فهرست مطالب morteza barmaki

Disruption in the photosynthetic system is one of the reasons of reducing in plant growth and chlorophyll fluorescence a measurement is one of the methods of these disorders investigation, which shows the photochemical qualification of the plant. In order to study the effect of the combination of salicylic acid (SA) with mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl herbicides on the physiological behavior of wild oat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications, in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agiculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2020. The results showed a decrease in maximum fluorescence (Fm) and maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and an increase in minimum fluorescence (Fo). The fresh and dry weights of wild oat decreased in all treatments except the control treatment (no herbicide) and the chlorophyll index slowly reduced one days after herbicide application compared to the control treatment. According to the results, all concentrations of herbicide reduced the dry weight of wild oat by more than 40%, and salicylic acid application did not affect the effectiveness of herbicide in the mentioned weed control.

The present research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of Magnesium sulfate and Manganese sulfate on yield and some quantitative traits of Potato in Agria cultivar.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018- 2019 growing season in Nir city. The first factor included foliar application of Manganese sulfate at two levels: control and 5 per thousand, and the second factor involved foliar application of Magnesium sulfate at five levels: (control, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 per thousand), used in the stages of early tuberculosis and 50% tuberculosis.

The results of analysis of variance showed that with the exception of the number of stems and the number of uneconomical tubers, the effect of Manganese sulfate on the number of usable tubers at the level of five percent and in the other studied traits was significant at 1% level. The effect of Magnesium sulfate had a significant effect on plant height at 5% level and on other studied traits at 1% level. However, the interaction of experimental treatments was not significant. The highest tuber yield of 44.9 t.ha-1 belonged to foliar application with a concentration of 5 per thousand manganese sulfate. The highest effect of Magnesium sulfate foliar application on the number of usable tubers was 34.4%, compared to the control. On average, foliar application of Magnesium sulfate increased tuber yield by 12.3%, compared to the control treatment.

Considering that in most of the studied traits, foliar application of 5 per thousand Manganese sulfate and 4.5 per thousand Magnesium sulfate showed better results than other treatments, these fertilizer levels can be recommended for this cultivar in this area.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nanofertilizers on some morphological, yield and harvest characteristics of chickpea and also to introduce the best fertilizer treatment. The experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year 2019-2020 in farm conditions was conducted at the Jihad Agricultural Service Center in Barzand, Germi city, Ardabil province. Experimental treatments included T1: foliar application with 17% nitrogen nanofertilizer, T2: foliar application with 17% phosphorus nanofertilizer, T3: foliar application with 27% potassium chelate nanofertilizer and T4: control treatments. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of experimental treatments on plant height, number of sub-branches, fresh and dry weight of plant, number of nodes per root, dry weight of root node, number of pods, number of seeds, Seed weight, 100-seed weight, grain yield and harvest index were significant. In most of the studied traits, the highest amount of studied traits was obtained under foliar application of nitrogen and phosphorus nanofertilizers, which increased grain yield by 47.81% and 53.29%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The highest harvest index was obtained by foliar application of phosphorus nanofertilizer, which increased this trait by 22.93% compared to the control treatment, which were common in a group with nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Application of nitrogen and phosphorus nanofertilizers increased the studied traits compared to the control treatment, so it is recommended to use these nanofertilizers in these areas and areas with similar climates.

This experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design during years 2019-2020. In mixed and pure crops, potatoes with a density of 53,300 plants per hectare and beans were planted on ridges and at intervals of potato plants in 3 different densities of 53,300, 106600 and 159900 plants per hectare. The net bean density was 444,500 plants per hectare. In this study, potato tuber yield and bean seed yield were statistically significant. The average yield of potatoes in mixed crops was 42175 kg / ha and in net cultivation was 45579 kg / ha and the average yield of bean seeds in mixed crops was 909.55 kg / ha and in the first to third densities were 834.33 / 67, respectively. 941 and 952.67 kg/ha were obtained. The land parity ratio was more than one in most mixed cultivation patterns. The highest land equality ratio of 1.218 belonged to the first bean density treatment and the lowest amount belonged to the third bean density (1.069). Potato dominance index compared to beans in the first and second density treatments was evaluated positively and this indicates its dominance. Among the different patterns of intercropping, the highest utility was observed in the first density of beans. The positive of most indicators indicates the beneficial effect of potatoes and beans on each other and the usefulness of their mixed cultivation.

