicates the presence of different evolutionary stages in the forest, ranging from young to old. To illustrate the contribution of different structural features to the complexity and diversity of a forest, imagine a hypothetical forest in both complex and simple states. The complex forest has a wider range of tree sizes and potentially ages, including large trees, while the simple forest has a large number of smaller trees and no large trees, potentially lacking old-age trees. The complex forest includes at least two tree species while the simple forest consists of only one species. The complex forest also has larger erect and decumbent angiosperms on the ground while the simple forest lacks large decumbent angiosperms. Finally, the distribution of trees and canopies, or conversely clearings, is spatially variable in the complex forest, leading to structural heterogeneity in the area. To increase diversity and complexity, measures such as thinning or leaving trees with habitat importance such as thick and old trees, and standing and fallen dry trees in selective cuts can be taken to preserve or restore structural complexity, species diversity, and heterogeneity.

Biodiversity is the guarantee of the flexibility and adaptability of the forest ecosystem with the surrounding environment. By studying the biodiversity in different communities on the side of the roads, the conditions governing the forest ecosystem can be obtained indirectly. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of altitude on the diversity of vegetation in the forest roads of Nav Aslam, Guilan province. For this purpose, 240 sample pieces were taken in a regular-random manner with the linear transect method in two road age classes (less than 10 years and more than 10 years old of construction). The values of richness, uniformity, species diversity indices were calculated for each age class of the road. The results showed that the Shannon Wiener and Simpson diversity index value was higher for tree species and reproduction in roads with more than 10 years of construction at elevation less than 700 meters above sea level. Simpson uniformity indices were higher for tree species on old roads and for regeneration on newly constructed roads. Richness indices for species at low elevation and on old roads were higher than other elevations and newly constructed roads. The presence of dominant tree species in the region was more on newly constructed roads. The Simpson tree uniformity index value was not significant at different ages of the road with a probability of 0.05. Identification of suitable species and accurate knowledge of the age of road construction plays an important role in preserving plant communities. Examining the changes of species at different elevations along the roads of several years of construction will give us an insight into the impact of the road and can ultimately help in the optimal management of vegetation during the construction of new roads.

Drought significantly affects plant growth and causes delays in growth, and disturbance in physiology. This study aims to investigate the effect of drought stress on the morphological characteristics of Tehran pine and Chinaberry. This study was done factorially with the factor of different ages of tree species and different drought stresses in the form of a randomized complete block design with 10 replications. Collar diameter, height and canopy size were recorded as the average of the zero state of the studied seedlings and the evaluated parameters were measured at the beginning and end of the study period. With the increase of drought stress and decrease of humidity at a certain age, the growth amount of each of the studied factors, including collar diameter, height and crown area decreases. The results showed that the collar diameter, height and canopy surface in 0.3 drought stress compared to 0.5 and 0.7 drought stress at 1, 3 and 5 years old have the highest value. The average comparison results showed that water stress on seedlings is not significant in all cases. Water deficiency has a significant effect on the collar diameter and canopy surface in Tehran pine and on the collar diameter and height of bitter olive. The mutual effect of seedling age and drought stress on the crown area of Tehran pine and collar diameter and height of bitter olive has a significant effect. It is better to use drought stress of 0.7 so that the seedlings used can withstand adverse environmental conditions.

Seed performs a significant role as the most influential factor in the transfer of tree species heritability and forest sustainability. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of altitude from sea level on seed production and regeneration of oriental beech in managed forests. For this purpose, 50 paired sample plots with 2 × 2 m at 1100, 1600 and 2000 m.a.s.l were established. For different experiments were transferred the collected seeds to the seed laboratory. The germinated seeds counted at each sample plot on spring in order to regeneration survey. According to the obtained results, 1600 meters consist of the highest seed, 2000 meters encompass the highest regeneration and 1600 include the un-healthiest seeds. In addition, the maximum seed eaten by insects related to the height of 1600 m. furthermore, 1000 seed weight at the 1100, 1600 and 2000 m were determined to be 207.684, 244.144 and 304.237 grams, respectively. Seed weight appears to be lower in frequently seed years than in regular years. According to the results, the best height for producing and collecting beech seed is at 2000 m.a.s.l. Therefore, the establishment of a seed production station as well as a temporary nursery at this altitude can create a suitable ground for seed reproduction and production in areas of equal height and homogeneity.

