فهرست مطالب mojtaba jalili

The ever-increasing human need for energy and the increase in the world's population have caused significant demand increases. This has created a global movement toward new energy sources, especially green energies with minimal negative environmental effects, with solar energy on top. On the other hand, an important requirement in the growth and consolidation of the position of solar cells is the reduction of the production cost of these cells and the increase in the speed of their production on a large scale, which can be achieved by using printing methods. The global energy crisis and its significance are first discussed in this study, after which the solutions are briefly discussed. Additionally, the different types of solar cells and their most recent advancements have been reviewed, and different printing techniques that may be exploited in each form of solar cell have been explained. Finally, the market forecasts for solar cells have been studied.

Thermochromic or thermochromic materials change color reversibly with an external stimulus, i.e. temperature. It is used to change color in a certain environmental range to prepare smart textiles. A variety of thermochromic materials are available, which can be classified into direct and indirect. Thermochromic materials change color in a subtle and reversible way with increasing and decreasing temperature and can change from colored to colorless or vice versa or from one color to another. These materials can be combined with ordinary colors and get newer colors. Thermochromic dyes cannot be used on direct textiles due to the surrounding environment and low reactivity. They are usually used in the form of microcapsules. Thermochromic materials are used to produce smart textiles through dyeing or printing. These textiles are used in various fields such as wearable displays, sensors, insulation materials, anti-counterfeiting materials, and military industries. Textiles printed with thermochromic microcapsules have good stability properties but are very sensitive to light, solvents, and high temperatures.

It seems that in Cartesian thought the possibility of sense experience cannot easily be put forward because of the theoretical foundations of his philosophy. He, in his masterpiece, i.e., Meditations on First Philosophy, from the very beginning tries to erase any sign of sensory world - the main subject-matter of sense experience and its pre-condition – through (ordinary or hyperbolical) doubts. His attack on senses is so giant that until Sixth Meditation they cannot be restored unless through theology by recourse to the non-deceiving God. The restoration upon which there are great differences among scholars. In our paper, we try to show that regarding to the end of Cartesian philosophy as the mastery over nature, to the extent that he explicitly calls his philosophy, “practical” as opposed to the “theoretical” philosophy of Scholastics, we cannot help but accept not only possibility of sense experience but also its necessity. This mastery over nature can only be attained, for human beings, within the realm of sense experience which is the final link among man as the thinking thing and nature as the extended one, through which the Cartesian science is to be established. Now, if sense experiences have remained unexplained in Cartesian thought, Descartes’ claim that “our philosophy makes us the lords and masters of the nature” remains unexplained, too.

At first, it seems that in Cartesian science which seeks to master the world based on its rationalistic and ontological foundations, there is no room for hypothesis of any kind; because whatever appears before the modern reason, is so clear that needs not to any assumption. This view is both correct and incorrect. The Cartesian tree of knowledge has three parts within first two parts of which, i. e. metaphysics as its root and physics as its trunk, only reason is absolute sovereign, while its third part, i. e. the triad branches including medicine, mechanics, and morals cannot be established without hypotheses. The main role of hypothesis is making this tree to be fruitful in its three branches. Experience as the phase of fruit-gathering from this tree is impossible without hypothesis, and this is the very turning-point of which Descartes speaks as his practical philosophy which “makes us the lords and masters of the world”. Hypothesis, as the linkage between reason and experience, is of so irreplaceable role without which Cartesian scientist cannot be successful in bridging the gap between reason, from one hand, and sensation and imagination, from the other.

Printed electronics has attracted great consideration in recent years, both scientifically and commercially. The attention to printed electronics is attributed to the fact that they facilitate the production of low cost, flexible electronics on various substrates and in large scales. The main functional component of printed electronic inks, is the conductive nanoparticles that are incorporated into them. Among different conductive components that can be incorporated into printing inks, metal nano particles, metal nano wires, graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes and conductive polymers are more common. The reasonable properties and relatively low cost of graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes, provide them a considerable capability to be used in electronic applications such as sensors, semiconductors, transparent electrodes and flexible and printed electronics. Herein, different aspects and recent developments in printed and flexible electronics has been overviewed with the emphasize on utilizing graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes in printing inks.

In this paper, the effects of three different additives with trade names of claytone AF, aerosil R972 and socal 312 on rheological properties of cold-set offset printing inks has been investigated. These additives have planar, spherical and cubic morphologies and they were treated by quaternary ammonium salts, Dichlorodimethylsilane and stearic acid, respectively. Effect of additive weight percent (2,4 and 6 wt%) on rheological properties like yield value, thixotropy, zero shear viscosity, and infinite shear viscosity was studied. The flow diagrams showed that zero shear viscosity, yield value and thixotropy increased with the increasing of weight percent of additives. In particular, it has been shown that claytone AF and socal 312 have the most and least effects on the aforementioned properties, respectively.

Chlor-alkali units using mercury-cells, cause air pollution by mercury emission to the atmosphere, soil pollution with solid waste production, water pollution and aquatic organisms and effluent pollution. Specific standard of mercury in the environment (water, air and soil) has not been published yet. But what is clear is mercury a toxic element and has a high potential for biological accumulation having serious physical problems such as Minamata disease. This paper has investigated mercury emissions from Chlor-alkali units and harmful effects of mercury on the environmental and humans. The method used in paper is survey research method. Chlor-alkali units are types which have done environmental impact assessment before establishment, till their effects of physical, biological and economic and social conditions to be estimated. Chlor-alkali industry is introduced as a major source of mercury release to the environment. For this reason, intergovernmental negotiating committee to prepare a global legally binding instrument on mercury 24-28 Jan 2011 which was held in Chiba, Japan, was appointed that all countries with national action plans during a specified time determined action have to change the process of these units. Bandar Imam Petrochemical uses about 30 tons of mercury provided by external sources. The process method of Chlor-Alkali unit of Chlor-Alkali unit of Bandar Imam Petrochemical Complex will change from using mercury to approved membrane. It is estimated that until 1392 the total mercury would be removed from the manufacturing process. Bandar Imam Petrochemical Chlor-alkali unit Measures towards reducing mercury waste have done in this paper to be discussed.