Pelleting is done by adding inert adsorbents to change seed size and shape and improve seed yield and plant ability. This present study was conducted to investigate potato minituber pelleting (Agria cultivar) to improve some key potato traits in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2018-2019. Experimental treatments included 9 different combinations of Arabic gum or cellulose adhesive, zeolite or cocopeat fillers and chitosan with control treatment (without pellets). The studied traits were leaf number of leaves, fresh yield, dry matter yield of potato tuber, leaf stomatal conductance, tuber carbohydrate content, tuber density and chlorophyll content in leaves. The results showed a significant effect of potato minituber pelleting on traits such as Number of leaves, Fresh and dry matter yield of potato tubers, leaf stomatal conductance, tuber acidity, density and chlorophyll b content. Pelleting of minitubers with Arabic gum + zeolite + chitosan had the highest number of leaves and density of potato tubers it showed an increase of 50.88 and 15.9 percent, respectively to the control treatment. According to the results, the highest fresh yield and dry matter yield of potato tuber were obtained in the treatment of Arabic gum with zeolite, which showed an increase of 47.14 and 39.46 percent, respectively, compared to the control. The highest amount of leaf stomatal conductance was observed in the cellulose adhesive + cocopeat treatment combination, which resulted in a 70.21% increase compared to the control treatment. The highest amount of chlorophyll b in cellulose adhesive + cocopeat + chitosan treatment combination showed an increase of 42.7% respectively, compared to the control treatment. In general, in terms of quantitative traits, application of Arabic gum with zeolite along with chitosan led to the improvement of most morphological, functional and physiological traits.

study aimed to Evaluating the production of potato superolite tubers by applying different pelleting methods based on randomized complete block design with three replications Experimental treatments included 17 different combinations. The results showed, Pelleting of minituber with zeolite and soil soil application of triple superphosphate had the largest diameter of the main stem, compared to the control, it showed anincrease of 29.31 percent, pelleting the tuber with cocopeat and soil application of triple superphosphate had the highest plant fresh weight and plant dry weight, which showed an increase of 33.8% and 29.72%, respectively, compared to the control, the highest number and yield of potato superolite tuber was obtained in T14 treatment with an increase of 29.9 and 33.89% compared to the control, treatment (T1) led to an increase in chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, which compared to the control showed an increase of 21.92, 34.40 and 23.92%, respectively.The highest amount of carotenoids was observed in T13 which had an increase of 18.10% compared to the control treatment. The highest (fv/fm) was in T7 treatment Comparison with control treatment showed an increase of 21.29%.Treatment (T5) had the highest protein yield which had a 52.62% increase compared to the control treatment .In general, the results showed that the application of superabsorbent polymer and chitosan in tuber pelleting had good results in most traits. In addition, the use of zeolite with these compounds led to the improvement of most traits.Also, Potato tuber yield showed positive and significant correlation with most morphological traits.

