فهرست مطالب morteza sahab khodamoradi

Microfinance is an effort to alleviate poverty and improving the living conditions of low-income groups through the provision of micro-financial services. Hence, the present study investigates the effect of microfinance on the possibility of getting out of urban and rural households' poverty in Iran. For this purpose, firstly, based on the method of 66% of the average per capita household expenditure, the poverty line was calculated in general and provincial. Initial processing demonstrated that the amount of poor households among households with financial facilities is much lower than deprived households of these facilities. Finally, the model was estimated based on pseudo-panel data and random effects in logistic regression in a separate format throughout the country, urban and rural areas. The results show the reverse effect of financial facilities on the probability of households' poverty, while the size of the favorable effect of financing in urban areas is more than rural areas. Also, being male, the age and education level of a household's head has a reverse effect, and the square of the age of a households' head and the size of the household have a direct effect on the probability of poverty, while the favorable effect of education and age, and the unfavorable effect of household size on the probability of poverty in urban areas is more than rural areas.

Virtual money is one of the emerging phenomena that can be considered as one of the results of the penetration and expansion of cyberspace in human life. Facilitating financial transactions without the presence of intermediaries such as banks and financial institutions can be considered as one of the goals of creating virtual money. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of volatility spillover from Bitcoin as the largest digital currency on other digital currencies. In this study, the variables were converted into Rial currency to reflect Rial fluctuations simultaneously. One component of this analysis is identifying the digital currencies that have been most affected by the price bubbles and the free fall of bitcoin prices. The findings of the present study show that Bitcoin has the highest fluctuations on Dogecoin and dash among digital currencies, respectively, and it receives overflow from other digital currencies that have high transaction value. According to the results of the present study, the bubbles in the digital currency market show that the market is irrational and due to the effects of the existing overflow, it may spread to domestic financial markets and cause a lot of fluctuations.

Inefficiency and injustice of subsidy system in Iran over the years induced the government to implement targeted subsidy law since 2010. As a result, the share of poor households receiving government subsidies decreased. Utilizing the micro-data of Households’ Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES) from 2005 to 2014 and applying seemingly unrelated regression(SUR) technique through feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) method, this study examines the effect of targeting subsidies on households’ consumption combination. The results show that the shares of necessary goods in households’ expenditure have increased. According to Engle theory, these indicate reductions in households’ welfare. In addition, the “subsidy” dummy variable has the most effect on food expenditure share among different goods groups. One reason for the welfare reduction is higher increase in relative prices compared to increase in income due to subsidy. Since, the permanent income is of the highest effect on allocation of households’ budget among different goods groups; therefore, policy makers should focus on increase in the households’ real permanent income instead of inflationary policies, which increase nominal cash subsidies.