فهرست مطالب mohsen yazdani

Dutasteride was potentially proposed to control chronic pain by Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibition through its effect on TLR4 expression, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), secretory Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) in the Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated U-87 MG cell line. Human astrocytoma U-87 MG cell line was cultured and incubated with 10 μg/mL of LPS for 24 hours to create a neuro-inflammation model, using two different treatment approaches. The first approach included LPS treatment for 24 hours, followed by dutasteride (20 μg/mL) incubation for the next 72 hours. In the second treatment approach, the cells were co-incubated with LPS and dutasteride for 72 hours. Expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κBp65, and secretory IL-1 was evaluated by Western blotting while expression of NO was assessed by NO assay. TLR4, MyD88, NF-κBp65, and secretory IL-1β levels increased in LPS-treated cells after 24 hours. Dutasteride significantly decreased the secretion of NO and also, the levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κBp65 in both treatment approaches. No difference in IL-1β level was seen with the second treatment approach. Dutasteride has anti-inflammatory properties and probably analgesic effects, by mechanisms different from conventional analgesics.

Poor hospital Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) may result in various occupational hazards, hospital-acquired infections, and sick hospital syndrome. Air-control measures are vital to reduce airborne biological particle dissemination in hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters in decreasing indoor fungal pollution in an organ transplantation hospital in Mashhad.

In this work, 96 specimens were collected from the air of three operating rooms and the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) ward. Sampling was performed using National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH-0800) instructions in two stages before and after using HEPA filters. Fungal density was reported based on the number of colonies per m3(CFU/m3).

According to the results before using HEPA filters, the colony frequency of Aspergillus was 50%, which was the highest among the detected fungi. Penicillium with a frequency of 23% was followed by Aspergillus. After using HEPA filters, the frequency of Aspergillus and Penicillium decreased by 40% and 6% to 10% and 17%, respectively. The mean concentrations of fungi in all three operating rooms and ICU before use and after using HEPA filters were 9.52 and 3.11 (CFU/m3), respectively indicating a reduction of about 67%, which is statistically significant (P≤0.005).

Hence, using these filters is recommended considering the good performance and high efficiency of HEPA filters in reducing fungal contamination and its consequences.

After SARS and MERS outbreaks, COVID-19 is the third coronavirus epidemic that soon turned into a pandemic. This virus causes acute respiratory syndrome in infected people. The mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection will probably rise unless efficient treatments or vaccines are developed. The global funding and medical communities have started performing more than five hundred clinical examinations on a broad spectrum of repurposed drugs to acquire effective treatments. Besides, other novel treatment approaches have also recently emerged, including cellular host-directed therapies. They counteract the unwanted responses of the host immune system that led to the severe pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. This brief review focuses on Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) principles in treating the COVID-19. The US clinical trials database and the world health organization database for clinical trials have reported 82 clinical trials (altogether) exploring the effects of MSCs in COVID-19 treatment. MSCs also had better be tried for treating other pathogens worldwide. MSC treatment may have the potential to end the high mortality rate of COVID-19. Besides, it also limits the long-term inability of survivors.

In this paper, a thermodynamic modeling and a comprehensive performance analysis of a real integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) power plant are performed. The performance of the plant cycle is assessed in an off-design condition and in two operation modes of power-boosting and of fuel-saving. Such an approach has not been considered for an ISCC plant in previous studies. Yazd ISCC, as a case study, consists of parabolic collectors which are connected to a combined cycle section. The presented simulation results cover different times of the day and the twelve months of the year. According to these results, in the power-boosting mode, the steam production of the fossil section is reduced by 12 kg/s from 6:00 AM to 3:00 PM on the design day while the solar steam increases by 36 kg/s. By stabilizing the oil temperature on 392°C, the control philosophy of the starting of steam production in the solar field is also discussed. In the fuel-saving mode, if the solar field is in service, the fuel consumption of the auxiliary burners is reduced by 28,000 kg on the design day. The results of this paper indicate that the power output of ISCCs is more stable than the conventional combined cycles on the hot days of the year.

The most logical decision when making a device is to apply the principles of ergonomics in the design stage. One of the main goals of computer application in ergonomics is to develop a tool that allows the product to be evaluated at the beginning of the design process.

