فهرست مطالب morad kaviani

Place is the center of geography and identity; it is the manifestation of culture in place. Parliamentary elections, as a political event, play an effective role in representing the voters' spatial identities. The interests of individuals play a decisive role in directing their work. The performance and action of humans are subject to the understanding and perception they have of the surrounding geographical environment, which gives meaning to their interests. The geographical environment is a concept mixed with social, political, economic, and natural factors whose intertwining has played a fundamental role in giving direction and meaning to human character, effort and spatial identity. Elections are the highest level of representation of local identities in heterogeneous constituencies in which local identities are  reflected. Due to its geographical location throughout history, Iran has had a wide variety of local identities, among which the elections of the Islamic Council played a role in revealing this diversity of identity and, accordingly, the diversity of spatial voting patterns. In North Khorasan, it is one of those culturally diverse areas from a linguistic point of view, and the identities arising from this diversity have played an effective role in pushing and pulling the votes of the candidates for the election of the Islamic Council. Identities and cultural contexts have sometimes led to the neglect of worthy candidates and competent representatives at the center of national decision-making.

Esfarayen Constituency includes the cities of Bam, Safi Abad and Markazi, which is the third constituency in the province in terms of population. In terms of language, the residents of this area speak the Kurdish dialect of Kurmanji, Tati, Farsi, and Turkish, and religiously, they follow the Shiite religion. This constituency was a part of the constituencies of Khorasan province until the sixth term of the Islamic Council elections, and from the seventh term, with the separation of Khorasan province, this constituency was assigned to North Khorasan province. Esfarayen Constituency has a representative in the Islamic Council. The current research aims to investigate and analyze the impact of spatial identities arising from linguistic diversity on the orientation of the spatial pattern of voting in the Esfarayen constituency. The methodology governing the text has a descriptive-analytical nature, and the statistics and information needed for the research were collected by the library and field method   (questionnaire) and then analyzed using spss software.

The result of the research showed that the elements of place identity such as the number of co-citizens and co-speakers of the candidate, ethnicity, co-lingualism, ethnic population and co-speakers of the candidate being co-citizens with the election candidate, respectively, had the greatest impact in creating the voter base for the candidate representing the Islamic Council at the constituency level. On the contrary, the parliament candidate's belonging to a particular party, the opinion of religious elders and clan elders, the candidate's experience and education, and the correctness of the candidate were, respectively, less important in getting the votes of the candidates.

The Islamic parliament election, as the mid-level of elections in the Country, have always been the focus of experts and the public minds. It is worth noting that the presence of people to participate in elections and the extent of their participation varies from constituency to constituency and from one period to another. This difference in participation has led to the emergence of different constituencies, according to this, the electoral behavior of people in different constituencies toward each other can be examined. The data of this article show that the electoral behavior of people in Arak, Komijan and Khondab constituencies has not been influenced by local factors. The present study is based on the theory that the political orientation of the elected president and the large scale-National currents affect the electoral behavior of Arak, Komijan and Khondab constituencies.

The data which is required for this study is collected by the Library-method and analyzed by Descriptive-Analytical method. The result of the research shows that political parties which are affected by the large scale-National currents will influence the outcome of the election and the political tendency of the chosen Parliament members in constituencies of Arak, Komijan and Khondab.

 From the third to eleventh term of the Islamic parliament, 18 people entered the parliament, of which 7 were reformists and 11 others were from the United Front of Fundamentalists and Conservatives. In other words, 38.9% of the representatives were reformists and 61.1% were conservatives. It is considerable that in these 9 elections, none of the elected representatives was independent, each of them was a member of the two prominent parties in the country. This statistic indicates that ethnic and local factors have not had an effect on the electoral behavior of the people in this constituency.

