فهرست مطالب mojtaba nouraein

The research was carried out in order to investigate the yield, yield components and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the oil extracted from 19 double haploid lines of Camelina.A field experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with 20 treatments and three replications at the Serarud Rainfed Agricultural Research Institute of Kermanshah, Iran in 2021 growing season. The results demonstrated that the highest seed yield of camelina was obtained in DH100 line, which showed an increase of 43.5% compared to the control variety. Also, the lowest seed yield was related to DH105 line, which showed a decrease of 67.3% compared to the control variety. In addition, the highest oil percentage and oil yield were obtained in DH100 line, Chemical analysis of camelina oil showed that the major fatty acids constituents in this plant's oil include linolenic acid, linoleic acid , oleic acid and eicosenoic acid . The highest amount of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid was observed in DH100 line. In addition, the highest amount of eicosenoic acid belonged to the DH10 followed by DH100 line. It is worth mentioning that the amount of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and eicosenoic fatty acids increased by 10.9, 5.6, 6.4 and 8.7%, respectively, when compared with control variety.it can be concluded that the DH100 line is recommended as the best line for releasing new cultivars of this oil-seed crop in rainfed conditions due to the highest oil quantity and quality in comparison with control variety and other double haploid lines.

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that have harmful effects on plant performance and quality. So that according to the predictions made until 2050, 50% of agricultural lands will lose their ability to be cultivated due to salinity. Due to the complexity of salinity resistance traits, there is little information about the number of genes, their chromosomal location, and the relative contribution of each gene in the incidence and phenotypic distribution. Locating quantitative genes can break down this complex genetic model into individual genetic components, in which case quantitative traits will also be investigated like monogenic traits.

In order to identify QTLs controlling some root and shoot traits under salinity stress in bread wheat, 148 recombinant inbred lines of spring bread wheat obtained from the cross of Yecora Rojo cultivar (early and dwarf as a parent of American origin) and genotype No.49 (late and tall as a parent originating from Sistan and Baluchestan) were studied with the parents. This research was carried out in 2020 in the research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University under salinity and non-stress conditions in pitmas and perlite culture medium and factorial based on a completely randomized design with five replications. Traits measured in this experiment included root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, fresh and dry weight of shoots. In this study, linkage map was used based on 202 markers (177 SSR markers and 51 Retro transposon Markers). The map length was about 691.36 cM with the average distance of 3.42 cM in every marker pair, and 21 chromosomes covered in bread wheat. QTL analysis was done based on composite interval mapping (CIM) method, and additive effects were estimated for the identified QTLs.

The results of QTL analysis showed that in stress-free conditions, one QTL for root dry weight and shoot dry weight, two QTL shoot fresh weight and three QTL for root wet weight and root length were identified. Under salinity stress conditions, one QTL was identified for root dry weight and root length, two QTLs for shoot dry weight and three QTLs for shoot fresh weight. Among the QTLs identified, QRFW6A.n had the highest additive effect under normal conditions and QSFW2A.s under salinity stress conditions. For shoot dry weight and root fresh weight under normal conditions and shoot fresh weight under salinity stress, the positive additive effect of the located QTL s showed the inheritance of the desired allele at this site from Yecora Rojo's parent. The phenotypic variance justified by these QTLs varied from 5.43 to 8.97 under normal conditions and from 5.51 to 7.43 percent under salinity stress.

In this study, the number of QTLs identified for root and shoot-related characteristics was low, which could be due to the high number of low-impact QTLs, interactions, and environmental effects.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is considered as the third most important type of legume in the world. This plant is considered as a low-cost crop in the agricultural systems of semi-arid tropical regions and is important because of its ability to adapt to a wide range of environmental and soil conditions such as marginal lands. This research has been carried out with the aim of obtaining high-yielding lines with desirable quantitative and qualitative agricultural traits such as standing and grassy plant type (to facilitate mechanized harvesting), grain coarseness and early maturity compared to the control cultivars.

In order to achieve the superior line or lines in terms of grain yield under dry conditions, 12 advanced dry white chickpea lines obtained from the breeding programs of the Maragheh Rain Research Institute, along with two control varieties named Samin and the local variety Jam in the form of The statistical design of completely randomized blocks was investigated in 4 repetitions at Ekbatan station of Hamedan province agricultural and natural resources research center in 1400 and phenological and morphological traits were measured.