The mortality of forest species, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, has been considered the main challenge of diverse ecosystems. The aim of this study was to compare the mortality status of Iranian oak and Mt. Atlas mastic tree in the Zagros forests in western Iran. To carry out this study, whole forests in the Gilan-e Gharb were considered. For this purpose, the entire surface was divided into equal parts with a sampling grid of 3000 x 3000 m2. Ninety two sample plots with an area of 0.25 ha considered for sampling at the intersection of the lines in the forests. Sampling of all the were trees in the plots was done 100%. Based on objective observations, the ratio of dried branches to the whole tree branches was used to determine the dryness ratio of the studied trees. The results showed that the frequency of 1st mortality in different species shows that its highest frequency is 83.4% in Iranian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.). Other species in the region, such as Prunus lycioides C.K.Schneid., Pistacia atlantica mutica Desf., Acer monspessulanum L., and Crataegus sp. L., had 5.1%, 4.4%, 3.2%, and 2% of 1st mortality, respectively. The frequency of 2nd mortality in Persian oak was 84.4% and in other species in the region, such as P.atlantica, Crataegus sp, and P.lycioides C.K.Schneid., it was 9.8%, 2.25%, and 2%, respectively. Similarly, the highest frequency of trees with mortality grade 5 included Iranian oak,  P. atlantica mutica Desf., and P. lycioides C.K.Schneid. species with 94.2%, 2.8%, and 2.6%, respectively. From the total population of Persian oaks, 28% of them were healthy and 72% of them were dying in various degrees. In the wild plum species, 83% of the trees were healthy and 17% were dying. Furthermore, in the wild pistachio species, 23% of the trees were alive and healthy and 77% of them were dead. Based on the results, supporting measures will include monitoring the structure of stands for better protection of forests, maintaining the mix of stands and stimulating structural complexity and heterogeneity, that are valuable tools to reduce the risks associated with increasing tree dieback, and other new disturbance regimes in line with the resilience strategy.

For about two decades, the Zagros forests have been facing a declining issue, and the effects of this crisis are visible in various regions.

In the current study, the effect of climate change on the decline of Persian oak in the Zagros forest stands is probed using meteorological data and sample plots over time. To conduct this research, in order to collect field data, a regular random sampling model with fixed sample plots with two sampling periods in 1998 and 2018 was used. Furthermore, the trend of four climatic elements of precipitation, temperature, frost, and relative humidity in Gilan-e-Gharb station from 1988 to 2018 was studied.

The results showed that the frequency and stock of Persian oak species in the second period compared to the first period was decreased. The cross-sectional per hectare of Iranian oak was decreased from 5.2 in the first stage sampling to 4.4 in the second sampling. The results of comparing the quality and health conditions in two samples showed that in the first period, 11.9% of Persian oak trees were decayed and dried, while in the second period it was 71.55%. The oak decline rate in the second-period sampling was higher in health and quality grades 2 and 1 (41.9% and 28.5%, respectively) and was decreased in grades 4 and 5 (8.2% and 3/1%, respectively). However, the deterioration in higher degrees leads to the death of Persian oak trees. The Mann-Kendall analysis results of climatic elements showed that during the study period, the trend of precipitation, frost, and relative humidity was decreasing and the temperature was increasing. In the first decade and to some extent in the second decade, noticeable stability was observed in the studied indices, but in the third decade, there were many fluctuations.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that climate change and the occurrence of severe drought stresses cause oak trees to suffer from physiological weakness. By creating physiological weakness in the trees, the conditions for the invasion of pests and various diseases are provided to them and the oak tree goes to dryness and decay.

