فهرست مطالب mohsen saeidmanesh

 Hearing loss is a common disorder and out of every thousand children born, 2 to 3 children are born with moderate to severe hearing loss for various reasons. This problem, regardless of culture and communities, increases the challenge and hardship in families. Over time, hearing loss leads to anxiety, depression, isolation and loneliness in the individual and his family. If left untreated, hearing loss can become a psychological complication in the individual and his family. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transcranial Direct Current Stimulationon working memory and depression in mothers with deaf children.

In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test, 40 mothers with children with hearing problems in Yazd city were randomly selected from the available 20 of them in the experimental and 20 people were in the control group. Beck Depression Inventory (1988) and working memory scores were compared by n-back test before and after treatment. In the control group, each patient received 10 sessions of dummy electrical stimulation (20 minutes) and in the experimental group received 10 sessions of simultaneous anodic and cathodal stimulation (2 mA - 20 minutes) in the left and right dorsal peripheral cortex, respectively. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance.

 Data analysis showed that the scores of depression and working memory tests in mothers with children with hearing impairment immediately after active treatment (P = 0.01) compared with the control group with dummy electrical stimulation, respectively. Significance has decreased and increased.

According to the results of this study, it seems that direct electrical stimulation in the Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex increases the ability of working memory and improves depression in mothers with children with hearing problems and can be used in the rehabilitation program of these patients.

The present study was aimed to predict the degree of willingness to marry based on the quality of life and family performance in unmarried girls at Science and Arts University. The method of this research was descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of the present study was unmarried girls of the Faculty of Humanities of University of Science and Art in Yazd in 1401, whose number was 955. Sampling was done as available and 280 people (using Cochran's formula) of unmarried girls participated in the research. Since there was no presupposition of a hierarchy or an order of effects between the independent variables, data analysis was done through simultaneous multivariate regression. Epstein's family functioning questionnaire (1993), the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire (1989), and Porsad desire to marry (1983) were used to collect data. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The findings of the present study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between predictor variables (family functioning dimensions and quality of life dimensions) with a desire to marry (P<0.01). In the variable of family functioning, the subscales of communication, emotional companionship, emotional intercourse, and overall family functioning had a significant positive correlation at the significance level of 0.01, and the subscale of roles at the level of 0.05 had a significant positive correlation with the willingness to marry. Among the other subscales of the predictor variable of the research, i.e. quality of life, two subscales of environmental quality of life and psychological quality of life had a significant positive correlation with desire to marry at a significant level, P<0.01. Since the quality of life and family functioning have a significant relationship with the desire to marry, intervention programs to improve family functioning and quality of life in unmarried girls can be used to encourage and promote their marriage

Social anxiety is one of the most common disorders in adolescents. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on behavioral brain systems, self-efficacy, and rumination of adolescent girls with social anxiety disorder.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population included girls aged 12 to 18 years with social anxiety in Tehran City in academic year 2023. Using convenience sampling 30 people were selected and randomly assigned into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group participated in ACT for 8 sessions twice a week for 90 minutes, but the control group received no training. In this research, Nolen and Hoeksma's Rumination Questionnaire, Scherer et al.'s Self-efficacy Questionnaire, and Carver and Whait’s Brain-Behavioral Systems Questionnaire were used for pre-test and post-test evaluation. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results indicated that ACT had a significant effect on the reduction of rumination (Eta=0.49, F=26.91, p<0.001), and improvement of self-efficacy (Eta=0.61, F=43.56, p<0.001) and brain behavioral system (Eta=0.32, F=12.71, p<0.001) in adolescent girls of Tehran City.