The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference at the 1% level between the lines for all traits, except the number of days to 50% germination. The greatest variation was observed between the traits of one hundred seeds, the number of diseased branches, the average number of pods per plant, the height of the plant and the number of primary branches. There was a positive and significant relationship between the number of pods per plant, the number of secondary branches and the total weight of seeds in each plot, and there was a negative and significant relationship between the above traits and the traits of days to germination, flowering and pods. Broad heritability for days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to pod formation and full maturity were 87, 78, 81 and 73%, respectively, which indicates low environmental effects on these traits. The highest height of the plant belonged to line 1 (45.50 cm) and due to the general heritability above 50% of the plant height, it is possible to breed from line 1 as a parent in the next programs in order to produce grassy varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting of seeds. Line 7, despite the low height of the plant (33.25 cm), was superior to other lines in terms of the number of primary and secondary branches and as a result the highest number of pods per plant (18 pods). Line 7 also had one of the highest values of 100 seed weight (32.02 grams), which made it have a relatively high seed yield (520.35 grams).

The results of the present research indicated the presence of significant genetic diversity for the traits of hundred seed weight, number of diseased branches, average number of pods per plant, plant height and number of primary branches, which provides the possibility of using the existing diversity in the next stages of chickpea breeding. High values of broad heritability for days up to 50% of flowering, plant height, days until pods and full ripening indicate the low environmental effects on these traits and therefore these traits can be exploited in selection processes in the next generations. Also, if mechanized harvesting of chickpeas is not desired, Line 7 can be one of the suitable options for planting in Hamedan province or regions with similar climate.

Iran is one of the few countries where the origin of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in the world. About half of the pomegranate genotypes are endangered. Despite the similarity between some genotypes in terms of appearance, there are differences between anthocyanins, phytochemicals, antioxidants, etc., of them that are very much affected by the environment (especially stress) and require DNA barcoding. For this reason, more accurate molecular studies, especially DNA identification, are necessary to aid in classification, identification of the required genotype, non-incorrect naming of genotypes, and identification of cultivars. By performing this research, it is possible to reduce the volume of genotypes and eliminate duplicate and similar genotypes in Saveh pomegranate collection to reduce their maintenance and management costs. Also used to select the best plant barcode to identify, differentiate and determine the diversity of genotypes for use in breeding programs.
In this study, 58 genotypes in Saveh pomegranate collection were examined by ITS barcode region. After receiving the sequences, first all the sequences blast in the NCBI site for the accuracy of the desired area and after sure of the desired plant area (pomegranate), the quality of the sequences was measured with Chromas software and in addition to deleting the M13 sequence, the beginning and end sequences and poor-quality sequences were deleted. Then, for multiple alignments by clustalW method, bioinformatics analysis was performed using MEGA software.
The results showed that the success rate of propagation in this area by PCR was 79%. Also, the success rate of sequencing in this area was 74.68%. The GC content of this area was 64.23%. The lowest genetic distance for this region (0.005) was between the genotypes of Malls Tabas with Chatroud Shirin and the Torsh Dorag Rafsanjan with Globland Bafgh and the highest genetic distance (5.314) was between the genotypes of Gol Magasi Taft with Dane Siyah Ardestan, Poost Ghermez Zanjan, Malas Paveh, Peyvndi Ashkzar and Dane Ghermez Zavareh genotypes. The results of phylogenetic tree also showed that wild genotypes of Tamin Khash, Domezeh Bagh Malek Izeh and Dorag Malas Bajestan and Gol Magasi Taft were each in separate groups and other genotypes were in other groups.
In general, Ardestan, Khash, Gol Magasi Taft, Malas Peyvandi Ashkzar, Zanjan, Paveh, Zavareh and Ravar genotypes had the highest genetic diversity and distance with other genotypes that according to other characteristics of genotypes, they can be used as parents for breeding programs. Also, considering that this region, unlike other regions, carries both paternal and maternal genes and due to the facilitation of reproduction and the success of their sequences, was identified as a suitable region to show genetic diversity between genotypes which can be used in future research.

Conventional tillage can reduce infiltration and hydraulic conductivity by disrupting macrospore networks and increasing bulk density, porosity, water use efficiency, and soil organic matter. Conservation tillage is one of the practices of crop residue management on the soil surface. Reduced tillage is one of the conservation systems that amount remain crop residues on the soil surface. Reduced tillage has some benefits, including higher soil organic matter, soil moisture maintenance by reducing evaporation, better penetration of water, and controlling water and soil erosion. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers caused serious environmental issues globally, such as reduction of plant diversity, instability of economic yield, increased pest, and disease damages, and intensification of soil erosion. These increasing concerns regarding the negative impacts of these systems on the environment and human health suggest that more effort is needed to develop sustainable agricultural systems. The application of vermicompost and biofertilizers is regarded as one of the promising approaches to increasing crop productivity. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is mainly cultivated as a rainfed crop, and water stress often affects both productivity and yield stability. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of different tillage systems and the application of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth, yield, and economic efficiency production of Cicer arietinum L.

A field experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and three replications at Firuzabad, Kermanshah, Iran, in 2019. The main factor was different tillage systems, including conventional tillage (moldboard plowing+ disking, tillage depth 25–30 cm- CT), reduced tillage (chisel plowing- tillage depth 15 cm- RT), and no-tillage (NT), and the sub factor was four different fertilization treatments (C: control, AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae), VC: vermicompost (at 1.5 t/ha), AMF+ VC: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi+ vermicompost). In AM fungi treatments, 80 g of the soil containing mycorrhizal fungi hyphae and the remains of the root and spores (1000 g spore.10-1 g soil) was added to the soil during planting times. Also, vermicompost (1.5 t ha-1) was applied to the soil before planting.

The Results demonstrated that the highest seed yield (116 g.m-2) and protein yield (24.2 g.m-2) was achieved in reduced tillage with the application of AMF+ VC. Also, reduced tillage increased the seed yield and protein yield by 19.6 and 17.1 %, respectively, when compared with CT. Different tillage systems and applications of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly impacted the number of pods per plant, plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, number of main branches per plant, and biological yield. The highest mentioned traits were obtained in reduced tillage and with the integrative application of AMF+ VC. Moreover, the application of AMF+ VC increased the number of pods per plant, plant height, and biological yield by 37.2, 35.2 and 19.7%, respectively, in comparison to control. The highest pod total weight (155.8 g.m-2), harvest index (40.5%), and seed protein content (21.2%) were obtained through integrative application of AMF+ VC, and the lowest these traits were reached in control. Based on the economic values, the best treatments were RT+ C, CT+ C, AMF+ RT, and AMF+ CT, respectively, with the highest net income and Marginal rate of return.

Overall, the results of this experiment showed that there was a significant difference between tillage systems. The highest number of pods per plant,  plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, number of main branches per plant, biological yield, total pod weight, seed yield, and protein yield were achieved in reduced tillage that increased by 26.4, 16.8, 27.4, 28.6, 10.9 19.6 and 17.1 %, respectively when compared with conventional tillage.  Also, integrative application of AMF+ VC increased harvest index, 100 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and seed protein content by 16.7, 21.1, 19.7, 40.1, and 21.8%, respectively, when compared with control. The highest values of the seed yield and protein yield were obtained in reduced tillage with the integrative application of AMF+ VC. In contrast, based on the economic values, the maximum marginal rate of return was achieved in reduced tillage without fertilizer, conventional tillage without fertilizer, reduced tillage+ AMF, and conventional tillage+ AMF, respectively.

Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a perennial forage and cross-pollinating grass, has wide genetic distribution in Iran. Although the genus Dactylis has been studied quite well within the past decades, little is known about the genetic diversity and population patterns of natural populations in grassland regions. The aim of this study is to identify the genetic diversity of this species in the East Azerbaijan, Iran.

In this study, seeds of 25 ecotypes of Dactylis glomerata L. were planted in the research farm of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Northwest & West region in Tabriz as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Then 34 selected genotypes (single plant) were examined using 22 ISSR markers.

According to the results of ISSR markers, a total of 424 loci were amplified in the genome, of which 34 loci among all studied genotypes were monomorphic and 390 loci were polymorphic. The mean percentage of polymorphisms for D. glomerata L. in ISSR markers was estimated to be 70.39%. Also, the mean PIC value (polymorphic information content) for ISSR markers was equal to 0.288, the minimum PIC value for ISSR14 marker (0.175) and the maximum PIC value belonged to ISSR22 marker (0.341). Grouping of D. glomerata L. genotypes based on ISSR markers was performed using Mega 4.0.2 and Structure software, which grouped the results of Mega 4.0.2 genotypes into 4 groups, and Structure software grouped the genotypes into 2 groups.