This study aims at investigating the morpho-physiological responses of potato superelite mini-tubers to different coating treatments factorial experiment, based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University between 2018 and 2019. Experimental factors at four levels include mini-tubers filler (zeolite and cocopeat), superphosphate (soil and pellet application), chitosan, and superabsorbent with control treatment (without pelleting). Application of cocopeat with superphosphate leads to the highest average number of tubers per plant (8.36), fresh and dry tuber yield (18.23 and 3.88 tons per hectare), and biological yield (21.69 tons per hectare). The use of chitosan in mini-tuber pelleting decrease the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes (19.67% and 16.37%, respectively), increasing the activity of polyphenol oxidase (37.80%). Zeolite increase and cocopeat decrease the tuber protein percentage, compared to the control. This increase in protein percentage with increasing tuber yield leads to a 32.23% increase in tuber protein yield in zeolite application, compared to control treatment. The use of superphosphate in mini-tuber pelleting also increase the protein percentage, thus leading to a 30.30% increase in protein yield, compared to control mini-tuber. In principal component analysis (PCA), the first component, with which 35% of the changes could be explained, include the yield of protein, lysine, and methionine, and the second component, with which 25% of the changes could be explained, include the protein, methionine, lysine, and total nitrogen. Finally, the results show that the mini-tuber pelleting by superphosphate, zeolite, and superabsorbent have had significant additive effects on yield and quality traits.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seed coating with combinations of micronutrients, stimulants and growth regulators on emergence, plant establishment and early stages of sugar beet growth. This study was carried out in greenhouse conditions at Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2018. Experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Seed washing (washing and not-washing), varity (Shekofa-Persian) and various combinations of micronutrients, stimulants and growth regulators which contains 5 were treated with a control (no cover-up) were the experimental factors. Comparison of the mean data from the experiment showed that among the sugar beet monogerm hybrids, Pars hybrid was superior in terms of establishment percentage. The results of this study showed that seed coating after washing increased the efficiency of sugar beet seed coating treatments. Among different treatments, seed coating treatments 1 [Zn+Mn+B (9, 16.5 and 8.5 g/ kg-1 seed Respectively)+ Gibberellic acid+ Ethylene+ Salicylic acid (1.2, 2 and 0.35 mL/ kg-1 seed, Respectively)] and 2 [Zn+Mn+B (9, 16.5 and 8.5 g/ kg-1 seed Respectively)+ Amino acid+ Humic acid + Seaweed extract (8, 12 and 12 g / kg-1 seed, Respectively)] had the most effect on accelerating emergence and improvement of seedling growth and maximum chlorophyll index and quantum yield of photosystem II were observed in these treatments.

Seedsoffour Satureja species; S. laxiflora (Hayata) Sasaki, S. macrantha (Makino) Kudô,S. sahendicaBornm. and  S. macrosiphonia Bornm. were collected from the different regions of Iran. The samples were transferred to seed technology laboratory of natural resource gene bank at Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland (RIFR), Tehran, Iran. The seeds samples were subjected to different treatments including: pre-chilling (4 °C), Gibberlic acid (250 and 500 ppm), Potassium nitrate (2 and 4%) and distilled water (control). The treated seeds were sown in pots using a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in a glass house experiment. The seed emergence characteristics, including: emergence percentage, emergence speed, length of root and shoot, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight, dry/fresh weight were evaluated during 45 days. The results showed that S. machrantha had higher mean values of seed emergence characteristics than to the other three species. The effect of treatment was significant on seed emergence characteristics of the species, it was concluded that priming technique using Gibberlic acid was more effective than the other priming techniques.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quantity and quality of forage and to determine the best cultivation pattern of Grass Pea mixed with some winter cereals including barley, oats and triticale.

The experiment was conducted as randomized complete design with 13 treatments and three replications in the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. Treatments included mono cropping of grass pea, barley, oat and triticale, and mixed grasspea cultivation with each cereal in three seeding ratios (grain: grass pea; 25: 100, 50: 100, and 500:80).

The LER based mixing system productivity and forage quality indexes such as crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic fiber (ADF) content, total forage digestibility (TDN) and other qualitative traits were affected by the type of mixed culture. As such, most of these qualitative traits belonged to sole culture of grass pea. Increasing the proportion of grass pea in mixture intercrops improved forage quality.

Among of mixed treatments, two mixing patterns including 80% barley + 50% grass pea and 80% oats + 50% grass pea, had the highest quantity and quality of forage. Also, these cropping patterns showed the highest LER (1.34 and 1.40, respectively) compared to pure and other mixed cropping treatments. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the mixing of grass pea with winter cereals at the 80% cereal + 50% legume as one of the most efficient and sustainable cropping systems in terms of high quality and quantity forage production, Advised farmers in arid and semi-arid regions.

