mojtaba kashani

Sound natural resource governance arises from the interplay of social and institutional-environmental responses by all stakeholders. This collaborative approach provides a platform for strengthening civil society alongside the government and private sector in natural resource management. Traditional management methods need help to address the increasing complexity of natural resource issues. Consequently, several approaches have emerged in recent years, with good governance being the most prominent. Golestan province, occupying 1.3% of Iran's land area (20,367 square kilometers), is in the country's north. Unfortunately, deforestation, excessive livestock grazing, and other human activities have threatened Golestan's natural resources in recent decades, posing significant challenges. The depletion of natural resources, coupled with environmental crises like floods and droughts, underscores the need for a detailed investigation of the province's natural resource management practices. This study aims to evaluate the alignment of natural resource management in Golestan province with sound governance principles.

Seven indicators were selected for this research based on a comprehensive review of global and regional studies: participation, accountability, responsibility, rule of law and justice, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, and consensus. The eastern cities of Golestan province served as the unit of analysis, with natural resource users and experts in these areas constituting the analysis unit. Cochran's formula determined the sample size, resulting in a target of 189 participants. After receiving and reviewing the questionnaires, 177 valid responses were included for statistical analysis. Additionally, 70 natural resource experts were selected to complete the questionnaire. User samples were randomly selected, while all experts were included (complete counting). Data analysis involved t-tests and analysis of variance.

From the users' perspective, the overall good governance index for natural resources averaged 2.8884, less than the theoretical average. This indicates weak governance according to the study area's natural resource users. The lowest average scores were assigned to the rule of law, justice, transparency, and accountability. Experts expressed higher satisfaction levels with all indicators, with the highest scores (3.46 and 3.42) for accountability and responsibility, respectively. Experts identified efficiency and effectiveness as the most crucial factor for good governance, while users prioritized participation.

The results reveal that the overall good governance index falls below the theoretical average, suggesting relatively weak governance of natural resources from the stakeholders' perspective in the studied area. This research emphasizes the importance of user involvement in natural resource projects, effective utilization of local knowledge, and strengthening cooperatives to improve the region's natural resource governance.

Golestan province, located in the northern part of Iran, covers an area of 20,367 square kilometers, accounting for 1.3% of the country's total area. Unfortunately, the natural resources of Golestan province have been under threat in recent decades due to deforestation, excessive livestock grazing, and other human activities. As a result, the province faces significant challenges in this regard. The considerable depletion of natural resources, coupled with environmental crises such as floods and droughts, highlights the need for a detailed investigation and research into the management state of natural resources in the province. This research aims to improve the situation by addressing and resolving the existing problems, ultimately enhancing the management of natural resources in Golestan province. The present study seeks to evaluate the model of good governance as a novel theoretical approach in the field of natural resource management. Specifically, the research aims to assess the current state of natural resource management in the eastern regions of Golestan province and its compliance with, as well as proximity to, the criteria of good governance.

In the current research, the natural resources departments in the eastern region of Golestan province were selected as the level of analysis. This includes the cities of Ramyan, Minodasht, Kalaleh, Galikesh, Maraveh Tappeh, and Gonbad kavous. The focus of the analysis was on the users and beneficiaries of natural resources. Cochran's formula was employed to determine the required sample size. Based on this calculation, the estimated sample size was determined to be 189 samples. After receiving and reviewing the questionnaires, a total of 177 valid questionnaires were accepted for statistical analysis. Next, the prepared questionnaires were distributed among the users and beneficiaries of natural resources. Due to difficulties in accessing the target community, the research utilized available samples to answer the questions and complete the questionnaires. The research employed the one-sample t-test to analyze the governance indicators in natural resource management and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the level of good governance in natural resource management among the surveyed cities.