It seems that treatment based on ACT had a good effect on rumination, self-efficacy, and brain-behavioral systems of teenage girls suffering from social anxiety. It is recommended to use ACT method in counseling centers to improve the health of adolescents with social anxiety disorder.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Effectiveness of remote cognitive-equilibrium tasks based cognitive rehabilitation on improving executive functions and reducing behavioral symptoms of children with ADHD. The present study was a semi-experimental, pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the included all children with attention ADHD aged 8 to 12 years. Using available sampling method, 30 children with ADHD were selected and replaced in two experimental (15people) and control (15people)groups using random replacement method. The research tools included Connors questionnaire for parents (1960), Quay and Patterson behavioral problems questionnaire (1987), brief executive function questionnaire (2000). The experimental group was trained for 10 sessions of 45 minutes in the format of two sessions a week, using the cognitive rehabilitation package based on balance-cognitive tasks of Baran, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done using (MANCOVA) to measure the effectiveness of remote cognitive rehabilitation using SPSS-26. The findings showed that remote cognitive rehabilitation based on balance-cognitive tasks (F = 82.952) and a significance level smaller than (0.001) has a significant effect on the component of executive functions. Also, cognitive rehabilitation through The round based on balance-cognitive tasks (F = 57.829) and the significance level is less than (0.001)) has a significant effect. Therefore, it was concluded that remote cognitive rehabilitation based on balance-cognitive tasks improves executive functions and reduces symptoms. The behavior of children with ADHD is affected.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurological disorder that begins with mild memory loss and progresses to severe impairment of executive and cognitive functions. This study aims to investigate the effect of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the working memory of patients with AD.

In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design, 30 patients with AD aged 55-75 years referred to neurology clinics in Yazd, Iran participated, who were selected using a convenience sampling method and divided into two groups of intervention (n=15) and control (n=15). Active memory was measured by a computerized n-back test, both in terms of reaction time and percentage of accuracy before and after treatment. In the control group, each patient received 10 sessions of inactive rTMS for 20 minutes, while the intervention group received 10 sessions of active rTMS for 20 minutes at a frequency of 10 Hz over the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance.

Data analysis results showed that the reaction time significantly decreased, and the percentage of accuracy significantly increased in the n-back test in the intervention group after receiving rTMS compared to the control group (P= 0.001).

It seems that rTMS over the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex can improve the working memory in patients with AD.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychological disorder, characterized by social skill deficits, language disorders, and repetitive behaviors.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the expressive language of children with ASD.

This semi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control-group design, was conducted on a statistical population of autistic children, aged 4-6 years, who were referred to the rehabilitation clinics of Yazd, Iran, during 2022. A total of 30 autistic children were randomly selected for this study. The scores of Newsha's Growth Assessment Test (2009) were compared in three intervals: before tDCS, after tDCS, and during follow-up. Data analysis was performed in SPSS Version 21, using repeated measures ANOVA.

The results of data analysis showed a significant difference in the mean expressive language scores of the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). The effect size of tDCS on expressive language scores was estimated at 0.421. The score of Newsha's Growth Assessment Test increased significantly in the experimental group after tDCS and during the follow-up compared to the control group (P=0.001).

The results showed that tDCS led to the improvement of the expressive language of children with ASD. Therefore, it is recommended to use this type of treatment as one of the complementary methods in the rehabilitation of ASD patients.

One of the effects of having a disabled child on the parents is the experience of anxiety. Parents, especially mothers, blame themselves for their child’s problems and disabilities, and this anxiety can endanger the child’s mental health. The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on the anxiety levels of mothers with hearing-impaired children.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/post-test design using a control group. The study population consists of all mothers with hearing-impaired children aged 30–40 years studying at Naghme School for the hearing-impaired in Yazd, Iran. A total of 30 mothers were selected using a purposive sampling technique and were randomly assigned into groups of control (n=15) and intervention (n=15). The intervention group received eight 90-minute sessions of compassion therapy, while the control group received no treatment. The Cattle Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ) was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The mean and standard deviation of the pretest CAQ score was 63.25±7.70 for the intervention group. After the treatment, the mean and standard deviation of CAQ score was 44.02±6.32 for the intervention group. The results of ANCOVA showed an improvement in the cattle anxiety questionnaire scores of adolescents after intervention (p<0.001).

Compassion-focused therapy can improve the anxiety levels of parents with hearing-impaired children. Therefore, the use of this treatment method is recommended to specialists in this field.

Talented students are the national assets of any country and not paying attention to them can cause psychological damage to individuals. In this study, the effect of the Pennsylvania resilience treatment program on procrastination and anxiety components in perfectionist intelligent adolescents in Dezful was investigated.