This paper investigated the temporal variation in and implications of agricultural land use for ecosystem services in Bahar-Plain in Hamedan Province. Using aerial photographs of the year 1968 and Landsat images of the year 2016, land cover change and ecosystem service values (ESV) were studied for an area of 167 km2. There was a marked reduction of semi-natural lands by approximately 94% within 48 years, while the residential and industrial lands increased by over 631%. Upon the large decrease in semi-natural land areas, the greatest loss in ESV (12 million dollars) occurred as this service had the highest estimated coefficient for the area. In 1968 and 2016, the estimated cost for the total ecosystem services were 71.8 and 64.3 million dollars per year, respectively. This made it possible to estimate the loss of ESV due to land use change at 7.5 million dollars per year (9.38 dollars per hectare per year). Although, there was no significant change in ecological buffer zones, the average number of these areas decreased from 49.3 in 1968 to 34.3 in 2016. In conclusion, it is recommended that land use and land cover policy should be made for future economic ‎development programs, along with the protection of natural and semi-natural areas as well as ‎diversity. ‎

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stress and a limiting factor for plants production in most parts of the world. The aim of study was to investigate to the role of mycorrhiza and growth promoting bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. symbiosis in increasing drought tolerance of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdaeiffa L.). 

The experiment was performed as factorial based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2016. first factor included 4 drought stress levels (drought stress at flowering, 50% flowering, 100% flowering and no stress), the second factor included two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) plus control without inoculation and third factor included growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria (Pseudomonas p-169) plus control without inoculation.  

The results showed that by applying drought stress, the plant growth properties of Roselle such as height, number of bolls per plant, stomatal conductance, dry weight of sepals, dry weight of grain, root dry weight and root volume, 1000-grain weight, chlorophyll of leave were significantly reduced. Application of mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas spp. In drought stress increased relative water content, the highest amount of which (64.37%) was obtained by inoculation with fungi which showed a 32% increase compared to non-inoculated conditions. In response to drought stress, osmotic adjustment process in Roselle was provided and proline content (7.84 mg.g-1) and antioxidant enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (1.56 μg.g-1) increased significantly under complete irrigation conditions.  

Bacteria improved the effects of drought stress.The biological fertilizers increased drought stress tolerance by increasing growth parameters and moderate in the physiological traits such as antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic pigments.

In order to evaluate the forage yield, crude protein and advantage indices of grass pea-cereal intercropping systems, a field study (2015-2016 and 2016-2017) was conducted as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 13treatments and three replications at the research station of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. The treatments were sole planting of grass pea, barley, oat and triticale and intercropping grass pea with each of the above cereals (in the flag leaf appearance stage), in three seeding ratios (grass pea: cereal; 25:100, 50:100 and 50:80). The results showed that the highest and lowest forage yield were obtained in 80% grass pea-100% oat (8410 kg.ha-1), 80% grass pea-100% barley (8094 kg.ha-1 and grass pea sole crop (4758 kg.ha-1), respectively. Also, the highest and lowest crude protein was recorded in grass pea (152 g. kg.DM-1) and triticale (77 g. kg.DM-1) monocrops, respectively. The land equivalent ratio (LER) value was greater than one in most of intercropped treatments with the exception of grass pea- triticale (50:100), which indicates advantage of mixtures compared with monocrops. Economic advantage in terms of relative value total (RVT) was greatest in the cases of grass pea mixtures with oat and barley (1.34 and 1.24, respectively) at the 50:80 seeding ratio. Generally, the results of this research showed that the grass pea intercropped with oat and barley at the 50:80 seeding ratio can be selected as the best legume-cereal intercropping systems due to higher forage yield, crude protein and economic benefit.

Water shortage in terminal phases of wheat growth causes low-quality seeds in wheat. Extra use of chemical fertilizer has an adverse effect on the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is very important in Iran grown on 7 million ha of the total national cultivated; irrigated wheat farms accounting for 35% of the total wheat lands. It grows mainly during dry seasons, where irrigation is necessary because precipitation in the growing season is far less than the crop water requirement. Within the arid and semi-arid regions, water available is a major limitation for crop production. Wheat needs sufficient available water and nutrient to achieve optimum yields, quality, and adequate grain-protein content. In recent years, the water shortage has gradually increased in most of the countries mainly due to the annual increasing irrigation and dry climate. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of azotobacter and mycorrhiza fungus on yield and yield components of wheat varieties and quality of derived seeds under supplementary irrigation. The present study experiment was conducted as a factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle).