The obtained results revealed that among the seven indicators used to assess good governance, four indicators, namely participation, responsibility, efficiency and effectiveness, and the consensus index, received higher scores compared to the theoretical average, while the remaining indicators scored lower. Specifically, the participation and consensus indicators achieved the highest scores of 3.3838 and 3.7333, respectively, while the rule of law and justice index and the transparency index obtained the lowest scores, averaging 2.2551 and 2.2570, respectively. When comparing the governance scores across different departments, it was found that the cities of Ramyan and Maraveh Tappeh exhibited the best and worst good governance conditions, with average scores of 3.2 and 2.12, respectively. The results of Lon's test demonstrated a significant difference in the variance of good governance among the cities. The overall average of the good governance index for natural resources in this research was determined to be 2.8884, which falls below the theoretical average and indicates relatively poor governance of natural resources in the research area. The one-sample t-test confirmed a significant difference between the good governance of natural resources and the average level of the objects under investigation. Additionally, the results revealed a significant difference between the indexes of good governance of natural resources in Maraveh Tappeh city compared to other surveyed cities. In other words, Maraveh Tappeh city displayed a distinct and weaker governance situation compared to the other cities. Examining the indicators of good governance in Maraveh Tappeh city revealed that, from the users' perspective, the indicators of transparency and law scored the lowest among the seven indicators, with scores of 1.458 and 1.647, respectively. This suggests that compliance with laws is not in a favorable state according to the users of natural resources in Maraveh Tappeh city.

According to the results obtained from this research, as well as the importance of governing natural resources, particularly through collaborative activities, involving users in the planning and formulation of natural resource plans and projects, and utilizing their knowledge, are crucial. Local users, in addition to being members of natural resource cooperatives, can play a significant role in achieving good governance of natural resources. Based on the results and findings, it is suggested that the areas under research focus more on improving the indicators of accountability, the rule of law and justice, and the transparency index, as these indicators are positioned lower compared to others. In order to achieve this, conducting public meetings to present reports from natural resource managers can be an effective approach.

Land use change has a significant effect on soil physical and chemical characteristics and subsequent changes in hydrologic responses such as runoff volume and sediment concentration. Although numerous studies have mentioned vegetation cover impacts on soil erosion, relatively a few studies have quantified the temporal variation of hydrological response of runoff and sediment production under different land use and rainfall intensities. A replicated field-based rainfall simulation were performed at two selected intensities (51 and 86 mmh-1) in 1m2 plots on four types of land cover (rangeland, bare soil, straw mulching, and lentil filed) at Gonbad University research site. Behaviors of runoff and sediment concentrations during 30 min rainfall simulation test were made at every 6 min intervals. The ANOVA results showed that there were significant differences between the hydrological response of the soil depending on the vegetation covers and rainfall intensities over time. The different land uses in this study resulted in runoff volumes ranging from 2.3 lit to 24 lit and from 6.38 to 46.8 lit at 30 min for 51 and 86 mmhr-1 rainfall intensity, respectively. On the other hand, bare soil was most easily detached, followed by straw mulching, lentil, and rangeland. Although Student's t-test showed that there were significant effects of rainfall intensities in runoff volume on all plots except on bare soil plot. These differences are all significant at the P = 0.05 level. Moreover, only there was a statistically significant difference in sediment concentrations of rangeland plot.

Due to global warming, and its resulting changes in the frequency and amount of precipitation and temperature, there has been a great concern on climate change impacts by the scientific community. This study focuses on trend analysis of annual and seasonal rainfall (P), maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) time series from seven meteorological stations in Gorgranrood river basin during 1982-2011. Three statistical tests including, Mann-Kendall (MK), the Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test and Man Wintney (MW) were examined at 10% significance level. To quantify the slope we used Sen’s non-parametric estimator of slope. Both positive and negative trends were identified by all the tests. However, all negative trends were insignificant and only some positive trends were significant. Trend tests reveal that the median of slopes of seasonal series of Tmax, Tmin and P are located above zero line which is revealed that increasing trend is observed in most of the station Steepest positive slope of trend line of the Tmax is found in the spring then in summer time. Trend analysis has revealed strong seasonal variability of Tmin series. The highest number of stations with significant trends occurred in the Tmin while less significant trends were detected in the Tmax and P. There is a non-significant increasing rainfall trend in the basin. With regard to seasonality P, it is remarkable that positive significant trends were detected in few stations at both annual and seasonally time scale. In order to remove serial correlation, the trend-free pre-whitening procedure has been applied and less number of positive trends has been again observed, highlighting that, in this case, serial correlation affect the results of Mann-Kendall trend test.