The research method was experimental and in the form of a pre-test and post-test research design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included adolescent girls aged 12 to 16 years who responded positively to the call. They were invited to the clinic and filled out the perfectionism questionnaire. Then, among them, 30 people with high perfectionism scores were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. A pre-test was performed on both groups and after the treatment sessions, a post-test was taken from both groups. Data collection tools were questionnaires by Solomon and Ratblum and the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI). 

Univariate analysis of covariance and analysis of covariance assumptions were used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the effect of academic procrastination scores in the pre-test stage was significant (p=0.32, F=5.145), meaning that there is a significant relationship between academic procrastination pre-test scores and post-test scores in this variable. Also, after controlling the pre-test scores, the effect of the group on the score of academic procrastination in the post-test stage was significant (p=0.001, F=23.50). Based on the observed averages, it can be concluded that resilience training by the Pennsylvania method has reduced academic procrastination by 46% in the post-examination phase. The effect of scores on the pre-test stage was also significant (P=0.026, F=7.565). This means that there is a significant relationship between the pre-test scores of anxiety and the post-test scores of this variable. Also, after controlling the pre-test scores, the effect of the group on the anxiety score in the post-test stage was significant (p=0.010, F=7.648). Based on the observed means, it can be concluded that resilience training by the Pennsylvania method has reduced anxiety by 22% in the post-test phase.

The results of the analysis showed that the Pennsylvania Resilience Program has reduced academic procrastination and anxiety in perfectionist intelligent teens.

Sand Play Therapy (SPT) is a psychotherapy and nonverbal method used for people with trauma, disabilities, and distress. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of SPT on aggression and emotional adjustment of children with a hearing impairment aged 5–7 years.

In this quasi-experiment study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group, 30 children aged 5–7 years with hearing impairment participated. They were randomly assigned into two groups: control and experimental. The research instruments were Sinha and Singh adjustment questionnaire and the Shahim aggression questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis.

There were statistically significant differences (score decrease) between the two study groups after the SPT in terms of aggression (p<0.05) and the emotional adjustment of children (p<0.05).

The results showed that SPT could decrease aggression and improve emotional adjustment in children with hearing loss. This method can be used to rehabilitate these children.

Background  and Objective Pain is one of the most common health problems that force people to seek treatment. It not only can cause discomfort, but also leads to severe, painful, and other consequences and affect a person’s life. For this reason, relief and pain control measures are the most important priorities for these people. This study aims to review the studies on the mindfulness-based therapies used separately or in combination with other medical methods for treating chronic pain.
Materials & Methods This is a narrative review study from February to June 2023 on the related articles by searching in databases such as MagIran, SID, Google Scholar, and PubMed using the keywords pain, pain disorders, and mindfulness. By applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and removing duplicates, 15 articles were finally reviewed.
Results Out of 15 studies, 13 studies were conducted in Iran, of which 2 were qualitative studies. The findings showed that mindfulness-based interventions are effective in reducing pain intensity and improving pain management in people with chronic pain.
Conclusion Mindfulness-based interventions can reduce pain by behavior modification and using cognitive therapies.

The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of teaching two methods of image exchange communication system and matrix teaching on language skills and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder. The method of this research was a semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. The statistical population includes all children referred to autism centers in Qom city in 2021 who had symptoms of the disorder according to DSM criteria and were diagnosed with autism disorder according to the centers and experts. 45 people (9 girls and 36 boys) were randomly selected from autism centers in Qom province and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were subjected the 6-step treatment of the picture exchange communication system and matrix training individually for 3 months and 4 sessions of 15 to 20 minutes each week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. In this research, expressive and receptive and speaking language tests of Nyusha Development and Autism Social Skills Profile were used to collect data. SPSS 26 software was used for data analysis and the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis was used. The final results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of matrix training and PEX treatment (p<0.05). Based on the results, both interventions were effective, but it can be said that the communication system of image exchange is more effective in the language skills and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder.