Local communities are directly related to natural areas and they affect the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to accurately identify the most important issues affecting the destruction of natural resources using legal cases of natural resources. To conduct this study, legal cases from 2006 to 2016 were used in the archives of the Natural Resources and Watershed Department of Gilangreb for the villages of Chelleh, Gowawer, and Gorsefid. By studying the cases, the type of violation and its amount were recorded and the legal materials from the sixth chapter of the Law of Protection and Exploitation of Forests and Ranges approved in 1967 were examined. In the current research, a descriptive-analytical method was used in the form of a quantitative content analysis method in order to evaluate the violations in the field of natural resources. The results showed that most cases of issues consist of fire (211 cases), while the frequency of saplings and tree cutting were 77 and 66, respectively. The frequency of cutting saplings and trees during the study period showed that the highest frequency of the aforementioned violation occurred in 2008, which was 1624 and 1505 for the saplings and trees, respectively. The number of fire events showed that its trend is increasing and the highest number occurred in 2016, which was equal to 31 items. In the three studied villages separately, the amount of sapling and tree cutting were higher than other types of issues. The statistical analysis results to analyze the significance of the difference between the mean issues indicated that there was no significant difference among the three villages, while the frequency of saplings and tree cutting has a significant difference. Besides, the Gorsefid and Chelleh, Gowawer and Chelleh villages have a significant difference in the number of fires, however, there was no significant difference between Gorsefid and Gowawer. Illegal grazing and fire events among the villages have significant differences. Generally, with the obtained results, it was proved that there are all kinds of issues in the studied villages such as fire, illegal grazing, cutting of trees and saplings, and smuggling of wood, firewood, and charcoal, which lead to the natural destruction of the region over time. Therefore, effective measures can be taken in this field by empowering and using the education of local communities in the use of nature, as well as applying strict laws to offenders.

The mortality of forest species, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, has been considered the main challenge of diverse ecosystems. The aim of this study is to compare the drying status of Persian oak and Mt. Atlas mastic tree in the Zagros forests in western Iran. To carry out this study, whole forests in the Gilan-e Gharb were considered. For this purpose, the entire surface was divided into equal parts with a sampling grid of 3000 × 3000 m2. The number of 92 sample plots with an area of 0.25 ha were considered for sampling at the intersection of the lines in the forests. Sampling of all the trees in the plots was done 100%. To determine the dryness ratio of the studied trees, based on objective observations, the ratio of the amount of dried branches to the whole tree was used. The results showed that the mean total stock is 39 m3 per hectare. The volume of oak and pistachio species is 34.1 and 8.4 m3/ha, respectively. The living stock of oak and pistachio species is 3.7 and 0.05 m3/ha, respectively, while their dried stock is 13.4 and 4.13 m3/ha, respectively. The highest frequency of dryness includes pistachio with degree 2 (46.94%), and the lowest percentage includes pistachio type with degree 4 (2.9%). The frequency of drying of these species is higher in the initial stages (1 and 2), it decreases in stages 3 and 4, however, in the completely dry state, the abundance of trees increases again. The abundance of fully dried Pistachio is much less than fully dried oak. The analysis results of the frequency variance of drying degrees in oak and Pistachio species show that the frequency of these species has no significant difference with a probability of 95%. The presence of dried pistachio trees with dried Persian oak species needs to be taken seriously, which shows the fragility of these forests.

Water use planning for irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions is incredibly imperative. The objective of irrigation operations in these areas is to make favorable humidity conditions for plants. The current study probes the water requirement and plant coefficient of adaptive tree species treated for afforestation and urban green space in the arid region of Robat Karim town. To determine the water requirement of biennial species of Ash, Tehran pine, Tree of heaven, Berry, Black maple, and Black locust, in the period from 1 May to 20 November 2018 for 7 months, in Robat Karim city, soil moisture monitoring daily and on the definite hour was monitored by Soil Moisture Meter tool in the greenhouse. According to the results, among the six studied species, the highest rate of evapotranspiration was related to the Berry (146 mm) in the first decade of July, the Ash (142 mm) in the first decade of July, and the Black maple is in the first decade of July (128.2), respectively. The lowest evapotranspiration rates include the Tehran pine (10.1 mm), the Tree of heaven (11/24 mm), and the black locust (16 mm), respectively, all three belong to the third decade of November. Similarly, the variations trend in plant coefficients was minimal in the initial stage. In the two stages of growth and development and the middle stage, plant coefficient increased along with full foliation and development of stems and aerial parts. The highest plant coefficient for the studied species occurs on average in October, which is about the end of the middle stage. Then, in the final stage, with decreasing photosynthetic activity, aging, and leaf fall (November), the amount of plant coefficient decreases. The quantity of cumulative water requirement of the studied species also shows that the order of cumulative water requirement of the studied