Information on water quality and pollution sources is important for the implementation of sustainable water resource management strategies. In this research¡ to evaluate spatial variation and the interpretation of large complex water quality data taken at seven different sites along the Gorganrood River were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. The factor analysis generated two significant factors¡ which explained 97.80% of the variance in data sets. Factor 1 and factor 2 explained 86.27 and 15.76% of the total variance in water quality data sets. Principle components analysis results revealed that surface water quality was mainly controlled by Ca and pH parameters. In next step¡ information entropy theory applied to interpret the stability of surface water quality variation in each factors and each parameters. Overall results revealed instability in data recorded in Tamar and Galikesh sites and in factor 2¡ EC and TDS¡ Lazoreh has highest instability. With a well knowing the factor score and overlaying entropy¡ infactor1¡ Mg and Cl had highest stability. The ranks of information entropy values for Mg parameter at Galikesh¡ Tagi Abad¡ Basir Abad¡ Ramian and Tangrah sites vary noticeably due to geological formation. In general¡ sampling uncertainties are highly site specific.

Electro Magnetic Forming (EMF) is one of the methods for forming the metal plates with high speed; electromagnet force is used as a forming agent in this process. In this thesis, it simulates transient analysis of electromagnetic coil and structure analysis of high speed forming process.Whole of the high speed forming process time is divided in several processes. At the beginning of the first stage the voltage and the geometric, physical and mechanical specifications of the workpiece and coil and the mold are entered to the ANSYS software and the magnetic parameters of the process such as magnetic field density and the simulation current is extracted. Also in this stage magnetic force is obtained in Ansys software and by applying them in workpiece in LS-DYNA software, agent analysis of the process and shape of piece is obtained. In the second stage the pipe deformation obtained in the first stage is transported to the electromagnetic section of process in Ansys software. Also in this process, after forces computation in Ansys, the results sent to the agent section in Ls-Dyna software. This interaction between these two software is repeated several times until whole the process time is finished and final shape of pipe is obtained.The results of simulation are compared whit experimental test results. so The accuracy of this method was confirmed. The simulation and experimental results indicate that with increasing the capacitor energy, the peak current and electromagnet force are increased and finally displacement of pieces also increases.

Accurate forecasting of streamflows has been one of the most important issues as it plays a key role in allotment of water resources. River flow simulations to determine the future river flows are important and practical. Given the importance of flow in the coming years, in this research three stations: Haji Qooshan, Ghare Shoor and Tamar in Gorganrood cachment were simulated in 2002-2011. To simulate river flow, time series (Auto Regression) and data driven based on support vector machine (SVM) was used for both monthly and weekly. The results showed that both methods in Tamar have low precision and Haji Qooshan station have good precision in monthly simulation. SVM increase 0.29 coefficient determination and decreases 0.35 RMSE error in Ghare Shoor station and perform more accurate than time series. Both methods simulate weekly discharge in low precision in Tamar and Ghare Shoor. Coefficient determination of time series is 0.91 and SVM is 0.86 in weekly simulation. DDR statistics show that the SVM has greater precision than time series in monthly simulation and equal precision in weekly simulation in Haji Qooshan station. The results of this study show that the SVM method is more accurate than time series in monthly and weekly simulation. The accuracy of both methods is on monthly basis rather than weekly. The accuracy of both methods is greater on monthly rather than weekly.