فهرست مطالب mostafa emadzadeh

According to the models of growth, renewable and non-renewable energy  affect economic growth, but the consumption of renewable energy due to less pollution, contributes to sustainable growth. So, countries strive to create the conditions for the use of renewable energy, such as electricity. By balancing competition in market such as the electricity market, on the micro level surplus of consumer and producer welfare is maximized without government intervention, and the incentive for the private sector to enter the market increases. On the macro level, due to lower prices and increased production, electricity consumption as renewable energy increases and reduces environmental degradation and increases sustainable growth. Over the past decades, in the electricity industry, natural monopoly conditions have been established in the sectors of production, transmission and distribution, and the surplus of consumer and producer welfare has not been maximized, so government intervention was justified. In recent years, due to technological advances and the elimination of natural monopolies, the incentive for the private sector to enter the electricity sector has been strengthened. The purpose of this article is to measure the degree of competition in 9 electricity companies in Iran during the period 2011-2019.

In order to measure the degree of competition in Iran's electricity industry, two structural approaches, i.e., Entropy coefficient and non-structural Panzar-Rosse were used. The entropy measure is used as an alternative to variance, in fact entropy is the inverse measure of concentration, when entropy increases, concentration decreases:E=i=1nSi.log1Si    ,0≤E≤log⁡(n) (1) Si  is the market share and the value of this index is equal to zero for the monopoly market and increases nonlinearly as the market becomes more competitive.Measurement of degree of competition by Panzar-Ross method, using the GMM method is as fallows:LnTRit=α0+α1LnQit+βLLnWLit+βKLnWKit+βELnWEit    (2)  WLit  is the labor input price, WKit  is the capital input price, WEit  is the energy input price of the power generation company i in the time period t. TRit  is total revenue, Qit  is production of the i-th power generation company at time t. In the dynamic specification, the Panzar-Rosse criterion for evaluating the market structure is defined as follows:PRH=i=13βi1-α1 (3) If i=13βi=1 , the market is competitive and a decrease (increase) in the price of inputs causes the same decrease (increase) in marginal cost and marginal revenue. If 0<i=13βi<1 , the market has monopolistic competition and is between competition and monopoly.

The calculation of entropy coefficient, which is one of the structural methods in measuring competitiveness, obtained a number equal to 0.215 for the Iranian electricity industry during 2011-2019. Considering that the mentioned number is between zero and one, it shows that the concentration in Iran's electricity industry has decreased during the period under review and this industry has been placed in a state between competitive and monopoly. In other words, the conditions of the electricity industry have moved out of the traditional state and full monopoly, although it still needs to establish arrangements to become more competitive and close to full competition. On the other hand, Panzar-Rosse non-structural method was also estimated and its index was calculated, which obtained a value of 0.253. This amount of Panzar-Rosse non-structural index also confirms the results of the non-structural approach in Iran's electricity industry. Due to the fact that the results of both structural and non-structural approaches in calculating the level of competitiveness in Iran's electricity industry confirm each other, more confidence is created regarding the obtained result.

Considering the important and effective role of electricity in other industries of the country, the existence of more competition that leads to a decrease in the price and increase in the production of electricity, from a micro point of view, it has led to an increase in consumer and producer surplus, and from a macro point of view, it has also led to a reduction in environmental pollution. Reducing the exploitation of non-renewable energies and as a result of intergenerational justice and ultimately the realization of sustainable growth and development. Although the results of the calculation of competitiveness indicators indicate that the electricity industry is moving away from the monopoly state and moving towards the competitive state, more efforts should be made in order to increase the degree of competition and achieve complete competition in the country. In this way, the country's economic managers and policy makers should increase the number of power plants in Iran's electricity network while removing the existing legal obstacles on the path of restructuring from monopoly to full competition in the country's electricity industry in order to reduce the level of concentration and monopoly in Iran's electricity market. On the other hand, creating a suitable environment for the correct and healthy competition of electricity companies, improving the productivity of production inputs and using the optimal combination of inputs through research and development, as well as short-term and long-term planning to improve the level of production and improve the cost structure, and encouraging and supporting elites and inventors in line with the development of new electricity production plans and technologies such as solar electricity technology can help to make the structure of the electricity industry more competitive.