The main challenge to compromising with climate change from a management approach is dealing with the uncertainty of future climate changes. Analyzing the effect of climate change on tree species used for afforestation in Robat Karim as a city in the central arid regions of Iran was the purpose of this study. Afforestation with two-year seedlings of Mulberry (Morus alba), Tehran pine (Pinus eldarica), Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Ash (Fraxinus rotundifolia), Blackberry (Acer negundo), and, Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) took place after preparing the planting substrate in 2016. The diameter of the trunk, the height of the seedlings, the freshness of the leaves (good, medium, and pale), and the health of the seedlings (healthy, semi-healthy, infested) were measured during the planting. These parameters were measured again in 2022 after five years. Furthermore, to analyze the trend of seven climatic factors such as mean temperature (°C), mean maximum temperature (°C), the mean minimum temperature (°C), mean wind speed (m/s), the mean number of daily sunny hours from 1951 to 2021 and average reference evapotranspiration (mm) from 1991-2021, was carried out. The analysis results of climate elements showed that climate changes are taking place in the form of an increase in the mean annual temperature, an increase in the maximum and minimum temperature, a reduction in the total annual rainfall, a decrease in the wind speed, and an increase in the reference evaporation and transpiration. The number of Boxelder maple reached 80 trees, while the number of Tehran pine and Acacia seedlings did not change much and were equal to 145 individuals in 2022. The highest annual diameter growth rate includes Acacia and Tehran pine with 1.1 and 1.05 cm, respectively, while the lowest annual diameter growth rate involves black maple with 0.78 cm. The ANOVA test results to compare the condition of the trees in terms of the decay degree of the studied species in 2022 indicate a significant difference (p=0.05) between the studied groups. The priority is to determine native species and species such as Tehran pine and Acacia that can adapt to occurring tensions.

Fire is an integral part of many terrestrial biomes and one of the main causes of destruction in nature. This study investigates the cause and characteristics of wildfires in the middle Zagros ecosystem for two consecutive years. There have been recorded to conduct this research, whole fire events that occurred in the natural areas of Gilan-e Gharb in 2019 and 2020 during the fire season from late May to early December. The gathered data in this study include the region name, type of affected area by the fire (forest, non-wooden rangeland, wooden rangeland, and mixed forest-rangeland), the cause of the fire, date, duration, area, and its location. The results showed that the fire rate includes 11% in the forest, 47.8% in non-wooden pastures, 26.5% in wooden pastures, and 14.7% in mixed forests and pastures in 2019. The fire frequency was 50% in the forest, 38% in non-wooden pastures, 2% in wooden pastures, and 10% in mixed forest and pasture in 2020. The lowest and highest amount of burnt area in 2019 contains the forest (9.4%) and non-wooden pasture (53%), respectively. Furthermore, the lowest and highest portion of burned area in 2020 includes forest (7%) and mixed forest and pasture (42.6%). According to the available evidence, nearly 72% and 50% of the human causes of fire in 2019 and 2020, respectively. There are recreational factors, disputes, and conflicts. Duration of less than one hour for extinguishing fires has the highest frequency, the amount of which is about 36% and 14% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The highest frequency with 12 and 11 events includes the Cheleh in 2019 and 2020, respectively, among the common burned areas. In addition, among the factors compared in the study years, human factors of fire under the influence of different conditions have significant differences from each other (p=0.05). Therefore, it is essential to consider the structural causes and motivations of fire-causing factors that affect fire to reduce and avoid fire as much as possible.

The study of ecological roles of animals that live in forest stands is always considered as a missing link in studies related to forest science and ecology. The aim of current study is to investigate the ecological and socio-economic roles of brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) in the forests stands of northern Iran. This study uses library documents that include books on forest ecology, forestry, wildlife science, history, anthropology, environmental sociology, natural resource law and biography, as well as research reviews and sources including related articles and reports, exploration and searches throw internet and obtained relevant information, along with conducting unstructured interviews. Unstructured qualitative content analysis interviews were conducted with experts in the field of forest and wildlife ecology and individuals from indigenous communities who are in conflict with brown bears such as gardeners, beekeepers and ranchers. By releasing informants so that they can explore the issue quite freely from a variety of perspectives, and they can comment in any way they wish on the ecological and socio-economic roles of the brown bear in the forests of northern Iran. The studied documents show that biologically brown bears control populations of insects, invertebrates and small vertebrates, facilitate decomposition and decay of forest dead woods, perform natural pruning, accelerate the natural regeneration of forest trees, playing a scorching role in carnivores and reduce the risk of forest fires. Affects the forest. Socio-economically, it also damages livelihood activities such as beekeeping, horticulture and animal husbandry, thereby creating some beliefs about the animal. Awareness of ecological maps of forest animals such as brown bears in the movement and establishment of seeds of forest trees, soil fertility, natural habitat, etc. leads to the knowledge and awareness of decision makers and indigenous communities of animals and thus helps significantly in wildlife protection.