The study was conducted at a paint spraying unit at a home appliance factory. Then, the digital model of the posture was simulated in CATIA software with the most deviation from the normal state. After evaluation by Rola method, biomechanical analysis was performed on the human model. Finally, according to the results of RULLA, ergonomic interventions were performed in the software and the new workstation was re-evaluated. The study also looked at a personchr('39')s biomechanical status, such as the loads on the spine, the force and torque applied to the mannequin joints during color spraying.

The final score of the color spray posture evaluation showed that it is at the level of corrective measures 4 and immediate changes are needed. In this posture, the position of the forearm, muscles, wrists and arms, legs, upper body and neck was inappropriate. Proposed interventions included seat design and weight adjustment of the spray gun.

The results showed that by focusing on the organs under pressure and presenting an ergonomic design with the aim of reducing the pressure with CATIA software, musculoskeletal problems can be significantly solved.

SARS-CoV-2, as a major threat to human health and economy, has brought in uncertain consequences in the early decade of the 21st century. Since no antiviral therapy or effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is currently available, deciphering the possible mechanisms by which the host responds to the virus seems critical, as it may affect the scientific community around the world toward the development of novel therapeutics. Here, we identified the key regulatory molecules modulating the host response to SARS-CoV-2 that affected the transcriptional profiles of respiratory infections in vitro.

We used the data recently published on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on two lung cell lines. We selected the shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two cell lines. To find the key regulatory molecules, we used transcription factors-miRNA-gene interaction databases and analyzed the data using the FANMOD software to detect the crucial regulatory motifs. Cytoscape was then applied to construct the network. We used the KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to predict the probable intermediating biochemical pathways and biological processes.

Our data demonstrated that four triangle-shaped (3edge) feed-forward loop motifs (FFLs) played significant roles, and the integrated FFLs subnetwork was constructed. STAT1, IRF9, IRF7, and PRK12 were the genes shared among them. The most important biological processes relating to the effect of the new virus were linked to response to cytokine, innate immune response, and adaptive immune response. Besides, significantly enriched pathways associated with other different viral infections included the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like (NOD-like) receptor signaling pathway, and the Jak-STAT signaling pathway.

Most of the pathways were related to the cytokines storm that may contribute to different levels of lung injury. These regulatory motifs shed light on the transcriptional signature of the respiratory cells and may be responsible for the development of COVID-19 or can also be used as a potential target for further drug therapies or vaccines.

The use of new technologies has positive and negative effects on human society. Loudspeakers and sound systems can also make harm to humans and noise pollution. Shiite religious ceremonies have special religious occasions in addition to the five prayers and religious lectures. The high performance of audio systems in mourning applications requires proper use of this technology. The purpose of this study was to determine the sound pressure level in religious centers and on various religious occasions in mosques and chapels of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the sound pressure level was surveyed in all active mosques and chapels at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2016. To determine the sound pressure level distribution, TES 1358 was used to measure the noise level.

The mean sound pressure levels in the endowment, lecture, and mourning ceremonies were 87.14, 90.31 and 93.91 dB respectively. Comparison of the sound pressure level in the A-weighting network in a  mourning ceremony with the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization standards showed a significant difference (P-value = 0.013).

Since the average time for holding religious ceremonies and celebrations is up to 2 hours, the audio players and design of the interiors should be adjusted to a maximum sound pressure level of 80 dB. Keywords:Sound Pressure Level, Mosques, Religious Ceremonies, University of Medical Sciences

Accumulating evidence indicates that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a critical role in promoting adaptive immune responses and are definitively involved in the expansion and maintenance of the neuropathic pain. However, the application of docking in virtual-screening in silico methods to drug discovery has some challenge but it allows us to make the directed and meaningful design of drugs for a target protein, which can be shortening and low costing the evolution and discovery of very promising lead new drugs. Nevertheless, in parallel with virtual screening methods, attendant developments in cell culture and in vivo studies must be achieved. In the present paper, we aimed to discover new drugs that have the ability to bind and inhibit TLR4 functions. So, after using the Pathway studio to investigate the biological pathways and protein interaction maps between TLR4 and neuropathy, we reported the application of the affinity-based approach of different pharmaceuticals; these agents contained all of the approved drugs; which could bind to Toll-like receptor 4 in blind high-throughput in silico screening. Our results demonstrated that among the primary list of 1945 retrieved compounds, 39 approved compounds could be the right candidate to perform a biological test in different in vivo and in vitro conditions and as a lead for further neurophysiological and neuropathological studies and treatment of neuropathic pain.