To evaluate the effect of azotobacter and mycorrihza application on yield, yield components and seed quality of wheat cultivars an experiment was carried out in the Research Station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle). Experimental factors including two irrigated wheat varieties namely N-80-20 and Gonbad Cv., six levels of inoculations (1) non inoculated as control, (2) application of mycorrihza  (G. intraradices), (3) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum, (4) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum, (5) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, (6) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, and three levels of supplementary irrigation (non-irrigated, irrigation at booting and irrigation at the full flowering stage). The studied traits were plant height, spike length, number of spikes, number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biologic yield, harvest index, seed germination percentage, seed germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight and length vigor index. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were performed using SPSS and STATISTICA software. The graphs were drawn by excel software.

Results revealed that inoculation of wheat varieties with a combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza induced seed yield and yield components increment as well as quality improvement of derived seeds. Supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase had more positive effects on traits of wheat varieties. Considering the investigated characteristics, N-80-20 had a better response to seed inoculation and supplementary irrigation comparing to Gonbad cultivar. The maximum seed yield (5987.33 kg.ha-1) was achieved with the application of mycorrihza + liquid azotobacter under supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase of wheat growth.It seems that application of biological fertilizers and supplementary irrigation is an appropriate and low-cost method for increasing of yield and improvement of seed quality of wheat. Seed inoculation of N-80-20 cultivar with mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter was increased the seed yield 10 percentage compared to control condition. Seed germination percentage and rate of wheat cultivars under supplementary irrigation was significantly increased. The maximum seed germination percentage (95.7%) was observed with the application of mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter. N-80-20 in compared to Gonbad cultivar was demonstrated better response regarding studied traits.

According to the results, in order to increase seed yield and improving seed quality, inoculation of seeds with a joint combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza along with supplementary irrigation at the full flowering stage of wheat could be recommended.

Calculating the environmental impact assessment during a product's life cycle is very important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects of soybean oil production (Glycine max) in Ardabil province.

Lifecycle assessment was conducted to compare environmental burdens of this crop. Four categories (eutrophication, acidification, global warming potential and photochemical oxidation) of environmental impacts were used to define in this method. Inventory phase was conducted in 1393.

The production of one-ton soybean in Ardabil in eutrophication potential, acidification potential, photochemical oxidation and global warming are 13.671 kg PO4eq, 13.680 kg SO2eq, 0.093 kg C2H4 eq and 857.128 kg CO2eq respectively.

It was found that the effects from the three crops comes generally from manufactured fertilizer, manure, diesel combustion, agricultural practices, and electricity for irrigation. It can be said that the indirect effects associated with these inputs are related to producing and processing, which had negative impacts. Result indicated that input performance of production of one-ton soybean is low. With increasing crop yield per input can decrease environmental burdens.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a source of strong, natural and free of calorie sweetener that is mainly used in industries and pharmacy. With respect to the importance of this plant, extracting sweetening compounds from this demands production of considerable biomass. Therefore, the effects of mychorrhizal fungus on some characteristics of Stevia’s root organ were studied in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized blocks with 4 replications conducted in a greenhouse at Mohghegh Ardebili University in 2014. The first factor included Imma & Angel and Novell nutrient solutions; the second factor included the Planting bed that consisted of Leaf composts vermicompost, and Peat and perlite, and finally, third factor included the inoculation with mychorrhizal fungus and control treatment. The results showed that the highest percentage of root colonization with mycorrhizal was associated with the Novella nutrient solution and vermicompost planting bed, the maximum length of myrrhizae roots and dry weight of the mycorrhizal roots of the Imma & Angel solution and the vermicompost planting bed. In addition, Novell in vermicompost planting bed yielded the largest Leaf dry weight, root volume, root surface and root length after inoculation with mychorrhizal fungus. The largest, root dry weight was observed in case of Imma & Angel solution in vermicompost medium (inoculated with mychorrhizal fungus).