Deadwoods are the structural legacies components of natural stands that play a drastic function in understanding the developmental stages.

Therefore, the attending study emphasizes quantifying the deadwood statues in determining various dynamic steps in the forests of northern Iran. Compartment 326 was considered the Gorazbon district in the Kheyrud forest for this point. The 25 one-hectare sample plots were selected and their deadwood by the 100% sampling method. Standing deadwood (snag) with a diameter of more than 7.5 cm, which dried as a stem or trunk with a height of more than 1.3 m, was measured. The significance was assessed after the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normalization test through the ANOVA test for traits such as dead trees ' height, standing deadwood size, length of fallen deadwood, their frequency in diameter classes, and appearance.  

The mean abundance of beeches deadwood per hectare in the disturbance and legacy creation, pre-forest, canopy closure, mature forest, and old forest developmental stages are 23.2%, 16.85%, 7.6%, 16.6%, and 35.8%, respectively. The highest deadwood volume is related to the disturbance and legacy creation stage, and the least includes the canopy closure (162.75 and 7.45 m3. ha-1, respectively). Furthermore, the maximum mean deadwood volume in decay classifications 1, 2, 3, and 4 includes 69.35 m3. ha-1 for disturbance and legacy creation, 60.08 m3. ha-1 on disturbance and legacy creation, 25 m3. ha-1 on the old-growth, and 17.9 m3. ha-1 for old-growth, respectively. The ANOVA results revealed that the mean differences are significant in factors such as deadwood, their standing type (snag), falling type volume, and their appearance.

The deadwood frequency understanding at each development stage and perspectives provided optimal management of forest ecosystems and appropriate management interventions such as silviculture treatment, forest harvesting, and forest restoration.

The semi-parasitic European yellow mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus Jacq.) is one of the harmful and damaging factors to the Zagros forests. This study to analyze the causes of infected trees by European yellow mistletoe was conducted in the Ghalajeh forests in Kermanshah province. To carry out this study, completely infected trees were examined by using the tree-to-tree sampling method. Required data including habitat characteristics and host tree characteristics such as tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH), length of the tree, crown area, and severity of European yellow mistletoe infection recorded in three parts on crown through the DMR method. The results showed that Persian oak includes 80.4% of the region's trees. The state of tree infection to European yellow mistletoe showed that the highest infection rate consisted of the Persian oak species (91.9%). Typically, 60 and 65 cm diameter classes, 15-meter-high tree height, and 9 square-meter crown class had the highest infection. Among the physiographic factors in the study site, the highest impact on the abundance of European yellow mistletoe-infected trees is related to the altitude factor. The variance test results demonstrated a significant difference between the severity of infected trees in the DBH classes, height, and crown area of trees (p=0.5). By increasing the number of characteristics of trees (i.e. diameter, length, and crown area), the severity of infection increases.  Therefore, it suggested that to control the spread of mistletoe in different habitat conditions such as slope, altitude, geographical direction, two-story, and old-growth trees with outsized dimensions should be given priority.

One of the main limitations in arid and semi-arid regions is the allocation of water resources for green space development. Since water and drought stresses along with incorrect selection of species are the main factors that reduce seedling survival in the afforestation stages in arid and semi-arid regions, the aim of current study is to investigate the morphological characteristics of ash, Mullberry and ash leaved maple seedlings in the greenhouse and the feild under different water stress in Robat Karim town.

Robat Karim city is one of the towns of Tehran province with area of 275 square kilometers. To study the effect of water stress on morphological characteristics 20 saplings were planted in 4 repetitons in a completely randomized design. 5 saplings of each species were selected for water stress treatments. A total of 90 saplings including 5 repetitons and three drought levels (2, 4 and 6 days after reaching MAD point) were considered and tested for the above species in greenhouse and in field. The saplings that reached the MAD point were not irrigated immediately and were subjected to 3 drought stresses 2, 4 and 6 days after reaching the MAD point. Then the quantitative appearance characteristics of seedlings which include parameters of leaf numbers, leaf size, seedlings height, stem diameter, dry leaf weight, stem dry weight along with 2 qualitative characteristics of seedlings, which are leaf freshness and seedling health, were measured.

The results showed that the number of MAD period times in the greenhouse for Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill species was 29, Acer negundo 28 and Morus alba 32 and in the field for Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill species was 20, Acer negundo 20 and Morus alba 17 period times. Generaly, in all three studied species, in May, as the first month of research, the seedlings were in a very good condition. In other months, after being under different water stress (2, 4, 6 days), the number of leaves and leaf size have always decreased over time. In case of ash leaved maple, the number of leaves in the greenhouse area in August was zero (absolute defoliation).

Generaly, by increasing water stress, leaf number, leaf size, dry leaf weight, dry stem weight, leaf freshness and saplings health reduced. It seems that 6 days after reaching MAD point is the sutiable time to irrigate the saplings according to their Morphological characteristics. Considering to the appearance of seedlings during irrigation always helps to use water efficiently, prevent over-irrigation and under-irrigation of seedlings and save the relevant costs.

It is very important in forest planning to recognize forest types and their classification in similar or different groups, their distribution pattern, mixture, frequency, dominance and abundance at the various area. Therefore, the purpose of current research is to identify, classify and introduce forest types, also determine some structural parameters and, other statistical components on these types. For this study, randomized-systematic sampling was used. After the statistical calculations, eighty sample plots were deployed. To understand the natural regeneration condition, five sub-plots were measured in each plot in four directions and the center of the plot. The seedlings height includes <30, 30-130 and, >130 cm was measured with decimeter precision. In this study, forest types have been classified based on factors such as physiognomy, dominance, species composition, physiographic conditions, and forest type extension. The results showed that 17 tree species belonging to 17 genera and 13 plant families were identified. The mean volume per hectare was equal to 317 silv, which beech, maple and hornbeam species have the highest proportion. The volume per hectare of beech stands includes 440.8 silv. Totally, the number of trees per hectare comprises 485 trees. More than 52% of the total regeneration belongs >130 cm height, 17.62% belongs 30-130 cm height and 30% belongs <30 cm height. Among the species, Diospyros lotus, Box-plants, Ironwood, maple, and beech constitute the majority of regeneration, respectively.

The oak decline phenomenon, causes drying of crowns, decreasing the radial growth and eventually the death of oak trees. The first step in conduction a management program for control of this phenomenon is. Identification of the factors which are related to oak decline, is the first step in management of this phenomenon in Zagros oak forests. The aim of this study was collecting and identifying the oak borer beetles in the forests of Gilane Gharb region in southwestern of Kermanshah province. The required data were obtained by direct observation and field sampling. The samples were collected based on a systematic sampling pattern in 90 square plots (50 × 50 m) and all trees were surveyed in each plot. The borer beetles were collected by splitting the dried branches, cutting the trunk and branches and keeping them in proper condition. In this study, the damage symptoms of the borer beetles were observed on 61.3 percentage of oak trees. The collected buprestid borer beetles on the oak trees were identified as following:Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) degener (Scopoli, 1763), Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) ottomana (Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1840), Acmaeodera (Acmaeotethya) undulata (Abeille de Perrin, 1891), Acmaeodera (Acmaeodera) wethloi (Obenberger, 1940), Acmaeoderella (Carininota) impunctata (Abeille de Perrin, 1891), Capnodis anthracina (Fischer, 1830), Capnodis cariosa hauseri (Obenberger, 1928), Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) bagdadensis (Laporte & Gory, 1836), Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) escalerae (Abeille de Perrin, 1904), Perotis lugubris longicollis (Kraatz, 1880), Svatactesis johanidesi (Bílý, 1997). The most abundant species were P. lugubris, C. cariosa, A. undulata and A. wethloi, respectively.