</span> A learning disability is a developmental neurological disorder of biological origin, causing abnormalities at the cognitive level. Psychomotor development relies on the organization of the body program, body balance, and lateral superiority. Motor skills play a significant role in children's learning and development of academic and social skills. Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation (tDCS) of the brain, a noninvasive technique, is used to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. The portable tDCS is a wearable brain stimulation technique that delivers a low electric current to the scalp. tDCS neuromodulation technique produces immediate and lasting changes in brain function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tDCS in the primary motor cortex on the speed of hand preference transfer in children with learning disabilities in overt and covert learning conditions</span>. </span></span></span>

The current research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The study population comprised 220 children with learning disabilities referred to the Yazd Education District clinics, in Yazd City, Iran. The study sample included 60 right-handed children with learning disabilities, aged 9-12 years. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups of 15 students. Thirty children were randomly placed in two groups of 15: explicit learning intervention and explicit learning control. Similarly, 30 other children were divided into two groups of 15: implicit learning intervention and implicit learning control. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having an age range of 9-12 years, diagnosis of learning disorder (based on psychiatric records available in children's counseling and rehabilitation centers), no disorder associated with learning disorder, right-handedness (based on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory), having normal intelligence (according to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale), not taking psychiatric medication, lacking vision and hearing defects and history of seizures, and consent of their parents to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: observation of seizures during stimulation sessions and regular non-attendance in tDCS sessions. Before the intervention, the subjects were administered the Serial Reaction Time Task software (Nissen & Bullemer, 1987) and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971). The children in the intervention group received 1.5 mA transcranial electrical brain stimulation treatment for 20 minutes in 10 continuous daily sessions. After the intervention, the children were asked to perform the Serial Reaction Time Task. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive statistics indices, including mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including mixed variance analysis, Bonferroni post hoc test, and correlated t test, were performed using SPSS version 18 software. The significance level for all tests was 0.05.</span>

</span> The results for the speed of hand preference transfer of the left hand of children with learning disabilities showed that the main effect of block and learning type were significant (p<0.001). However, other effects were not significant (p>0.05). The results for the speed of hand preference transfer of the right hand of children with learning disabilities showed that the main effects of block and brain stimulation and the interactive effect of block and type of learning were significant (p<0.001). However, other effects were not significant (p>0.05).</span></span></span>

</span> According to the results, the effect of tDCS in the primary motor cortex on the speed of between-hand transfer in children with learning disabilities is effective in overt and covert learning conditions. Therefore, this treatment can be used along with other treatment methods in children with learning disabilities.</span></span></span></span>

Adolescence is the most appropriate period for personality formation in developmental psychology. One of the effective factors in the emergence of self–injury behaviors is the Ego. It refers to the second personality structure in Freud's theory, created by the forces in the Id. Ego functions include communication with reality, regulation, and control of instinctual forces, object relations, thought processing, defense functions, and combination and judgment functions. Another effective factor in self–injury behavior is personality. It is roughly the unique style of a human being in matching with the environment, which is somewhat different from other people's styles. By examining the Ego variable and clinical personality patterns, it is possible to identify teenagers prone to self–harm behaviors and prevent them by appropriate psychological interventions. Therefore, this research aims to predict self–harm behavior based on the sense of Ego strength and clinical personality patterns in adolescents with self–harm disorder.

The method of the present study was descriptive–correlational according to the nature of the study subject and the intended objectives. The study population comprised all adolescents living in Yazd City, Iran, in 2021. The participants were selected by available sampling, and the sample size was calculated as 100. In this research, according to the study topic, the required information about the theoretical foundations of the variables has been collected using the library and field methods. The inclusion criteria were as follows: the subject was between 14 and 18 years old, motivated to enter the research, and had a history of self–injury. The exclusion criterion was not completing the questionnaires. The study data were collected via the Inventory of Statements about Self–injury (ISAS) (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009), Psychosocial Inventory Ego Strengths (Markstrom et al., 1997), and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI–III) (Millon, 1994). To analyze the data at the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and at the level of inferential statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS version 24. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

Strong sense of Ego could predict self–injury behavior (p=0.002, β=0.226). Also, personalities of schizoid (p=0.001, β=0.310), avoidant (p=0.011, β=0.655), depressed (p<0.001, β=0.572), dependent (p=0.031, β=0.154), dramatic (p=0.042, β=0.426), narcissistic (p=0.022, β=0.614), antisocial (p=0.002, β=0.431), negativity (p=0.010, β=0.423), other harassment (p=0.005, β=0.218), self–harm (p<0.001, β=0.648), obsessive (p=0.038, β=0.129), paranoid (p=0.024, β=0.408), and borderline (p<0.001, β=0.519) could predict self–injury behaviors in adolescents.