It is considerable that in these 9 elections, none of the elected representatives was independent, each of them was a member of the two prominent parties in the country. Generally, this study states that the political orientation of the elected president and the large scale-National currents affect the electoral behavior of the mentioned constituencies. The next point is that the impact of the metropolis of Arak as the center of the province on the other two cities in this area is significant and the other two have not nominated a candidate for the parliament due to the small population or have not been able to enter the Islamic Parliament. Another important point is that the parties have been able to return the spatial pattern of voting by eliminating the local identity factor in their favor. Factors such as political and economic development, literacy level, common language and religion of the people of the metropolis of Arak have caused their electoral behavior to be influenced by national factors instead of ethnic attitudes and local factors. On the other hand, the strategic location of the metropolis of Arak due to its location on the expressway from the North to the South of the Country and the existence of many access roads has caused this city to become an economic and cultural center and this factor brings opinion and orientation of people of Arak closer to the people of the capital. Finally, the article hypothesis is confirmed.

An analysis of the state of Iran's water resources shows that hydro-political challenges have shifted from the national scale to the sub-national scale (at the catchment level) and the conflict of interests of users has led to a contradiction in the approach of agents, especially in times of drought. Meanwhile, Karkheh catchment in Khuzestan feeds by Kashkan river in Lorestan province. On the other hand, climate change and Kashkan floods have often been associated with losses. The basic agricultural livelihood of Delfan city and the prevention of floods have made the construction of Gaushmar dam on Kashkan inevitable. The construction of this dam has reduced the volume of water entering the downstream cities of the dam and the Karkheh catchment in Khuzestan, especially during dry seasons. The construction of this dam has led to the conflict of interests of the actors and the emergence of hydro-political challenges on a subsidence scale. The present article is applied and the methodology of the text is explanatory-analytic. The data and information required for the research were collected by library and field methods (interview). The result of the research showed that with the construction of Gaushmar Dam, hydro-political relations within the province (Lorestan) and extra-provincial relations between Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces have been brought hydro-political tension. The adaptation of these conflict of interests eventually led to a reduction in the height of the dam and the volume of water stored behind the dam due to the authorities’ policies.

Less than three percent of the planet's water is fresh. habitat in the macro sense depend on this water. Over the past few decades, due to population growth, agricultural expansion, industrial growth, climate change and successive droughts, human access to water has steadily declined, threatening the survival of the status quo and the sustainability of human life and civilization. This damage has attracted the attention of brokers and researchers to water security. South Khorasan province in eastern Iran is inherently a low-rainfall province with a hot and dry climate and has been involved in successive droughts and over-extraction of groundwater reservoirs for the past two decades. Has resulted. The present article, which is applied and the methodology is explanatory-analytical, and its findings are collected by the library method (books, publications and the Internet) are based on the hypothesis that in recent years, rainfall has decreased and aquifers in the region have decreased. It is associated with an increase in the number of disputes and lawsuits. The results showed that the increasing complexity of increasing water abstraction, declining reservoirs, decreasing rainfall, population growth along with government policies related to the expansion of agriculture has led to increased tensions, conflicts and lawsuits and has affected the province's water security.

There has been obvious and hidden effort to overcome the space in the context of individual and group scans. Space and space are conceptualized with the social, political, economic and natural processes that their long-term diversity and long-term integration play a fundamental role in the direction and meaning of the efforts and manners of the people living in it. The context has provided them with a sense of belonging and life sustainability. Inside the interior of nature are intrinsically powerful. Elections are firmly established as one of the individual power-building processes or political currents with the elements and processes of the spacecraft. Meanwhile, environmental perception, along with the sense of people's place of belonging, plays a significant role in their voting behavior. The province of Bojnourd in the northern Khorasan province is the domain of various cultures (linguistic and religious). The present paper relies on the hypothesis that identity identities (linguistic and religious) in the form of spatial identities are the most fundamental factor in shaping the model of voting space in this electoral domain. The methodology governing the text is a descriptive- An analysis has been carried out and the statistics and information required for research have been collected by a library method. The result of the research showed that the rise of the element of identity and location of the locals of the province has been selected at least in all courses by at least one candidate for the Kurdish language.

Over the past two decades, climate change and rising water consumption have faced many of the world's regions with a freshwater crisis. The data available about our country, also due to the change in the climate and inefficiency of the current consumption pattern, suggests that the security of the country and hence the national security of the country will henceforth be linked to each other. However, our country has the capacity to reduce existing concerns in the management of consumption patterns. The Caspian Sea is one of these capacities. The present study is based on the assumption that using the reserve of the Caspian Sea could increase the country's water security. The methodology of research based on the argumentative approach and the research methodology has a descriptive-analytical character and its information has been gathered by a library method. The findings of the research showed that the favorable conditions of the geographical environment of the Caspian Sea, along with the water needs of the country, has made the use of this reservoir a strategic option. Active diplomacy, legal framework, the use of national security thinkers and environmental assessments are among the most important requirements for the use of the strategic reserve of the Caspian Sea.