IntroductionThe controversy about sustainable agriculture has been extended to consider the impact of agricultural production. Population growth has increased the need for food, water, and renewable energy resources, which requires development of new knowledge about and technology for production systems using the sustainable development frameworks. As a consequence of agricultural reliance on natural resources and processes, a complicated relationship exists between agriculture and the environment. Agricultural activities can be both advantageous and disadvantageous for the environment. Agricultural activities have grown quickly over recent decades in Iran; their environmental impacts have also escalated. Major environmental issues in Iran include water shortages, nitrate leaching into ground water, soil erosion, and the release of pesticides and P-based fertilizers into water resources. Since there is a legal gap in assessing the environmental impact of agricultural activities in Iran; so little attention has been paid to reducing environmental emissions and use of resources of the agricultural products. Standard procedures should be used to assess agricultural activity to introduce environmentally-friendly practices and products. Crops production is a system with high environmental impacts. Different tools are available for assessment of the environmental impact of agricultural products. The most comprehensive of these is life cycle assessment (LCA). The present study used LCA to evaluate the materials used, energy consumption, and related environmental emissions from cradle to farm gate for soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and canola (Brassica napus) crops in Ardabil province of Iran.
Materials and methodsThe basic guidelines for administering an LCA delineated in ISO standards 14040 and 14044 were observed in this research. LCA is an internationally standardized holistic assessment framework and is widely used to identify potential environmental emissions and resources throughout a product's lifecycle, particularly in the agro-food sector. Literature on LCA has demonstrated potential applications of LCA in agriculture. All environmental impacts were analyzed using Simapro v 8.0.1 software. The goal of the current analysis was to examine the environmental performance of conventional cropping practices of oilseed crops at the local level in Iran. The scope of the present research was limited to oilseed production system using all inputs and outputs of agricultural materials, energy, and water from cradle to farm gate in Ardabil. All materials, emissions, and water and energy consumption measured per 1 ton of a crop at 13% humidity are denoted as a FU. A system boundary covers the entire production system for soybean, sunflower, and canola. The inventory data was collected based on the commercial production of each crop. The goal of inventory questionnaire was to evaluate type of machinery, inputs and outputs and irrigation. Also, data collection involved face-to-face interview with farmers.
The impact categories investigated in this research were eutrophication, acidification, global warming potential, and photochemical oxidation. In addition, the impacts of water dependence and land use were examined.
Results and discussionOnly the classification and characterization stages of the LCA were considered in this research. The results showed that sunflower demonstrated a higher environmental load in five of the six categories because of its lower seed yield and higher water and energy demands. The results indicate that production of 1 ton of soybean and canola requires 370 and 471 m2 of land, respectively. Production of same quantity of sunflower required 426 m2 of land. Sunflower required 1.59 and 1.25 times more water than the canola and soybean respectively, to produce the same quantity of oilseed. It was found that the effects of these three crops comes generally from manufactured fertilizer, manure, diesel combustion, agricultural practices, and electricity for irrigation.
ConclusionGenerally, it can be said that the indirect effects associated with these inputs are related to producing and processing, which had higher impacts than those of the direct effects.

In order to evaluation of nitrogen fertilizer application and seed inoculation by Azotobacter and Azosprillium on yield¡ rate and grain filling period of corn SC-500 cultivar¡ a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in farm of Agriculture and Natural Resource research center of Azarbaijan-e- Shargi province in 2011. The factors were included: nitrogen rates in four levels (0¡ 60¡ 120 and 180 kg/ha form urea) as N0¡ N1¡ N2 and N3 respectively and seed inoculation with rhizobacteria (without inoculation as control¡ seed inoculation with Azotobacter chrocococum strain 5¡ Azosprillium lipoferum strain OF). The results showed that maximum of nitrogen use efficiency (35.13 kg/kg) was obtained in application of 60 kg N/ha and minimum of it (23.37 kg/kg) was in application of 180 kg N/ha. Seed inoculation with bio fertilizersincreased nitrogen use efficiency compared to no seed inoculation. Nitrogen rates and seed inoculation with bio fertilizers had significantly effects on yield and yield components. Maximum of grain yield (9313.3 kg/ha)¡ grain weight (0.31 gr)¡ rate (0.0089 gr/day) and grain filling period (54.37 day) were obtained in seed inoculation with Azosprillium ×180 kg N ha-1. So¡ in order to increasing of grain yield¡ rate and grain filling period can be suggested that be applied 180 kg N ha-1 × seed inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum.