mona tasan

Poverty reduction is one of the main goals of policies pursued by governments. The concept of pro poor growth focuses on the interaction between three elements: growth, poverty and inequality. On the other hand, pro poor growth is affected by several factors, including macroeconomic policies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of Openness on pro poor growth during the period of 1982-2015. For this purpose, we estimate this relation by using ARDL method with time series data. The result shows that the openness of the economy has led to the improvement of the situation of the poor, due to the introduction of technology, increased productivity, more efficient resource allocation and promotion of innovation. So it is suggested that, the government pursue the removal of barriers of free trade and membership of the WTO. Although the success in this field is to create appropriate infrastructures and institutions.

Poverty reduction is one of the main goals of policies pursued by governments. At the same time, economic growth and a strong belief in growth along with justice have always been of interest to policymakers. In this regard, the concept of pro poor growth focuses on the interaction between three elements: growth, poverty and inequality. On the other hand, pro poor growth is affected by several factors including macroeconomic variables. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of macroeconomic variables including government expenditures, transfers, liquidity, openness, oil revenue and external debt on pro poor growth during the period of 1982-2015. For this aim, first, we calculate pro poor growth index and then by using the time series data of desired macroeconomic variables and by ARDL model we estimate that relationship. The results show that all macroeconomic variables, except transfers and openness, have a negative and significant effect. In other words, by increasing liquidity, external debt, oil revenues and government expenditure, the share of poor people from economic growth will be less than the rich. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should change the path of economic growth by improving infrastructure and increasing social spending in the field of education and health, as well as directing liquidity towards productive and employment activities and allocating oil revenues to improve the infrastructures so the benefits of the poor will be more than the rich from economic growth, and the goal of reducing poverty and inequality would be achieved. Also, in spite of the positive effect of transfers and the openness of the economy on pro poor growth, it is suggested that the accurate identification of poor people and the targeting of subsidies, as well as the removal of barriers of free trade and membership of the WTO, along with the establishment of appropriate infrastructures and institutions, will increase the effectiveness of these macroeconomic variables.

The economy's dependence on oil revenues and derivatives of these products make the country's economy heavily influenced by the volatility and instability of the pricing of these products. Therefore, it seems necessary to develop non-oil exports. This paper examines the causality relation and the effect of foreign direct investment, economic openness and real exchange rate on non-oil exporting in I.R.Iran. Using annual data covering the period 1974-2008, vector auto regressive method and Toda- Yamamoto causality test it is shown that significant and positive effect exist between openness of economy, foreign direct investment, and real exchange rate on non- oil export variable. More over the existence of a single causality relation from real exchange rate and economic openness to non–oil exporting has been proved.

Tourism is an old concept. Since the 1960's economists in the field of development have referred to tourism as an industry. With the turn of the century the tourism industry has become a major source of income and an important foreign currency provider. According to WTO reports this industry ranks third in securing foreign cash at a worldwide level and after petroleum and automobile industry is the biggest industry. Based on the WTO reports the statistics on tourism have been on an expansion path in all areas. Concomitant with this fact, the planning and investing to take advantage of the benefits of this growing industry has been intense too. Countries with old and historical attractions and ancient monuments have been able to attract more tourists. On the other hand countries with less ancient attractions have tried to attract tourists through other means such as unique recreation centers and natural sceneries. After security, the main factor for the development and progress in the tourism industry in each country is a well established and efficient transportation system. Therefore, paying attention to tourism infrastructure and the underlying facilities such as roads and transportations are major challenges that every country must deal with if they plan to really benefit from tourism. The D-8 countries consisting of Indonesia, The Islamic Republic of Iran, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Turkey, Malaysia, Egypt and Nigeria in their first gathering in the June of 1997 in Istanbul, Turkey formally agreed, among other issues, on mutual and bilateral cooperation in the area of tourism. Therefore, this study is an attempt to evaluate the potentials and also set the grounds for the fulfillment of one of the objectives of the D-8 member state's mandate. In this research a simple method of computing tourism potentials among the D-8 countries for the year 2005 is employed. The results indicate that Indonesia, The Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey, Malaysia and Egypt have good opportunities in tourism. However, in most cases such opportunities have not been fully utilized.