Pistachio hull, a by-product of pistachio processing, is a source of environmental pollution and can cause the health problems. Therefore, it must be treated by proper, sanitary and economical manners. One of the basic parameters for compost valuation is determine the amount of heavy metals. The objective of the present study was to determiner the concentration of heavy metals (pb, Cd, cr, Zn, Ni, Cu ) in the compost produced from mixed pistachio hull and livestock and compare levels of heavy metals with the limits of international and internal standards. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional that in sampling was two-stage in September 2014 and October 2015. Among total from 2 composting pile, compound sampling based, 26 sample were selected. After digestion of the samples, the concentrations of metals (Pb ,Cd, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni) by means of atomic absorption analysis and the concentration of a component in the sample based on mg/kg dw were reported. The results were analyzed by using Excel and SPSS software. The heavy metals examined in the composted pistachio hull mixed with livestock waste were as follows: pb as 67.09, Cr as 49.58 Cd as 2.84, Cu as 107.95, Zn as 188.24, Ni as 79.75 (mg/kg dw), respectively. Compare the average concentration of heavy metals in samples with Iran and EPA Astandrads showing concentrations of heavy metals in all samples (except metal cu) are less than the standard limit. Based on the results, compost produced from pistachio skin and livestock waste the of heavy metals hygienic standards adhered to and usability of its environmental objectives.

Corrosion and Scaling in distribution network pipes is one of the most important indices in water quality evaluation and one of the most common environmental phenomena that deteriorate water quality, color, odor, taste and also increases the concentration of heavy metals in water. Corrosion causes entry of bye-products to water and decreases pipe life and sedimentation, reduces the flow rate and the efficiency of valves and fittings. The purpose of this study was to determine the corrosion or Scaling state of drinking water in Mashhad in 2017.
Material and In this study, 72 samples were taken during 2017 to evaluate water quality characteristics, and analyzed based on the standard methods. Then, three indices including Langlier, Ryznar and Aggressiveness Indices were programmed in Excel software and based on this, Corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water were determined. Results showed that the averages of Langlier, Ryznar and Aggressiveness Indices for water were 0.14±0.48, 6.67±0.38 and 12.23±0.23, respectively. According to the Langlier and Ryznar indices, 86.1% of total samples had low scaling potential and according to Aggressive index 97.2% of total samples had scaling. Also, the results showed that 58.33% of the samples were low scaling in spring and other samples were high scaling. In addition, in the summer, 33.3% of the total samples were high scaling and other samples were low scaling. The results showed that drinking water of Mashhad city was Scaling. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to control scaling in distribution network pipes, especially in areas located in high scaling zones.

Exposure to formaldehyde in ambient air has attracted a great attention, due to harmful health effects. This study was aimed to determine formaldehyde concentration in winter and spring seasons, in Azadi square region, Tehran, and the relation of variations of CO, NO2, O3, temperature and humidity with formaldehyde concentration was modeled based on Response Surface Methodology.  This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014–2015 in Tehran. For measuring the formaldehyde concentration, NIOSH3500 method was employed. The concentration of formaldehyde was detected at 580 nm wavelengths by PerkinElmer LAMBDA spectrophotometer model of 25UV/Vis. Data of CO, NO2 and O3 concentration were attained from Tehran Air Quality Control Company. SPSS 16 and Design Expert (version 7) were used for analyzing data. Results showed the concentration of formaldehyde in the spring was on average 4.7 ppb more compared to winter season. The Model fitted for the prediction of formaldehyde showed a significant p-value (<0.001). Moreover, the R2 and Adj-R2 values were obtained about 0.8237 and 0.7607. In this model, it is observed the parameters of CO, NO2, O3 and temperature has a direct relation with the variations of formaldehyde, and humidity has an indirect relation.