The significance of human capital in improving economic growth and productivity is among the vital issues that have received considerable attention from economists. In specific, attaining economic growth has been an issue of interest for economists in recent decades, which requires certain mechanisms, including human capital index and globalization. Even though economic growth is driven by human capital, most resource-rich countries lack the necessary human capital since their natural capital out crowds’ human capital. Globalization assists a country in exploiting the benefits of openness, as it mitigates downside risks. Meanwhile, the increased capital flow that emerges from openness may enable producers to take advantage of a diversified portfolio and invest in riskier projects that yield rapid economic growth and expedite lending and borrowing. In addition, the degree of development of countries has been employed as a dummy variable, where zeros and ones indicate developing and developed countries, respectively.

This research aims to examine the mutual relationship between three variables, namely globalization, human capital accumulation, and economic growth, by theoretical analysis and modeling macroeconomic conditions. Moreover, an adaptive comparison between 23 selected developing countries and 33 developed countries over the 1995-2017 period was carried out based on the generalized method of moments using systemic panel data.

The results indicate that, with a 95% confidence interval, an increase in globalization, economic growth, and life expectancy leads to increased human capital. In contrast, an increase in the urbanization rate does not effectively improve the human capital index in the selected countries. Furthermore, increased human capital, economic growth, population growth rate, development of telecommunication infrastructures, and foreign direct investment affect globalization. Finally, human capital, globalization, labor, and investment affect the economic growth in the selected countries.

Based on the estimation results in selected countries, it can be concluded that increasing globalization leads to greater use of factors of production, higher efficiency at international levels, and improvement in economic growth through interaction with global markets and improvement in the technology employed in countries. Therefore, increasing the openness of the economy of a country increases productivity through the establishment of competition with other countries and the transfer of technology, which ultimately yields economic growth. Estimation and analysis of the multiplier coefficients of the dependent variables for the two mentioned groups of countries concluded that the changes in globalization and economic growth demonstrate a higher effect on human capital for the studied developed countries. Moreover, the multiplier coefficient effect of human capital on globalization in developed countries was more than that of developing countries. In other words, the changes in human capital demonstrate more significant effects on globalization in developed countries.On the other hand, for developing countries, the multiplier coefficient effect of economic growth on globalization was more than that of developed countries by twofold. This result indicates that, for developing countries studied in the mentioned period, a change in economic growth leads to a more significant increase and improvement in globalization. These results may be due to more vacant capacities and potentials in developing countries. In developed countries, the economy is often at full capacity and does not allow for a high growth multiplier. Indeed, the changes in globalization and human capital variables affect the economic growth of developed countries more notably compared with developing countries.

As one of the most important economic development stimuli, human capital has received great attention from many researchers. Accordingly, it is necessary to discover effective factors and the sign of their impact on human capital, particularly in Iran. Therefore, the purpose of the extant study was to examine the impact of globalization and economic sanction on the human capital of Iran for the period of 1989-2019. In this case, the effect of economic sanctions on the human capital of Iran was investigated as an innovative aspect of the present paper. The research model was designed by using independent variables, including the KOF Globalization Index, dummy variable of economic sanctions, economic growth rate, and urban population rate, and the dependent variable of average years of education as human capital. Finally, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was employed to estimate the research model. The results indicated a positive impact of globalization, economic sanctions, economic growth rate, and urban population rate on the average years of education that served as the human capital index.

Exploring the causes and factors creating the business cycles has been of interest to researchers in the field of economics for a long time, and many research based on various methods have been conducted in this field. The current research seeks to analyze the factors affecting the risk of recession recurrence in Iran and some sanctioned countries. Recession is assumed to be a recurrent disease, and the factors affecting its recurrence risk are investigated. For this purpose, frailty models defined under the parametric methods of survival analysis are used. The annual data of the 11 sanctioned countries considered in the period of 1990-2018 are received and their recession periods are determined using the Hadrick-Prescott filter. Then, by using a parametric model with a frailty component, the effect of inflation, ratio of fixed capital formation to government final consumption expenditures, oil prices and sanctions on the risk of recession recurrence is investigated. The results show that the effect of the variables on the risk of recession recurrence is not significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that according to the conditions of these countries, unknown and sometimes non-economic factors affect the risk of recession recurrence.