Increasing green space and afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions has always been accompanied by water shortages. Species with lower water requirements have always been an executive policy in these areas. The aim of this study was to estimate the water requirement of Acer negundo and Pinus eldarica Medw as the main species that applied in green space of arid, outdoors, and greenhouses. For this study, soil field capacity, moisture limit, water requirement, and irrigation frequency of seedlings were determined. Then, the studied seedlings were subjected to two, four, and six water stress days after reaching the allowable point of moisture reduction. The results showed that the mean diameter and height of Afghan pine species at the beginning of the outdoor study period were 6.5 mm and 45.9 cm, and in the greenhouse were 5.6 mm and 46 cm, respectively. In addition, the average diameter and height of ash-leaved maple at the beginning of the experiment in the field were 7.7 mm and 97cm, and in the greenhouse were 9 mm and 80 cm, respectively. At the end of the period, these values were 10.2 and 111.8, 52 and 111 for outdoor space and 6.7 and 13, 52.3 and 104.1 for the greenhouse, respectively. For Afghan pine and ash-leaved maple, the fastest time to reach the allowable point of moisture reduction was 7 and 4 days in the greenhouse, 9, and 6 days in the field, respectively. The highest water consumption of Afghan pine in greenhouse and field on 19 to 20 June and on 1 to 2 May equal to 14.14 and 6.13% by volumetric water content; water content was 10.97 and 4.3% by weight water content. The highest moisture consumption of ash-leaved maple in greenhouses and arenas on 21 to 22 May and on 18 to 19 August equal to 11.58 and 4.03% by volumetric water content; the water content was 8.81% and 2.9% by weight water content. The results of this study showed that Afghan pine, as an evergreen species, has the highest tolerance to water shortage and has the lowest water requirement compared to ash-leaved maple. By knowing the number of water needs and irrigation cycle of species in the green space of metropolitan areas and economic savings in water consumption, we can try to develop new irrigation in these areas facing a water crisis.

Biological activities are underlying strategies against dust storms. The leaves, because of the larger surface in comparison with other parts of plant organs, are considered importantly for atmospheric dust filtration. The main purpose of this study was to compare the amount of dust deposited on the leaf surfaces of Quercus castaneifolia, Platanus orientalis, Pinus eldarica, and Ailanthus altissima in Chitgar Forest Park. Leaf samples were collected randomly from different heights of 5 individual trees in four main directions and washed thoroughly by distilled water. Dust particles of the solutions were dried-oven and were weighed. The leaf area was measured by Image J software. Results showed that dust precipitation on the leaves of pine trees are significantly higher compared to broadleaved trees. The average amount of precipitated particulate material was measured as 1.06 mg/cm2 in pine trees compared to 0.2, 0.23, and 0.28 mg/cm2 for Tree of heaven, Oak and Plane trees, respectively. Also, the area to perimeter ratio of studied species was lowest for pine (0.05) and the broadleaved species was calculated as 1.03, 1.02, and 1.55 respectively. Totally, our results showed that pine trees can better absorb the clouds of dust from the air.

Forest and rangeland fires are an uncontrollable type of fire that occurs in areas with flammable plants in nature. The study area is Gilan-e-Gharb city, which is located in Kermanshah province. In order to conduct this research were recorded all fires that occurred in national resources in the city of Gilan-e-Gharb in a fire season in 2019. The data collected in this study include the name of the place, the type of national sources (forest, rangeland, etc.), the fire date, the fire start and end time, the fire area, the fire duration, the area location as UTM. The results showed that 94% of natural resource fires have human causes and 6% of them related to natural causes. Among the human factors of fire, the most common cause of leakage (71.9%) is in fires. Among the human factors of fire, the recreational cause has the highest frequency (71.9%) on fires created in the national resources. The highest number of fires recurrences in the affected areas related to the Piakoleh and Miandar (Nawdar), Millianei, national resources adjacent to the village of Kolah-e-Daraz Olya and the Ghasem-Abad ridge. About 633 hectares of national resources in the region have affected by the fire, which the highest amount of them related to Shiakuh, Sarkesh and Paikoleh with about 150, 95 and 78 hectares, respectively. The highest rate of fire related to rangeland, which is about 48.4% of fires. There are six months of fires in the study area, and on average, there are a fire on every three days. Furthermore, on average, each fire takes about 46 minutes to control. The 30 minutes duration of fire has the highest frequency (29.7%) among diverse fire times. The highest rate of fire related to the fifth month of fire (October), which is equal to 29.7%. In order to effectively protection of natural resources, it suggested that the information obtained used to efficiently management, prevent and extinguish fires at the study area and the Zagros ecosystem in general.