According to the research findings on the predictive role of clinical personality patterns and the strong sense of Ego in the self–harm behavior of adolescents, we recommend that experts pay attention to these issues to prevent and treat self–harm behavior in adolescents.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of emotionally focused therapy (eft) on nightmares and emotional instability in people with borderline personality disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research was all patients with borderline personality disorder who were referred to a neuropsychiatric clinic in Yazd in 1401. Among them, 40 qualified volunteers were included in the study by Purposive sampling based on the entry and exit criteria of the research and then the people were randomly replaced into two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of emotionally focused therapy, while the control group remained on the waiting list. The research tools included Schizotypal Trait questionnaire-Bform(STB) (Jackson & Claridge, 1991), Disturbing Dreams and Nightmares Severity Index (DDNSI) (Krakow, 2002), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that after controlling for the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the variables of nightmares and emotional instability in the post-test stage (P <0.001, F=53). based on the findings of this research, it is concluded that emotionally focused therapy is effective in improving nightmares and emotional instability of people with a borderline personality disorder.

The present study was entitled "Predicting adolescents' emotional self-awareness based on parenting stress, parenting styles and parental self-criticism among families in Yazd" in 1400. This research is a descriptive-correlative study with a survey method. The statistical population of this study was all adolescents (12-19 years old) with their parents. 220 adolescents with one of their parents who were available were selected as a sample. Data was collected by Reef et al.'s(2007) Emotional Self-Awareness Questionnaire, Abidin Parenting Stress(1990), Baumrind Parenting Style(1991), and Thompson and Zuroff(2004) Self-Criticism Questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that all three variables of parenting stress, parenting style, and parents' self-criticism directly related to adolescent emotional self-awareness. inverse and significant relationship between Parental self-criticism and adolescent emotional self-awareness (P<0.001), inverse and significant relationship between parenting stress and emotional self-awareness(P<0.05), direct and significant relationship authoritative parenting style and emotional self-awareness (P< 0/001), significant inverse relationship between permissive parenting style and emotional self-awareness (P< 0/001) and no significant relationship was found between authoritarian parenting style and emotional self-awareness (P>0/05). Therefore, It can be concluded that parental self-criticism, parenting stress, and parenting style directly affect adolescents’ emotional awareness

Test anxiety is one of the most common psychological problems in the study period and has important psychological consequences. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of stress-based mindfulness therapy and direct electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex in improving anxiety symptoms in students with test anxiety. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a control group and pre-test, post-test and follow-up design. The statistical population included all students with anxiety disorder in the first year of high school in Ashkzar in 2020, 48 of whom were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group. To collect data, Friedman (1997) test anxiety questionnaire was performed on both experimental groups. Experiment group "A" received 8 sessions of one-hour mindfulness intervention based on stress reduction and experimental group "B" received 10 sessions of 20 minutes of direct electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex, during which the control group did not receive treatment. At the end of the interventions, post-test was performed again in all three groups and finally a two-month follow-up was performed. The results showed that mindfulness therapy based on stress reduction and direct stimulation of the cerebral cortex were both effective in improving anxiety symptoms (p<0.05). Compared to the two methods on reducing test anxiety symptoms, the effectiveness of stress-based mindfulness was stronger. According to the results, mindfulness-based techniques and direct stimulation of the cerebral cortex can be used to reduce students' test anxiety symptoms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive – behavioral play therapy integrated with Adlerian therapy on behavioral problems of children aged 6 to 12 years old with generalized anxiety disorder..

this study was conducted as Semiexperimental and statistical population was all reffed to the In order to the golshan consulting center of meybod conduct research, 30 children 6 to 12 year old with pervasive anxiety disorder were randomly selected from the respondents and randomly in two groups that were placed at control groups (15 people) and experiment groups (15people). Participants were screened by Spence 's anxiety letter from the parents ' form . The questionnaire was used in the pre - test and postteststage to determine the behavioral problems and determination of intervention effectiveness . There were 11 treatments for the experiment group, and no treatment was made for the control group. Then,

the hypotheses were investigated using the multivariate statistical analysis test and the amount of effects for total behavioral problems total (0/925), for internal behavioral problems (0/921), and for the internal behavioral problems 0/631 of the structure respectively.