In order to investigate the reasons for the formation of business cycles, several studies have been conducted using various methods. But one of the topics that can be considered in this area is the study of factors affecting the risk of relapse, especially in countries under sanctions, which in the present study is done in a different way and based on survival analysis. Recession is considered as a recurrent disease in the economy and the factors affecting its risk of recurrence are examined. For this purpose, first, the annual data of 11 selected sanctioned countries in the period 1990-2018 are received from the World Bank website, and using the Hodrick–Prescott filter, their recession periods are determined. Then, using the approach of survival analysis based on recurring events, the effect of variables such as inflation, the ratio of fix capital formation to GDP, the ratio of government consumption expenditure to GDP, percentage of oil revenues from GDP, sanctions, and oil prices on the risk of recurrence of the recession is examined. The results show that except for inflation and the price of oil, which increases the risk of relapse, the effect of other variables on the risk of relapse is not significant.

The identification of tourism market segments helps to better develop travel packages and more efficient strategies. By identifying the expected values derived from the behavioral patterns and comparing them with the behavioral interests of the travel of elderly people, along with individual characteristics, the market for elderly tourists can be segmented and predicted. In terms of the purposes, this is an applied research and in terms of the data collection method, this is descriptive-survey. The qualitative approach and the Delphi method has been used to identify the expected values and, to predict market groups, a quantitative approach using neural networks has been used. This research has been conducted among 380 Esfahani and Tehrani elderly tourists using non-random and available sampling method. The results show that values are due to individual and personality traits, travel motives, travel experiences, travel style, and travel pleasure. The market for elderly tourists was identified and predicted based on the expected values, with the neural network technique in three conservative, prosperous and younger groups.

Globalization and economic openness, by raising external risks, increase the presence and interference of governments to support domestic economy. However, by integrating markets and creating competition in private sector, globalization decreases the presence of government in the economy. In this paper, under the theoretical framework of compensatory and efficiency hypotheses, the relationship between government size and economic openness in the long- and short-term is investigated for select member countries of Organization of Islamic Cooperation for period 1998-2015. The designed model is estimated by using vector autoregressive  (VAR) and the two-stage least squares (2SLS) methods. The results of vector error correction model (VECM) estimation show that in short run, government size, population and financial openness influence government size. In the long run, urbanization and population variables have the greatest impact on government size. The effect of financial openness on government size in the long run is decreasing, but the effect of the trade openness is increasing. The results of 2SLS estimation also show that the effect of efficiency hypothesis on the size of the government cannot outweight the incremental effect of the compensatory hypothesis and, as a result, with increasing economic openness in these countries, government size has become larger.

Destination managers would like to have a better understaning of the factors affecting destination choice by tourists. In the conventional demand side models, factors such as the income level in tourist origin countries, the price level in the destination and the exchange rate have been introduced as the core effective factors. Here some important theoretical bases such as Lancaster’s theory of demand for multi dimensional products are ignored or not prefered because of the difficulties in practice. The following article would first focus on the theoretical basis of tourists’ destination choice and then will study the destination choice factors for tourists who visits Isfahan as a cultural historical destination. The sample volume was determined according to Morgan’s schedule for infinite societies, and the sufficiency of sample was checked by KMO statistics. The questionnaire’s face was confirmed by research team advisors and the reliability of questionnaire has been tested by Cronbach's Alpha test.Using factor analysis for a data set of 384 cultural heritage tourists, we found that: price level at the destination, authenticity and uniqueness of attractions, safety and security, attitude of local people and authorities toward the tourists, and level of tourism services at the destination are the most important factors in choosing cultural-historical destinations. The results indicate that 57.414 percent of all affecting factors on destination choice have been explained by the introduced factors in this paper. Key Words:

Almost all human economic activities affect directly or indirectly on environment and ecological system, Corruption for reasons including inadequate regulatory system, lack of respect for law, weak democracy, and equality of individuals against law, lack of accountability on environmental issues. Because of the importance of corruption role in environmental degradation, in this study is tried to evaluate of direct and indirect effects of corruption on CO2 emissions as an indicator of pollution in the country be paid. Therefore, has been used of annual data 1984-2015 for Iran and using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The results of estimating direct effects model showed a positive and significant relationship corruption with CO2 emissions in the long run. And in indirect effects model corruption relationship with per capita income (as the intermediary channel) is negative and significant. Prominent issue in the study is high share direct effects of corruption on pollution compared to indirect effects. Therefore, it is recommended that authorities have more supervisory in control corruption.