The results indicate that the using of ISSR markers to differentiate close kin populations has a high advantage and plays a significant role in the differentiation of individuals. Also, the high allelic diversity of ISSR markers indicate a large level of diversity in D. glomerata L. populations and it’s a suitable tool for studying the genetic diversity of D. glomerata L.

The smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is one of the most important forage and rangeland plants distributed in the rangelands of Iran. In order to investigate the genetic diversity of yield and morphological traits and identify the high yielding populations, 22 populations of B. inermis were evaluated using in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of the northwest and west of Iran in the 2018-2019 cropping year. Result showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the populations in terms of the studied traits, which indicated presence of high genetic variability. The populations of B.in-15, B.in-9, B.in-8, and B.in-1 with higher value of than 540 g/plant had annual higher forage production and B.in-1 and B.in-19 with 100 and 60 g/plant seed yield, respectively had higher seed production than other populations. The simple correlation among the studied traits showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the annual forage yield and the number of stems, crown diameter, forage yield in the first and second cuts, seed yield, and canopy diameter. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), four components were introduced with respect to eigenvalues greater than one, which explained total of 82% of variation among the populations. According to the cluster analysis, the populations were arranged into three groups. Therefore, the studied population provided a suitable genetic background for selecting superior populations from different clusters, which can be used for breeding improved varieties through polycross and hybridizations.

Water deficit stress in the late growth stage is one of the limitation factor of wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran and introduction of stress tolerant varieties is one the strategies that conquer to it. In this research, the reaction of 15 bread wheat genotypes against to water deficit stress at the late growth stage were inspected using stress tolerance indices. Hence, bread wheat genotypes were studied in both normal and stress states separately using randomized complete block design with three replications in farm condition. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among studied genotypes based on tolerance indices. Mean comparison manifested that genotypes 3 and 8 could consider as suitable genotypes for water deficit stress at the late growth stage. Classification of genotypes based on studied tolerance indices located them into three groups. Among studied indices, GMP, STI, YSI and SSI were identified as suitable indices in selection of tolerant genotypes for water deficit stress at the late growth stage because they possessed significant relation with environmental yields. Results of triangle plots showed that genotypes 3 and 8 have the highest seed yield in both stress and non-stress conditions based on GMP, STI and SSI indices (Group A) and could effectively use in water stress state in the late growth stage.

In order to evaluate the integrative application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and chemical fertilizers on the quality and quantity traits of Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica), a field experiment was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2016 growing season. Treatments were included 100% chemical fertilizer (CF), Glomus mosseae (GM), Glomus intraradices (GI), GM+GI, 50% CF+GM, 50% CF+GI and 50% CF+GM+GI. The results demonstrated that the highest (71.83) and the lowest (54.47) chlorophyll index was achieved in the 50% CF+GM+GI and individual application of GI. In addition, the highest number of lateral branches was related to application of 50% CF+GM+GI, 50% CF+GM and GI. Furthermore, the highest grain yield (802.8 Kg ha-1), number of flower cycles per plant (63.6), number of seed per plant (519.3), number of seeds in the main stem (149.2), number of seeds per flower cycle (18), seed weight per plant (3.75 g), the grain-1000 weight (4.75 g) and total dry weight (426.3 g m-2) were achieved in the integrative application of 50% CF+GM+GI. By the way, the highest of EO content (0.5%) and EO yield (2.2 g m-2) were observed with application of 50% CF+GM+GI. The analysis of GC-FID and GC-MS showed that the linalool,menthone,geranial,menthyl acetate,geranyl acetate,valencene andcaryophyllene oxide were the major essential oil compounds. Generally, integrative application of 50% CF+GM+GI could improve the quality and quantity traits of dragon's head.

To map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for harvest index, 148 recombinant inbred lines and their parents, Yecora Rojo and an Iranian landrace line (No. 49), were evaluated under normal and terminal water deficit stress conditions in the research stations of Mahabad University and Miyandoab Agricultural Research Center, Iran, during 2014 and 2015. The experiment was carried out as design alpha lattice design with two replications. A linkage map of 51 retrotransposon and 177 microsatellite markers was used in this investigation. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for additive effects and additive × additive interactions were determined by QTL Network 2.0 software using CIM and mixed-linear methods. QTL analysis revealed that under normal condition, six QTLs (R2A= 0.04 to 12.0%), two QTL × environment (E) interactions (R2AE= 6.28%), five additive × additive epistatic effects (R2AA= 0.7 to 8.68%) and 12 additive × additive × E (R2AAE= 3.76 to 11.4%) were significant. Under water deficit stress conditions, two QTLs (R2A= 5.0 to 7.0%), two additive × additive interactions (R2AA= 3.72 to 5.48%) and seven additive × additive × E interactions (R2AAE= 8.04 to 9.58) were identified. Among the eight QTLs identified, three QTLs were located on chromosome 2D, suggesting the importance of this chromosome in controlling harvest index, which may be used for marker assisted selection in breeding programs.

In order to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers, ascorbic acid and humic acid on dry matter yield, seed yield and essential oil production of dragonhead an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications at research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2017. Treatments were included as first factor, application of organic fertilizers (control, application of farmyard (30 t.ha-1) and application of vermicompost (15 t.ha-1) and the second factor was the spray of ascorbic acid and humic acid (control, ascorbic acid, humic acid and ascorbic acid + humic acid). Results showed that the highest amounts of morphological traits, plant dry weight, dry matter yield, grain yield and essential oil yield were obtained with vermicompost and combined application of ascorbic acid + humic acid treatments. The highest dry matter yield (2271 kg.ha-1), grain yield (645.9 kg.ha-1) and essential oil yield (12.3 kg.ha-1) were obtained with application of a combination of ascorbic acid + humic acid, which showed 36.5%, 18.1% and 72.8% increases as comparison to control, respectively. The highest 1000 grain weight was obtained with the application of humic acid and vermicompost (1.66g), combined application of humic acid + ascorbic acid and vermicompost (1.59 g) and combined application of humic acid + ascorbic acid and control (1.54 g), with 30.2%, 24.7% and 20.6% increases as comparison with non-application of organic fertilizers and without spray, respectively. The highest essential oil percentage (0.61%) was obtained with spray of humic acid + ascorbic acid and vermicompost application, which indicated 45.2% increases compared to control. Considering to positive response of the quantitative and qualitative performance of dragonhead to the use of the organic fertilizers, humic acid and ascorbic acid, it can be expected that application of farmyard and vermicomposte, humic acid and ascorbic acid increase the performance and essential oil of dragonhead.

For the purpose of graphical analysis and estimation of genetic parameters related to yield and its components, six tobacco genotypes was crossed in half -diallel mating design. In this study, the F2 progenies and their parents were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between genotypes for plant height, leaf number, leaf dry weight and leaf fresh weight. Hayman graphical method was utilized for analysis of data. Diallel analysis indicated existence of an additive and dominant actions in inheritance of all studied traits. Traits including plant height, leaf number, leaf length and width, stem diameter, internode distance and leaf dry weight possessed greater additive effects meanwhile in the leaf weight the dominance effect was greater. The additive gene action detected for leaf dry weight (yield) manifested the influence of selection methods in breeding of this trait. Due to the fact that the fresh weight of the leaf was controlled by dominance effects, so hybrid-based methods are effective in modifying this trait. Also, additive and dominance gene action were contributed in heritability of yield, plant height and number of leaves. Regarding the mean values of dominance degree and results of graphical analysis, the gene action for leaf fresh weight was over-domnance and so, the heterosis phenomenon could be used to increase and improve this trait. For the traits including plant height, leaf number and yield, the gene action type was relative dominance.

In order to mapping additive and epistatic QTL and their interaction with environment for traits related to spike characteristics using a RILs population of wheat, comprising 148 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between two winter wheat cultivars, ‘YecoraRojo’ and ‘No. 49’, was evaluated in two locations in Iran (Miandoab and Mahabad) during 2014-2016. A linkage map including 177 microsatellite and 51 retrotransposon markers was used in this study. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were determined using QTL Network 2.0 software based on the CIM and mixed-linear method. In the present study, the highest broad (58.31%) and narrow-sense (29.15%) heritability was measured for spikelet number per spike and the lowest broad (51.28%) and narrow-sense (25.64%) heritability was detected for spike length. Results of QTL analysis showed that in normal condition, one QTL (R2A= 1.54%), one QTL×E (R2AE= 4.40%), 2 additive × additive epistatic effects (R2AA= 0.44- 0.4%) and 6 QTL × QTL×E interactions (R2AAE= 8.24-9.7%) were significant. In water deficit condition, 1 additive × additive interactions (R2AA= 4%) and 3 QTL × QTL × E interactions (R2AAE= 6.98%) were identified. In average of two conditions, two QTL (R2A= 0.78%), 1 QTL×E (R2AE= 5.15%), 10 additive × additive epistatic effects (R2AA= 0.02-7.9%) and 14 QTL × QTL × E interactions (R2AAE= 0.86-8.92%), were significant which can be due to the high number of QTLs with low effects and also environmental effects.