These results suggest that cognitive behavioral play therapy integrated with Adlerian therapy has been effective on the behavioral problems of children with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of enriched with compassion acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) on psychological well-being and suicidal tendency in adolescents with parents with chronic psychological illness.

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest design using a control group. The study population consists of all adolescents who have parents with chronic psychological illnesses aged between twelve and eighteen years in Yazd, Iran. A total of thirty adolescents were selected by the available sampling technique and were randomly assigned into groups of control and intervention each containing fifteen persons. The intervention group received acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) enriched with the compassion program during ten sessions of two hours, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Ryff’s psychological well-being scale (RPWBS), and Multi-attitude suicide tendency scale (MAST), were used to collect data. Post-test was performed on both experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis. 

The findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) enriched with compassion was effective on psychological well-being(f=22/67, p≤0/001) and reduce suicidal tendency(f=12/45, p≤0/002) in adolescents who have parents with chronic psychological disease.

We can conclude that acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) enriched with compassion was effective on psychological well-being and suicidal tendency in adolescents who have parents with chronic psychological disease.

In developing countries, two-thirds of people do not have access to psychotherapy insurance services. Nowadays, self-help mental health software, without supervision by a therapist, has increased dramatically among the young. The present study has been conducted with the aim of reviewing the ethical issues concerning the use of self-help mobile-based healthcare software in mental healthcare.

In this narrative review, first, the articles indexed from 2000 to 2022 were searched in valid nationaland international databases: SID, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar search engine. The keywords included e-health, mental health, intervention, software, internet, messenger,mobile phone, ethics, efficacyand self-help. Twenty-five articles were retrieved and reviewed. Then the ethical considerations were extracted and analyzed based on the four principles of biomedical ethics.

Ethical Considerations:

All ethical issues have been observed in this study, including unbiased citation, literature originalityand trustworthiness.

According to the current study, the ethical advantages of self-help mental health software include availability, anonymity, equality opportunity, immediate support, ease, attractiveness for the userand cost-effectiveness. They also have certain ethical disadvantages including the potential of being harmful, the need for internet literacy and access, ignoring the user's psychological characteristics, the user’s lack of ability to recognize when he/she may require higher levels of psychotherapy, the possibility of not taking enough therapy sessions, the users’ lack of skill in choosing the proper softwareand the inadequate management of treatment motivation.

Due to the potential of mental harm, this software must be used with the help and under the supervision of therapists. Personalization in the design of these software in accordance with the user's needs, cultural compatibility, moving towards game therapy, as well as determining its effectiveness by therapists are among the leading perspectives in this regard

Having a disabled child in a family has many negative consequences for parents. Therefore, the use of effective psychological interventions to reduce these effects is very important; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Gottman couple therapy on communication skills and family function in couples with disabled children.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all parents with children with physically disabled and mental disabilities in 2021 who referred to rehabilitation clinics in Yazd. 30 people were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups; experimental group received Gottman couple therapy in 8 online sessions of 90 minutes; all subjects completed McMaster family assessment device (FAD) of Epstein et al. (1983) and the Jerabek communication skills inventory (2004); Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26.

The results of data analysis showed that Guttman's couple therapy intervention is effective on communication skills and family functioning in couples with disabled children (p <0.05).

According to the findings of this study, Guttman's couple therapy intervention can be used as a method of empowering couples with disabled children.

Adolescents with hearing loss face many communication problems and challenges due to their hearing impairment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of psychodrama on communication skills of adolescents with hearing loss.

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest design using a control group. The study population consists of all adolescents with hearing loss aged 12–15 years studying at Naghme School for the Deaf in Yazd, Iran. A total of 24 adolescents were selected using a purposive sampling technique and were randomly assigned into groups of control (n=12) and intervention (n=12). The intervention group received psychodrama at nine sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group received no treatment. The Queendom Communication Skills Test (QCST) was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Psychodrama can improve communication skills of adolescents with hearing loss, which is verbal communication.

The mean and standard deviation of the pretest QCST score was 78.75±9.4 for the intervention group. After the treatment, the QCST scores was 105.08±6.28 for the intervention group. The results of ANCOVA showed an improvement in Queendom Communication Skills Test scores of adolescents after intervention (p<0.001).