 Results indicated formaldehyde concentration in spring season is on overage higher than winter spring. The fitted model showed the CO, NO2, O3 and temperature is in a direct correlation with formaldehyde changes in ambient air, and humidity is in an indirect correlation.

among the different type of antibiotics, the tetracycline occupied the 2end level of the more prevalence types in produce and use aspect worldwide and their existence in domestic wastewater will pollute our water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of US/UV/H2O2 processes when reduction of tetracycline antibiotic from an aqueous environment was objected.
Material and the current experimental study use the ultrasonic bath simultaneously with ultraviolet wave and hydrogen peroxide. To detect the effect of variables include contact time(5-60 min), the antibiotic concentration (5-25 mg/l), pH(3-10), hydrogen peroxide concentration (5-20 mg/l) and the input power (90- 300 W) of instrument in process, the reactor has been sampled in different intervals and the residue concentration to be used to detect with spectrophotometer instrument in 261 nm length wave.
the result have been showed that the separately use of UV and US will not take a high performance with the best removal percent of 16% and 32%. Simultaneously use of US/UV/H2O2 cached a more highly reduction in tetracycline concentration and the best reduction was 83 % removal that took place in pH= 4.5, antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/I, input power of 240 W, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 20 mg/l, time equal with 50 min.
the result have been showed that the US/UV/H2O2 process can be used as a performance process to remove the tetracycline antibiotic from an aqueous environment.

Tetracycline is known as the second high consumed groups of antibiotics throughout the world, which their entrance into the domestic wastewater will lead to pollute the water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of combined Ultrasonic/UVprocess in removal of tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous environments.
Material and This experimental study was performed by the ultrasonic bath associated with ultraviolet radiation. To determine the effects of independent variables including contact time (5-60 min), initial antibiotic concentration (5-25 mg/l), pH (3-10) and the input power (100- 300 W) on response variable (tetracycline removal), the samples were taken from reactor in different time intervals and the residual concentrations of tetracycline were measured by spectrophotometer in 261 nm wavelength.
The results of this study showed that the removal efficiency of UV and Ultrasonic processes was16% and 32% in optimum conditions, respectively. While in Ultrasonic /UV process, removal efficiency increased. The best removal efficiency (72%) was observed in pHof 4.5, antibiotic concentrationof10 mg/I, input power of240 W and contact timeof50 min.
According to the obtained results, Ultrasonic/UVprocess can be used as an effective process to remove the tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous solutions.

Nanostructured ZnAPSO-34 catalyst was successfully synthesized in stirring and static conditions via hydrothermal method. Effect of difference rpm of stirring on the crystallinity, morphology, surface area and catalytic performance of ZnAPSO-34 were investigated. Synthesized catalysts were characterized by various methods such as XRD, FESEM, BET and FTIR techniques. By increasing of stirring rpm, relative crystallinity initially increased and then reduced. By using of hydrothermal method under stirred conditions, nanoparticles of ZnAPSO-34 with narrow particle size distribution were produced. The synthesized catalysts were applied in methanol to ethylene and propylene process and effect of synthesis conditions on catalytic performance was investigated. The synthesized sample at 300 rpm exhibited the longer lifetime than the other samples. Moreover, methane formation for this sample was low.

Level of stress and its management affects the dimensions of psychosomatic patients’ quality of life (QoL), which is an important psychological issue. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral stress management program on psychosomatic patients’ QoL. In cognitive behavioral method, patients discover thought and behavioral mistakes and recover them. The criterion to evaluate the success of the present study was measurement of the patients’ QoL and its notable improvement after intervention.
This is a before-and-after clinical trial with a control group. The study participants comprised 70 psychosomatic patients referred to subspecial psychiatry clinic in Isfahan who were selected through convenient sampling and allocated to the study and control groups. Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF36) was adopted to collect the data. The questionnaire was completed by the participants in three stages of before-and-after up to a month after intervention. Cognitive behavioral stress management program was administrated in study group for eight straight sessions, two month, and a month after intervention. Along with this, conventional medical treatments were conducted for both the groups. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. The significance level was P There was no significant difference in QoL mean scores between the two groups before intervention (44, 43.1), but mean scores of QoL were significantly higher in intervention G (55.7, 59.1), compared to control (39.8, 35.7), after intervention (P Cognitive behavioral stress management, conducted in the present study, had a notable effect on QoL. Therefore, designing psychological interventions based on cognitive behavioral stress management is suggested as an efficient clinical intervention.