In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), crop height is an important determinant of agronomic performance. To map QTLs with additive effects and additive×additive epistatic interactions, 148 recombinant inbred lines and their parents, (‘YecoraRojo’ and Iranian landrace (No. #49)) were evaluated under normal and water deficit conditions. The experiments were carried out on research farms of Mahabad University and Miyandoab Agricultural Research Center in 2014-2015. The experimental design was an alpha lattice design with two replications. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the studied traits were carried out for additive effects and additive×additive epistatic interactions using the QTL Network 2.0 software based on the mixed-linear model. A number of 177 microsatellite and 51 retrotransposon markers were used to construct the linkage map. In the present study stem length, plant weight, peduncle length, and peduncle weight were measured. Results showed that under both normal and water deficit conditions, both positive and negative transgressive segregations were significant, also the highest and lowest broad and narrow sense heritability were estimated for stem length (73.69 and 36.74 percent) and peduncle length (40.51 and 20.25 percent), respectably. The results showed that under the normal condition, seven QTLs (R2A=5 to 11%), and eight additive×additive epistatic interactions (R2AA=1.66 to 10.92%) were significant. Under the water deficit condition seven QTLs (R2A=4.27 to 9%), and five additive×additive epistatic interactions (R2AA=3.8 to 14.58%) were significant. Five QTLs from the 14 QTLs identified in this study were located in chromosome 5A, indicating the importance of this chromosome in controlling the plant architecture characteristics and possibly using it for marker-assisted selection and genetic engineering.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as one of the main crops is important economically for Iran. Genetic diversity and it`s evaluation is foundation of plant breeding projects. Awareness about genetic variation is effective in selection of parental lines for future breeding programs. This study was aimed to evaluate both morphological and physiological characteristics followed by classification of 18 barley inbred lines based on RCBD design with four replications. Results of descriptive statistics revealed vast range of variation for most of studied traits. Among studied traits, seed yield with standard deviation of 614.06 possessed maximum divergent. Also, hectoliter weight and grain yield had the lowest and the highest coefficients of variation values of 0.58 and 8.88, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance depicted remarkable genetic variation among studied genotypes based on morphological and physiological traits. Classification of studied barley genotypes using both types of inspected traits could classify them in 3 separate groups. In this research, there was not any coincidence between two types of classifications. This is resulted that line number 3 with high pedanclean length (7.18 cm), 1000 kernel weight (42.2 gr), yield (5172.5 kgh-1), dry matter percentage (31.3 %), fresh weight (0.463 gr), turgusens weight (0.717 gr), relative water content (58.82 %) and also another moderate characteristics could considerable as promising one for arid and semi-arid region after regional field trials.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an only oilseed crop which, is native to Iran where, is known as its diversity center. The genetic variation study provides valuable information about maintenance and their usage of germplasm for breeders to increase efficiency of breeding programs. In the current study, sixty-four genotypes were assessed for 20 agronomic nag morphological traits for genetic variation evaluation of in safflower. The number of wizened seeds per lateral capitulum trait had the greatest CV (coefficient of variation) while the diameter of lateral capitulum trait indicated the lowest CV. Also, some traits including seed weight of lateral capitulum, number of lateral branches, number of capitula per lateral branches, diameter of main capitulum, yield of single plant, thousand seed weight and seed yield showed relatively high CV amounts. Results of cluster analysis through morphological traits and based on Euclidean distance and Ward method showed that there were five different clusters. The genotypes of the third cluster had high values in some important traits such as thousand seed weight, seed yield and oil content while the genotypes of the other clusters were high in number of capitulum and harvest index traits. Cluster analysis according to agronomic and morphological traits could not separate safflower genotypes based on their geographical origins whereas Iranian genotypes were located in different clusters which shows Iranian genotypes had high genetic variation. Therefore, regarding this mismatch of genetic variation and geographical origin, it is better to select safflower genotypes for breeding programs using genetic variation. Also, local Iranian landraces can be used as a rich genetic source for safflower for breeding programs.