monireh anoosheh

Most parents consider adolescence to be the most difficult stage of parenting. Parental practice is a determining factor in adolescents’ outcomes. Mothers play the main role of parenting in Iran. Coinciding the transition of adolescence with the transition of middle-aged mothers can affect the mothers’ parenting practice. The present study aimed at explaining the Iranian mothers’ practice in parenting an adolescent child. This qualitative conventional content analysis was conducted from July 2018 to November 2019 in Kashan. 21 in-depth semi-structured interviews with mothers of adolescent children were performed using a purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed through conventional content analysis. Data collection and analysis were performed simultaneously using MAXQDAv10 software. Regarding the study objectives, two themes and six main categories were identified. The theme of ‘laying the groundwork for upbringing’ was detected by two main categories: ‘meeting the needs and ‘effective interaction with the adolescent’; also, the theme of ‘individual-social capacity building’ was explained by four main categories: ‘helping to gain independence’, ‘modeling individual-social behavior’, ‘socializing the adolescent’, and ‘preparing to accept future roles’. Mothers’ practice was mainly focused on adolescents’ independence, college education, career prospects, and marriage preparation and respect for older adults. Consistent with this transition to modernity, and contrary to the collectivist values of Iranian society, mothers’ practice was in line with developing adolescents’ independence and building their self-confidence, which is close to the authoritative parenting style.

 Caring a patient with hemiplegia could affects different aspects of family caregivers’ health. This study aimed to determine the effect of a patient care education on stressors, anxiety and depression in family caregivers of patients with hemiplegia stroke.

This was a quasi-experimental study carried out in 2019. The samples were women caring for their patients with hemiplegia discharged from a teaching hospital in Koohdasht, Iran. The experimental group received 4 sessions of group discussion and 3 home visits in the designed educational program. Stress, anxiety and depression of caring women in both groups were measured using the DASS21 before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Fisherchr('39')s exact test, Chi-square, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U test.

The results showed that stress, anxiety and depression of caregivers were significantly decreased in the experimental group one month after intervention as compared to the control group (P <0.05).

The findings showed that the training program for caregivers of hemiplegic stroke patients could reduce the stress, anxiety and depression.

Understanding the conditions of terminally-ill patients' family members is the first step in reducing their emotional distress. The aim of this study was to explore nurses' perceptions of the conditions of terminally ill patients' families. This qualitative content analysis study was conducted in 2016–2017. Participants were 24 nurses purposively recruited from 14 hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through conventional content analysis. Participants' perceptions were categorized into two main categories, namely, behavioral and emotional turmoil and perceived worries. The two subcategories of the first category were family turmoil after receiving bad news and family members' violent behaviors after receiving bad news. The second category included four subcategories, namely, feeling guilty, worries about patient's fate, worries about the aggravation of patient's conditions, and financial worries. The main theme of the study was family in limbo. Terminally ill patients' family members are in limbo due to behavioral and emotional turmoil and different worries. Nurses can use the findings of this study to help terminally ill patients' family members undergo a healthy grief.

Physical activity maintenance is an active process that requires active use of strategies and techniques for its maintenance. The present study was designed to understand these strategies from the viewpoints of adolescent girls, who are often significantly less physically active than their male counterparts. This study was a qualitative content analysis conducted through semi-structured interviews with 25 participants (16 adolescent girls, 7 mothers and two fathers). Data gathering was continued until data saturation. All the interviews were recorded, transcribed, and finally were analyzed by conventional content analysis using OneNote. The Strategy of "strive for perfection", with categories of reviewing experiences and thoughtful decision making and activity, was the dominant strategy used by adolescent girls to continue their sport activities. Adolescent girls in the recent study facilitated the continuation of their sports activities through using cognitive and behavioral strategies appropriate to their conditions. Therefore, it seems that paying attention to creating conditions for adolescents to have their own choices, decisions and strategies is useful in the continuation of sports activities.