Evaluation of the effects on environment is an executive view for sustainable development. Solid waste is one of the factors that pollute the environment and the management, control and proper hygiene play a key role in promoting the health of society. So, in establishing the composting plants, the environmental issues should be considered and a proper place for these plants must be chosen. This can be one of the most important tasks in waste management programs in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of these plants on environment and the procedures to be carried out in this field.
This research was a review study. By Using the key words (such as compost plants, environmental impact assessment, Iran) the related articles on Web sites google schoolar, iranmedex , SID, Magiran and civilica were searched and studied.
In this study, Articles in the period 1995 to 2016 were studied and 40 papers were selected. One paper Environmental impact assessment study methods, One paper method Adkins and Brooke,7 paper method Leopold matrix, one paper matrix math,one paper matrix method of rapid, 2 paper Matrix interactions, the Check list for assessing and one paper matrix type III.
In most reviewed studies, the method of Leopold matrix has been used to assess the environmental impact of compost plant. Leopold matrix method has been considered by researchers and experts because of its accuracy, surveying in the construction and operation phases, using two-dimensional tables to express the effects of a compost plant project on the environment, determining suitable place And finally scoring waypoint is placed by specialists for more Compost Plant

Renal failure is a major public health problem in the world. These patients experience high levels of psychological tension, anxiety, and depression, which leads to their lowered quality of life, increased health care costs, and early mortality. Due to medication side effects in these patients, non‑medicational methods are more in demand now. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hope therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress among the patients undergoing hemodialysis. This is a clinical trial. Fifty patients undergoing hemodialysis were selected. Patients were assigned to two groups of hope therapy and placebo. Intervention of hope therapy was administered for 60–90 min during dialysis sessions once a week for eight sessions. In the placebo group, non‑specific intervention was administered with the same number of sessions. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale (DASS)‑21 questionnaire was completed at the end of the last session and 4 weeks later. Data were analyzed by paired t‑test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test through SPSS 18. There was a significant difference in mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress in hope therapy group before, immediately after, and 1 month after intervention (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress before and immediately after intervention in the placebo group. Changes in mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher in hope therapy group compared to placebo (P < 0.05). The obtained results showed that hope therapy is effective on reduction of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Intrudaction: PYY (3-36) has an important role in satiety; reduce food intake and regulation of energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the small intestine and kidney PYY (3-36) relative gene expression in response to treadmill-running training in female rats. Twenty female wistarrats (6-8 weeks oldand 125-135 g weight) were used. Animals were randomly assigned into saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), and Baneh-control (BC), and Baneh-training (BT). Training groups were given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/dayand5 days/week for eight weeks. Subjects were fed orally, withBaneh extraction and saline for four weeks. PYY (3-36) relative gene expression was detected by Real-time PCR method. Results demonstrated that Baneh extraction significantly increases PYY (3-36) relative gene expression in small intestine (P < 0.013) and kidney (P < 0.025).Also exercise reduces PYY (3-36) relative gene expression in and kidney (P < 0.03). Discussion and Exercise training decreases PYY (3-36) relative gene expression in small intestine and kidney

Visfatin a 491 amino acid peptide is expressed as a Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor or Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and might be regulated by several factors such as; nutritional status, physical stress, suggesting a regulatory role of peripheral visfatin in energy homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of endurance training and bene extraction on resting plasma visfatin and lipids concentrations in female rats. Twenty eight adult Wistar female rats (6–8 weeks old, 122–180 g) were used for this study. Animals were divided into four groups including: salin control, bane control, salin training and bane training. Training group was given exercise on a motor-driven treadmill for 8 weeks (at 25 m/min, 0% grade, for 60 min/day, 5 days/week). Rats were sacrificed 72 h after the last session of exercise and 4 h fasting. A one-way ANOVA was used. The data show that the mean body weight, resting plasma visfatin, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations were lower in bene-trained rats when compared with other groups; but the differences statistically did not reach to a significant level. The current results indicated that exercise plus bene extraction might have more impact on resting levels of visfatin and lipid mobilization than exercise or bene extraction alone. Data also indicate that a lower amount of visfatin in Bene-trained group was accompanied with higher plasma ATP concentration.

Discharging from hospital is one of the most complicated issues in health system. This process should follow standard clinical criteria and needs mutual cooperation of the hospital and society. Psychiatric patients, nowadays, are hospitalized only for the severe period of their sickness and after that they are returned to the society. This study compares the current discharge process with the standard process. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive-comparative study on 52 schizophrenic patients discharging from hospitals. Samples were selected with convenient method from psychiatric centers during a period of 4 months. Data were collected using a standard checklist and the items considered at the time of discharge. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, by descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings showed that in 93.4% of patients hospitalized in the psychiatric wards, the indexes of discharge process were followed to some extent and in 3.6% of cases, the indexes were followed thoroughly. Also, comparison between the mean scores of indexes that followed during discharging schizophrenic patients from psychiatric wards with the standard process showed a significant difference (p < 0.005).Considering that the standard indexes of discharging process were followed just in a small percentage of patients, it is important to include educational plan in the discharging process on the importance of medications, control of hallucinations and delusions and suicidal thoughts for patients'' families and in general acquainting the patients and their families with health center.