Quantitative structure description can be used as one of the most important tools in forest management. The study of the structural characteristics of unique species such as Stinking Bean Trefoil (Anagyris foetida L.) has a high priority and its conservation is essential. Therefore, Current research is attempting to scrutinize the structural properties of this species. The study area with 930 hectares located on 7 kilometers east of Gilan-e Gharb city from Kermanshah province. For this study, the target range was first determined and then bounded using GPS. Subsequently, sampling was prepared by systematic-random sampling. Species type, diameter, height, canopy including main canopy and minor canopy were sampled. Furthermore, the distance and azimuth of each tree were calculated and recorded. The results showed that the most important tree species were Stinking Bean Trefoil, Oak, Fig and Hawthorn with 62.1%, 27.6%, 5.7% and 4.84% respectively. The cross section for Stinking Bean Trefoil is about 0.2 m3/ ha, for other species it is 0.5 m3/ha and for total stand about 0.74 m3. ha-1. Stinking Bean Trefoil, Persian oak and other species is 65.55%, 26.2% and 8.25%, respectively. Most of the indices showed clustered spatial pattern.

Since the creation of green space depends on the availability of water and dedicated water for irrigation of urban green space, green belts and afforestation in arid and semi-arid climates. Water availability has great value and should be used optimally with high efficiency. For this reason, in order to save water, planting species that need less water and at the same time have optimal growth efficiency has always been as an executive policy. The aim of current study is to estimate the water requirement of tree species in the field and greenhouse under different water stresses in Robat Karim town of Tehran province. This research has been done in both space of greenhouse and field by saplings of Robinia pseudoacania and Ailanthus altissima Mill and it was done in a completely random design in the field and greenhouse. This research has two stages and each stage consists of several phases. In the first stage, respectively soil field capacity, determining of MAD, determining water requirement of saplings through evapotranspiration were examined and in fact, by determining the water requirement of saplings, the irrigation cycle was determined. In the second stage, the studied saplings were subjected to water stresses 2, 4 and 6 days after reaching MAD and at each period, the physical characteristics data of the saplings were collected. Generally, the results of this study have shown that Robinia pseudoacania has a higher water requirement and more irrigation cycles in the field and greenhouse than Ailanthus altissima Mill.

In semi arid regions that are affected by drought, maintaining and developing vegetation and green space is facing by serious challenges of waterless. The purpose of this study is to compare the water requirement of Fraxinus rotundifolia and Morus alba as common species in Robat Karim, located in the southwest of Tehran province. This research was carried out in greenhouse and field and saplings of two tree species were planted in a completely randomized design in the field and inside the pots. This research has two stages and each stage consists of several phases. The results showed that in Fraxinus rotundifolia and Morus alba species, the fastest time to reach the MAD point respectively was 4 days (from 6 to 9 July), And 4 days (from 6 to 9 July, 10 to 13 July and 29 July to 1 August) in the greenhouse, And the fastest time to reach the

The increasing destruction of the Zagros forests ecosystem in recent years has doubled the need for valuation studies in this area. The progressive development of economic valuations methods in recent decade enables the application of the concept of payments for ecosystem services (PES) in order to conservation of forest biodiversity and habitate functions. In this study, the habitat value of North Zagros forests in Sarvabad basin of Kurdistan province was estimated through conditional valuation method (CVM) and logit model. For this purpose, 260 willingness to pay questionnaires based on Cochran's formula were completed. The internal consistency of the questionnaire items and the reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (77.6) and the validity of the items and questions was also judged by a group of related professors. The willingness to pay for habitat protection function was calculated through the logit regression model and using the median willingness to pay method. The expected amount of willingness to pay for the protection of the habitat value of the study area in this study was equal to 52825.8 Rials. Also, the annual value of habitat and wildlife protection of Sarvabad watershed was equal to 121254.6 million Rials and the annual conservation and habitat value of the whole basin (per hectare) was equal to 6.58 million Rials. The results confirms that people who have already visited the area, are members of environmental organizations, or have an environmental orientation are significantly more likely to accept a willingness to pay than those who do not.