Diabetes is a chronic illness which has serious physical and mental complication. Physical activity is one of the most important factors in preventing the mental complications of chronic illnesses. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of designed program of physical activity based on Pender health promotion model on type 2 diabetic middle-aged women’s mental health.
This was a quasi-experimental study carried out on 102 diabetic middle aged women referring to Diabetes Assembly of Varamin randomly put in two groups of case and control in 2016. The tools of study were demographic and Mental Health Middle-aged Woman (MHMW) questionnaire. Program of physical activity based on Pender health promotion model was accomplished for the women in the case group. At the beginning of study and two month after the intervention, mental health of both case and control group were evaluated. The data were analyzed using SPSS16, chi-square, t-test and Mann-Whitney tests.
After the intervention, the score of mental health in case group was 188/80 ±16/51 and in control group was 162/82 ±15/05; there was meaningful difference between them (P The results showed that the designed program of physical activity based on health promotion model has a positive effect on the increasing of diabetic middle-aged women’s mental health

Head lice are well known currently as a global health problem. The prevalence of the disease is higher in girls. and at school age. This study performed to evaluate effect of education about preventive behaviors of pediculosis among mothers on morbidity rate of their daughters to pediculosis capitis in primary schools.
This was a quasi-experimental study in two groups (case and control) carried out in 2016. The study samples were composed of 414 mothers and their daughters studying in elementary schools in Lowshan city (Guilan province, Iran). Simple random sampling method used. We provided the intervention group with group discussion in five sessions. There was no intervention in the mothers of the control group. The rate of student's infection was determined in two stages before and after the intervention and compared in two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS windows version 16 by chi-square and t-test.
The results showed that among 414 daughters, 78 (18.8%) were infected with Pediculus Capitis, 38 (18.4%) were in the case group and 40 (19.2%) were in the control group. After intervention in the case group, the rate of infection of girls decreased from 18.4% to 8.2%, but did not change in the control group. Chi-square test showed a significant difference between mother's education in group discussion and morbidity rate of pediculosis capitis in their daughters after participation (P The findings showed that group discussion on preventive behaviors of pediculosis in mothers led to decrease in morbidity in daughters.

Migraine is the main cause of disabilitating headaches.Sleep disorders are important stimulating factors of migraine. This study performed to determine the influence of sleep management program on headache indexes in migraine patients.
Subjects and

In this quasi-experimental study in 2013, 60 patients with migraine who referred to professional clinic of Razi hospital of Ghaemshahr, were examined in two experimental and control groups (with randomly allocation). Research tools included demographic data questionnaire, headache indexes questionnaire and the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire. Four one-hour sessions of sleep management educational plan was performed for experimental group. Headache indexes and sleep quality measured before and one month after program performance and compared with control untrained? group. Statistical evaluation was done using paired-test and compared by independent t-test.

The means of headache frequency in experimental group significantly decreased and sleep quality improved after intervention (P0.05).

The presentfindings suggest that sleep management program is an effective way to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks. ►Please cite this paper as: Hadadi Barforush M, Anoosheh M, Memarian R. Effect of Sleep Management Program on Headache Indexes of Patients Suffering from Migraine Referred to Ghaemshahr Razi Hospital.

Breastfeeding is a complex phenomenon and its duration is influenced by several factors. Since proper family support may affect the length and quantity of exclusive breastfeeding, this study aimed to explain the supportive role of families based on experience of successful mothers in exclusive breastfeeding.
This qualitative study was done in 2015with conventional content analysis approach. Overall, 16 successful mothers in exclusive breastfeeding were chosen by purposeful sampling from healthcare centers affiliated to Golestan and Mazandaran Universities of Medical Sciences. Data were collected by in-depth semi-structured interview and data analysis was done using comparative analysis. Lincoln and Guba criterion was used to evaluate accuracy and robustness of data.
The experiences and perception of successful mothers in exclusive breastfeeding were categorized intofour classes of emotional support from grandmothers, effective training role of grandmothers, cooperation of husband’s family, and participation of breastfeeding mother’s family.
Considering the supportive role of family members in various emotional and informational aspects of exclusive breastfeeding by mothers, it is recommended to seriously consider the role and position of this group and implement strategies using their potential in policymaking for breastfeeding.

In order to reform in health system and downsizing and compensate employment in nursing¡ the 8th government outsourced the nursing services to private companies; but it wasn''t a successful policy in practice. Though study of obstacles could be useful for further activities of nurses.
Aim: Assessing the obstacles of outsourcing in nursing in teaching.
Method & Material: This study took place in 2013¡ which through it the cases was consisted whole nurses of two hospitals from total of three (n=71). Questioner was made of 40 items¡ (0/9) and validity assessed by faculty members and reliability computed by Alpha Cronbach (0. 90). The data was analyzed by SPSS and descriptive statistics and «Manwithney» test.
Nurse''s concern about job safety had the top score (%93). Lack of rules for improvision privatization (%90). prejudice between private session nurses and employees. Lack of planing (%37). Lack of supervision (%32) and execution (%31). Mentioned above¡ are the main factors for prevention of improvision in privatization.
with the obstacles ahead¡ to get matched with the main plicies of country¡ by providing logical concepts¡ must compensate the lack of compensation or it''s abscence for nurses¡ through the process of outsourcement; Specially job safety and ease of cooperation without discrimination of nurses

Our community which now is walking into the graying of population era, could be exposed to various health care difficulties arising from the extended needs of elderly people. Existing evidence in developed countries has shown that a major cause of mortality is unhealthy life styles which may rise with aging. Due to the priority of prevention and risk factors control, designing a native promoting life style model for Iranian elderly seems an inevitable endevour. So, this research conducted with clarifying the concept, structure, and process nature of life style in Iranian elderly population by qualitative method. To achieving this aims a qualitative research method according to grounded theory was performed. We attempt to explore the concept, structure, and process nature and process of taking of life style in elderly population, by purposeful sampling at first and then continued by theoretical sampling sampling until data saturation. Unstructured interview was used for data collection. Participants of this study were elderly people (living with their families). 29 in depth individual interviews with 23 male and female participants were done. Collected data were transcript immediately and analysis using Strauss and Corbin approach 1998 was implemented. The following eight axial categories were emerged from the data analysis: aging restrictions, daily living behaviors, socio-familial structure, self-management, health deficits, insufficient efficacy, insufficient readiness and sprituality. Category of daily living behaviors was considered as phenomenon, self-management as action/reaction strategy, and health deficits as the consequence of these strategies. The category of spirituality, insufficient efficacy and insufficient readiness were the intervening conditions that affect the process nature of daily living behaviors promotion. Also self-management was found as the central category in this research. According to the consequences of the strategies adopted, it could be argued that older people are not healthy life style and their health has deficient. Based on the results of current grounded theory qualitative study, modification of unhealthy life style related behaviors seems essential.

Musculoskeletal disorders have become increasingly common among healthcare providers. They have become the most common cause of work-related disabilities among nurses.

The current cross-sectional study aimed to measure the prevalence of back pains among emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and association of back pain with quality of life, depression, anxiety and stress.

One hundred and eighty registered nurses working as EMTs at the Hamadan Emergency Medical Center were selected by consensus. Data collection tools were Demographic, Perceived Quality-of-Life, Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DAS21) and pain scale measurements.

Data showed that while 50.7% of the participants had an average awareness of the basic principles of back care, the majority (71.8%) had at least one type of back pain. There were associations between the prevalence of pain and depression (P = 0.049), pain and awareness (P = 0.035), and stress and job satisfaction (P = 0.024).

A large number (about two-thirds) of EMTs had some sort of back pain; it is highly recommended to promote the attitude and motivation of the individuals to take care to prevent back injury and inform them of the principles of back care. Implications for primary prevention and care practice include encouraging EMTs to apply accurate principles of back care.

Mental health is an important aspect of health and it is impossible to reach other parts of the health without it. According to this, present study aimed to explore women's experiences of mental health. Methods &

This study is a contract content analysis with a purposive sampling and maximum variation. 23 participants were selected gradually to saturate the information among middle-aged women living in Kashan. Data analysis was conducted simultaneously.

"The journey towards perfection" has emerged from the data as the theme of the study. This theme consisted of 5 main categories; "Feelings of adequacy", "Sense of sophistication"," Deepen relations", "Meaning-oriented", "Meeting the spiritual and financial prosperity" and multiple sub-categories.

The study presented the majority of women's health-promoting factors in middle age. Paying attention to these factors can promote the overall health status of the women of the country.

Diabetes with permanent changes in a person’s lifestyle may influence dia- betic adolescent quality of life (QOL) negatively. Studies conducted on diabetic patients are in- creasingly measuring patient-centered outcomes such as functional status and health-related QOL (HRQOL). The development of a HRQOL questionnaire with an optimal measuring performance provides nurses with a standardized assessment tool in order to determine the impact of the disease on diabetic adolescent girl’s activity daily living. This study aimed to develop and assess psycho- metric properties of “Iranian Diabetic Adolescent Girl’s QOL (IRDAGQOL)” questionnaire.Methods & Materials: The items and content of “IRDAGQOL” questionnaire were generated from themes and items extracted from a qualitative study using content analysis approach with the participation of 20 adolescent girls with diabetes. Face validity of questionnaire with the participa- tion of 10 adolescent girls and content validity by 15 experts, was approved. Convergent and dis- criminant validity of questionnaire confirmed. Exploratory factor analyses using principal compo- nent extraction method was performed to determine the questionnaire domains. The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was calculated to determine the instrument internal consistency in 250 samples. In 30 samples, using SPSS statistical package, test re-tests after 2 weeks confirmed questionnaire reliability. The patient interviews allowed for the identification of 50 items in the final question- naire. Principal components analysis revealed the presence of five components that jointly ac- counted for 79.945% of the variance. The face and content validity processes resulted in an ap- proved and valid questionnaire. Reliability analysis showed satisfactory result (Cronbach’s α = 0.870). The findings showed that the “IRDAGQOL” questionnaire presented in this study is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for measuring adolescent girl’s QOL.

Mental health in middle ages، especially in women is vulnerable due to the frequent changes in this age period and consequences of the changes. Considering the importance of promoting mental health in this period، the present study aimed to explain the women''s experiences on their mental health promotion during the middle ages. In this conventional qualitative content analysis using a semi-structured interview، 23 participants were selected. Considering the maximum variation among the participants، sampling was made gradually until data saturation through purposive sampling from the middle-aged women living in Kashan. Data analysis and sampling were conducted simultaneously. Results showed that mental health promotion in the middle-ages can be contributed to two main themes including «continuity of mental health care to youth» and «mental reconstruction» with subcategories of achieving to physical ideals، happiness promotion، stress relief and spiritual growth. Findings of this study reveal that the middle-aged women use different strategies for achieving and promoting their mental health; some of these solutions have short-term efficacy. However، using the effective coping strategies and providing the facilities for the extensive use of these strategies by the mental health authorities can promote mental health of the middle-aged women.

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of the Syrian type 2 diabetic females and the way they control it. A qualitative design based on the content analysis approach was used to collect data and analyze the females'' experiences with type 2 diabetes. Semi-structured interviews carried out with 12 females who had visited the Diabetic Center in Lattakia from March to December 2011. Seven major themes emerged out of the study as strategies for diabetes control: responsibility taking, illness confirmation, acquiring diabetes knowledge, self-care, socio-family support, hopefulness and religious beliefs. The findings of the study can be used to empower Syrian diabetic population and can provide nurses and other health professionals with more profound understanding of how the Syrian with diabetes view their lives and their sources of strength.

Stress, anxiety, and depression are common psychological problems in prostatic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of designed self-care educational program on anxiety, stress, and depression in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing prostate surgery. This was a quasi-experimental study including 33 participants in the intervention group and 34 participants in the control group. During the study demographic data and the rate of stress, anxiety, and depression were measured. In the intervention group, self-care educational program was presented in two sessions and was followed up one month after surgery. Stress, anxiety, and depression were measured before surgery, and during and one month after discharge using DASS-21, which is a standard questionnaire. Later data were analyzed using SPSS software. Participants in the study were between 45-80 years of age. Student’s independent t-test before the intervention revealed no significant difference in mean score of stress (P = 0.684), anxiety (P = 0.937), and depression (P = 0.727) between the two groups. Mean score of stress and anxiety significantly reduced in the intervention group on discharge (stress: P = 0.031, anxiety: P = 0.043), and a month after the operation (stress: P ≤ 0.001, anxiety: P = 0.016). However, mean score of depression revealed no significant difference on discharge (P = 0.514), and a month after operation (P = 0.221). The results showed that designed self-care educational program was effective in stress and anxiety reduction in patients under prostate surgery.

The evolution of family structures changes family roles، and challenges in providing care for the elderly. Thus، the exploration of the factors limiting the care of elderly in families is the aim of this study. This was a qualitative study of the experiences of 11 family elderly caregivers through in-depth، semi-structure interviews conducted in 2011-2012. After obtaining informed consents، data collection، recording، and transcribing were done. Data analysis was performed according to thematic analysis by Brown and Clarke. To ensure consistency and accuracy of data، credibility، transferability، dependability، and conformability criteria were assessed. In this study poor health، behavioral problems، shortcomings in knowledge، Insufficient experience، economic problems، problems with the physical environment، being busy، insufficient supportive relatives and friends، and failure in formal support were limitation factors in elderly care for families. Individual problems of family members and the weakening factors of social and familial conditions in elderly care cause family health system infrastructures to be fair and use of existing potentials to be insufficient for family support in elderly care. The role of nurses in the exploration of new strategies with the aim of reducing the gap between family needs and existing potentials will be an effective step in strengthening family health infrastructures. In order to complete the results of this study، further studies should be undertaken for assessing existing potential and new strategies for family support in elderly care.

Family plays an important role in physical activity behaviors in children and adolescents although the procedure of this effect is not clear. This study was designed to explore the family role in forming female adolescents’ physical activity behavior. This study used a qualitative procedure and content analysis method. To collect data، semi–structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants (16 female adolescents، 7 mothers، and 2 fathers). All interviews were recorded، transcribed and finally analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. Three main themes emerged as the family role in forming female adolescents'' physical activity behavior: starter (talent identification، interest arousal)، strengthener (providing، companionship and encouraging)، and maintainer (try to eliminate barriers and try to acquire the agreement of the disagreed member in the family). This study provided a better understanding of how families influenced their girls'' physical activity behavior. Identifying the role of family can help health authorities and physical education coaches to design more effective family–based interventions and also to identify more areas for further research.

Philosophy of education is one of the epistemological domains of human science and one of the important courses in the curriculum of nursing doctoral degree. Quality of nursing education depends on the periodical assessment and improvement of this course. Therefore, the aim of this study was the pathological assessment of the principles and philosophy of education course in nursing doctoral degree. A qualitative design using a content analysis approach was used. Using a purposive sampling method, 11 doctoral degree students and 2 lecturers were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed. Five categories were developed: educational planning, promoting motivational strategies, modification of the process of mutual evaluation, compliance of the content with philosophy and content compliance with student's needs. The main theme was the reform of the process of educational administration. Results of this study show the importance and necessity of review and revision of the principles and philosophy of education course. In order to improve the quality of this course, the course content should be designed based on the needs of nursing students to be applicable in education, research and practice.

Spirituality is recognized as a personally important matter to the elderly, and there are evidences of its impact on their health. The aim of this study was to explore the concept of spirituality from the perspectives of Iranian healthy elderly individuals. A conventional qualitative content analysis of carried out with 21 healthy elderly people from both male and female genders were chosen using a purposive sampling method in Tehran in 2010‑2011. Data collection was done through semi structured interviews. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the participants’ experiences and perceptions on spirituality, using a central question ‘what characterizes the spirituality in the Iranian healthy elderly people?’ The following categories emerged from the data analysis: (1) Spiritual health, with four sub categories including saying prayer as a calming factor; beneficence as a way to God; loss of psychological and spiritual support; faith as a way to happiness; (2) spiritual beliefs, with three sub categories including seeking help from God in difficulties; God‘s power over life and death; doing good deeds is the God’s will; and (3) religious practice with three sub categories including saying prayer; reading Quran; and going to mosque, religious ceremonies and pilgrimage. In this study was found that spirituality was a fundamental element in elderly individuals’ lives that help them to adapt with daily living conditions.

It is vital that the managers identify and use some appropriate methods to increase job satisfaction. Performance appraisal is one of the essential task for managers to achieve organizational goals، improving the quality of services and one of the factor for job satisfaction.

The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between quality of performance appraisal and job satisfaction of nurses in hospitals of Arak University of Medical Sciences.

This study was a descriptive – correlation that all nurses (133) in teaching hospitals of Arak in 1390 were selected. Data were collected by two questionnaires; performance appraisal had 44 and job satisfaction had 20 questions. Their reliabilities were 0. 85 and 0. 72 respectively by Cronbach Alpha. Data analysis was done by Spearman correlation coefficient and used software SPSS 13.

Results showed that nurses believed that head nurses have moderate competence for the implementation of performance appraisal (80. 5%). Also، qualities of process and outcome performance appraisal were average level; respectively، by 50. 4 % and 60. 9% of nurses. The majority (72. 2%) of nurses expressed moderate level of job satisfaction. There was a significant relationship between a feeling of job satisfaction and nurses’ perceptions of head nurses’ competence، process and outcome qualities (P<0/05).

Regarding the results، it is necessary all nurse managers try for self- empowerment and promote the quality of the performance appraisal process.

Inadequate attention to health education and lifestyle modification are major barriers to prevention، control and treatment of high blood pressure. This study investigated the effects of group discussion with high school youth on lifestyle of their parents who have hypertension. 61 high school boys and their parents were divided into two groups. 8 sessions of group discussion for a month، regarding the need for lifestyle modification in hypertensive patients، was designed for students in the intervention group. Lifestyle changes investigated via measuring of body mass index and scales of drug consumption، frequency of blood pressure measurements، walking and feeding patterns questionnaire in month before and two months after intervention. At the end of study، mean of BMI in intervention group 0/408±0/401 and control group 0/096±0/273 decreased. Independent T-test showed statistically significant difference between groups (P>0. 01). 74/2% of the parent of intervention group and 33/3% of control group at the end of study took their medication regularly. Chi-square showed significant difference between groups (P>0. 01). At the end of study، these statistical tests also showed significantly difference between the experimental group and control group، regarding consumption salt، oil، sugar، white meat، vegetables and dairy products. Group discussion with high school students is effective on BMI، diet، regular walking and taking anti-hypertensive drugs by the parents.

Objective (s): To determine how nurses manage intercultural communication with their patients. The type of this qualitative study was content analysis. 21 nurses were participated in this study. Sampling was purposeful. They have a diversity of age, sex, clinical experiences and different positions. Data were collected via unstructured interview. Content analysis and constant comparative analysis method was used for data analysis. The strategies of prolonged engagement, peer debriefing, member checking and journal writing were used to establish the trustworthiness of the study. Data analysis showed that various strategies were used for inter cultural communication such as: member of family, secretaries of ward, nonverbal communication, using the previous vocabulary, and also translators. Different strategies such as relatives, bilingual and bicultural nurse, orderly, secretary of the ward, nonverbal language, use of previous words and translators are used. According to the results, it can be concluded that nurses when patients are facing cultural diversity, based on their professional and moral obligation, use a combination of strategies to provide complete and effective care.

Despite the importance of physical activity and exercise for lifelong health, involvement in physical activity declines during adolescence, particularly for girls. Identifying barriers of physical activity habit helps researchers to design better and more effective interventions for participation in exercise and physical activity. This study was designed to explore barriers of physical activity habit in adolescent girls. A qualitative study was conducted by means of semi-structured interviews with twenty five participants (adolescents, mothers, and fathers). The interviews were tape-recorded; transcribed verbatim and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Two main themes emerged as exercising habit barriers in adolescent girls: explicit restraints, implicit restraints. This study provided a better understanding of exercising habit barriers in adolescent girls that is often missing from quantitative work. Identifying and removing barriers can help researches to develop exercising habit which has a main role in human health promotion.