Security and peace establishment in each society is one of the most important responsibilities and goals of government that is taken care of by use of all its executive agents and abilities. Today, not only does the security concept include military issues, but also all aspects of human life. For instance, environmental problems and security threats are results of this concept that attract high levels of global attention. As an environmental threat, bioterrorism can endanger the country's security, in case of occurrence. Additionally, it can become a national crisis, which requires crisis management, panic control and social stability in order to decrease the attack effects for its prevention. Based on our country's location and presence of some powers like US and Israel around us, Iran's vulnerability in national level like borders and ethnic regions from one side, and disability of some neighbor governments in governing their territory from the other side, have made terrorism an important issue for Islamic republic of Iran. Survey assumptions include: 1) It seems that there is a direct relationship between environmental security and national security. 2) There is an inverted relation between bioterrorism threats’ effects and government and society’s readiness. Survey results show that lack of planning and readiness of society and government against a bioterrorism act influences countrie's political, social and economic dimensions and causes huge disaster. Folk's knowledge and education in addition to government’s planning in the field of unexpected and unnatural threats and events such as bioterrorism, play a key role in decreasing the crisis effects as the result of those events. As the most important result, the requirement for analysis of a bioterrorism action is having sufficient knowledge. It also must be considered that prevention of bioterrorism occurrence is much better than being faced to it afterwards.

Various theories about political phenomena are discussed on the basis of the subjective and objective characters. Phenomenology is one way to analyze the mentality, quality and specificity of political phenomena. Shiite and Sunni Islamic movements, according to their nature, have different understanding of religion. This can be caused by the perception of the environment and the ratio that defines in connection with the perception of spatial and temporal existence. Based on environmental perception, when Objective understanding of place replaced by its subjective perception, location emerging patterns are involved because they are effective in creating the sense of place. The hypothesis of the paper indicates that the time-place oriented idea of Shiite and Sunni Islamic movements in the Middle East formed their strategies in practice.

Equality constitutes the essence of justice. Equality means the right of individuals to enjoy similar rights in using existing material and spiritual opportunities found in the society in order to foster their capacities and potentials. Every phenomenon that has specific spatial diffusion is regarded as belonging to the study scope of geographical sciences. Spatial dimension of most of human-made phenomena is a function of political system in securing justice on the nationwide scale. National security is a function of (political, economic, cultural) interactions within and beyond the territory. Political system as the agent of the state seeks to formulate and implement strategies and plans, which reflect the spatial needs of the society. Hence, the function of government in increasing or decreasing related to justice can play the essential role and can pave the way for heightening or lowering national divergence or integration in the category of geographical equity. Geographical equity puts emphasis upon distributive aspect of justice in light of area discrepancies at the national level, keeping balance in relations between humankind and the environment, enjoying equal opportunities by citizens and reducing the adverse impact of unjust distribution of chances and possibilities in the domain of national territory while keeping the category of spatial diffusion at the center.

Geopolitics of gas has opened a new chapter in international relations in which centers of production, consumption and transit routes of energy as well as influential trans-regional powers are considered. As the world's second biggest country possessing gas reserves, Iran can greatly affect strategic relationships in energy sector if it develops an agenda based on geopolitics. Thus it can find the value for establishing strategic relationships. In this regard, the hegemonic power has made all efforts in order to manage the Persian Gulf's regional affairs, and every of the regional political units which adopts a confrontational position towards the hegemonic power will be pressurized. The existing evidence demonstrates that Iran is valued simply in a non-competitive international milieu for non-hegemonic powers. India’s increasing need to gas energy as a non-hegemonic power has provided Iran with a strategic chance; however numerous (regional and trans-regional) parameters have challenged the transit of Iran’s gas to that country. The author holds that in the case of the formulation of an agenda based upon geopolitical location, Iran can secure its national interest in the utilization of existing opportunities.