The purpose of this prediction was women's sexual satisfaction based on marital commitment, marital intimacy and attachment styles during the COVID-19.

The statistical population of this study consisted of all married women in Taft city with a number of more than 100 thousand people, of whom 138 people were selected as the research sample based on the proposed formula of Tabachenik & Fidel (2007) and available sampling method. They completed Yavari Kermani and Bahreiniyan Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (2009), Marital Commitment of Adams and Jones (1997), Marital Intimacy Questionnaire of Stephan, Vanden Brouck & Hans Bertommen (1997) and Besharat (2000) Attachment Questionnaire online. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis in SPSS-26 were used to analyze the data.

The results of data analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between marital commitment (commitment to spouse, commitment to marriage and feeling of commitment), intimacy of couples (intimacy index, agreement, honesty, love and adherence to commitments) and secure attachment style with sexual satisfaction (P <0.05). In addition, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant negative relationship between avoidant and ambivalent / anxious attachment style with sexual satisfaction (P <0.05). The results of multiple regression in a stepwise model also showed that the component of commitment to marriage; the components of love and affection and the degree of agreement and secure attachment style were able to predict sexual satisfaction (P <0.05).  

Based on the results, it can be found that marital commitment, marital intimacy and attachment style are able to predict marital sexual satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of compassion therapy on guilt, perfectionism and schema of shame in children of police officer. This research was a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. For this purpose, from the statistical population of this study, which included adolescence aged 12-18 years, 30 adolescences were selected availably and then randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Kogler and Jones (1992), Hill Perfectionism (2004) and Young Schema (1998) questionnaires of guilt were administered to both groups and then the experimental group underwent compassion therapy based on Gilbert's treatment plan in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. At the end of the training course, in order to evaluate the effect of training, both experimental and control groups completed the research questionnaires again. The results were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANOVA) with SPSS22. The results of data analysis showed that compassion therapy on guilt, perfectionism and the schema of defect and shame was effective (p< 0/05). Therefore, the findings of this study can lead to positive consequences for the application of compassion therapy in reducing guilt, perfectionism and schema of imperfection and shame in adolescents.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on the level of hope in male high school students with drug-dependent parents. The Method was quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest, and follow-up period with the control group. Sample members were 30 people who were selected by available and voluntary sampling method from all high school male students in Koushkuyeh who were studying in 2018-2019 and had a drug-dependent parent. They were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The Instrument used was Snyder Hope Questionnaire which was used in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up period. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the research findings. The results of examining the dimensions of hope and its subscales in the post-test measurement and follow-up stages after adjusting for the pre-test effect showed that acceptance and commitment-based therapy significantly improved the hope of high school male students. This effect was lasting in the follow-up phase. Thus, acceptance therapy techniques seem to enable adolescents to gain a more realistic awareness and insight into their parents' issues and acquire the necessary ways to increase life expectancy.

Deficits in executive functions, such as behavioral adjustment skills (inhibition, attention transfer, emotion control) and metacognitive skills (planning, organizing materials, monitoring, working memory, initiation) and weak reading, writing, and maths, are common symptoms in learning disabilities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) on executive functions of children with learning disabilities in Yazd province.

A semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group study was conducted. The statistical population included all students with learning disabilities in Yazd province during 2018-2019. A total of 30 students were selected as the sample group using the Purposeful sampling method.  We randomly divided the participants into two control and experimental groups (n = 15 each). The research tool was the executive functions questionnaire of Bariff (Gerard et al., 2000). The experimental group was exposed to 1.5 milliamperes direct and weak current by inserting the anode electrode 5 x 5 cm in the left posterior forehead area (FZ) and also exposed to 1 milliampere current by inserting the cathode 5 x 7 cm on the right forearm, for 10 sessions, each session lasting for 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate covariance analysis (Mankova) as well as independent t-test.

The results showed that Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) has been effective in both behavioral regulation skills (inhibition, attention transfer, emotion control) and metacognitive skills (planning, organizing materials, monitoring, working memory, initiation).

According to the results, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) seems effective in improving the executive functions of children with learning disabilities as well as their behavioral and cognitive skills.