This study aimed to describe attributors of family stressors which cause rehospitalizations in patients with psychotic disorders. In a cross sectional study (during 2006-7) 203 randomly selected psychiatric readmitted patients with psychotic diagnosis and registered demographic and psychiatric clinical data were included. Family stressors as the possible cause of readmission were asked through a structured interview by the psychiatrist. Family factors were reported as a cause in 132 (60.6%) cases. Poor family support (n=88; 43.3%) and family conflict (n=58; 28.6%) were the two most prevalent family stressors, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed that admission due to family issues was different among men and women (79.1% vs. 38.7%, respectively p<0.001) and according to job situation (p<0.001), and literacy (p=0.036). According to logistic regression, gender (men) was the only predictor of admission due to family issues (OR=5.989, CI=3.220-11.141, p<0.001). Family factors are prevalent causes of return to hospital in patients with psychotic disorders, and this is more prevalent in men. An approach to decrease the marital stressors is needed in patients with psychotic disorders. In this approach, increasing family support and decreasing family conflict are essential.

Experiencing infertility is a crisis in couples'' life, affecting all aspects of their life. In addition to stresses of infertility problems, going through treatment is also associated with physical, psychological, social and economic stress. Therefore, identifying social factors especially social support related to stress of infertility treatments seems necessary. This study investigates the relationship between social support and stress of infertility treatment. It is a descriptive correlative study on 75 couples (150 subjects) who referred to clinics of Isfahan for professional treatment of infertility. The sampling method was simple and the subjects were selected based on entry criteria. Data were collected by a questionnaire completed by interview and included personal and social characteristics, infertility treatment stress and social support. The mean score of infertility treatment related stress was 58.68 and 86.7% of couples experienced average to severe stress in professional treatments for infertility. The highest and lowest score of social support were 23.28 and 84.45 for spouse support and 2nd and 3rd level relatives, respectively. There was an inverse correlation between social support and infertility treatment related stress (p = 0.0001). Also, there was a significant relation between age, sex, and career with infertility treatment stress. Considering the findings of the study, it seems necessary to provide educational courses for couples on different techniques of reducing stress, counseling and information and emotional support by health personnel as well as general education of families on how to provide support for couples.

We aimed to describe psychiatrists'' attributions on non-compliance related issues resulting in re-hospitalizations of psychiatric patients. In a cross sectional study, we included 500 randomly selected psychiatric readmitted patients and registered their demographic data (including age, sex, job, marital status, and educational level), and psychiatric clinical data including diagnosis, medications, and presence of psychiatric disorders in family members). Possible noncompliance issues by means of type and causes were asked through a structured interview by a psychiatrist. Non-compliance was reported as a possible cause of admission in 441 88.2) of the re-hospitalized cases. No insight to disease (n=295; 59%), and feeling of cure (n=138; 27.6%) were the 2 most prevalent causes for noncompliance of the patients. It seems that non-compliance, as a prevalent factor, possibly causes readmission in psychiatric wards. Providing a better insight to disease and to instruct patients to take their medications even if they have some feeling of cure is important to decrease such problems.

Nowadays, schizophrenia is one of the most important disabling mental disorders in the world. Regarding to occupational therapy as one of the most essential treatment for this disorder, the main aim of this study is to determine the effect of it on negative symptoms of schizophrenias patients. This study is a clinical trials research and the samples were 84 schizophrenia patients of psychiatric ward of Farabi hospital in Isfahan. Sampling method was convenient and the samples were divided in to two interventional and control group randomly. The data collecting tool was scale for assessment of negative symptoms (SANS) and analyzing was performed by T-test, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test. Findings showed that occupational therapy activities decrease the mean of significant differences of negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as flat affect, mutism, apathy, dissocial, loss of attention and the mean of significant difference in two groups, revealed a significant statistics difference in both at the beginning and the end of this study. Because occupational therapy and its related activities has an effective role on the symptoms of schizophrenia patients, rehabilitation is suggested in different field of treatment so that patients can get appropriate self respect and as well as a good level of social interactions.