The purpose of this study was to present a resistive economy based curriculum on focusing on two components of relying on internal capacities and, at all, consumption pattern, which was done by qualitative method (synthesis research). The field of research is all articles and texts related to resistance components that were selected from electronic databases and based on a targeted sampling method. The information analysis method was open coding, axial and replacement. Using the Content Validity (CVR) method, the concepts and subcomponents that are capable of placement in the educational system were identified. After extracting the following components and concepts related to them, two components of modifying the pattern of consumption and relying on internal capacities are identified as components that are capable of establishing in education. Finally, a curriculum model based on components of the resistive economy for education was presented using the Goodlad three-element schema (content element-element of political, social and vocational element).

Internal migrations has had a great impact on Iran''s population dynamics in recent Decades. During 1996-2006، about 16. 7 % of all population of the country have migrated inside the political territory، such rate has an increase of 2. 7% comparing with time period of 1986-1996 (14%). This shows an increasing trend of migration during the last decades comparing with the previous ones. Further، According to 1996 population census، just %35 of internal migration was interprovincial whereas in 2006، the share of interprovincial migration has increased to the 41 %. So that the figures seems that the analysis and review of the factors of interprovincial migration in the country for recognizing migration flows and planning for taking advantages of this phenomenon and preventing its harmful results، has a great importance. The deep and significant social- economical differences between the areas will lead to interprovincial migration. Migration is different from one district to another one depending on the social، economical and geographical structures. This paper presents an empirical study on the determinants of interprovincial migration in Iran. By using the data from the 1996 and 2006 population censuses، the extended gravity model of migration was developed. In the current research، by empirical test of migration gravity test for Iran and some main factors of migration، the correctness of this model and the recognition of the main characteristics of interprovincial migrants were studied. The results showed that both the economical factors including income differences and unemployment rates and also social factors such as the existence of social networks has a significant impact on migration.

In this paper, the impact of government size, as an index showing economic and political freedom, and oil revenue fluctuations on social capital is analyzed. To do so, we had to define and measure an index for social capital, according to previous studies. Trust is the most common criteria, used in studies. In this research, following Fukuyama approach, we used invers method. Instead of evaluating or measuring social capital as a positive value, the amount of its non-existence is measured. So, we have measured lack of trust (social capital) by defining a compound index. The compound index is made by taking average of two variables: Number of judiciary case (including dishonored checks) and value of ratio of non-performing loans to total loans paid (to private sector), both normalized between zero and one. According to this index, trend of social capital during studying period (1362-1390) is decreasing. Estimating social capital function with government size and oil revenue fluctuations as explanatory variables using ARDL approach, shows that government size as the index for eco-political freedom, and oil revenue fluctuations, both have negative impact on social capital.

On one hand، the skill-based technologies increase productivity and output، reduce inflation and raise income. On the other hand، human skills are essential for implementing، adopting، utilizing physically and practically of modern and imported technologies and serve a complementary role in this respect. In the present paper، an attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship between the domestic research and development capital stock and technology imports with skilled and unskilled workers in Iran from 1971 to 2006. To do this، a translog cost function was estimated with seemingly unrelated regression method. The results indicate that the technology and its spillover are complementary to the skilled labor and substitute for the unskilled worker. In addition، the results illustrate the existence of a complementary relationship between capital and skilled labor and a substitution one with capital and unskilled worker.

The process of skilled international migration from developing countries to developed ones has considerably grown during two recent decades. In 1970s, most economists agreed that brain drain has resulted in reduction of human capital stock and thus hurt to economy of developing countries; while in the studies of the decades, useful effects of brain drain on the economy of source countries has been controversial. Despite these different studies, total effect of human capital migration on economy of source countries is unknown. In this paper, it is tried to clear effect of brain drain on economic growth of source countries.

Sustainable development is a Controversial concept which has been considered over the three decades. It is comprehensive development and includes all of dimensions as “economic’’، “social’’ and ‘‘environmental’’. In economic objective، it requires substantial economic change that can be brought about by investment and trade. They are effective factors of sustainable development for all countries. This paper provides useful information of these issues. We analyze the relationships between trade، investment and sustainable. Using the average of annual time series data from 1990 to 2009، we apply Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to countries classification. The results indicated that economic factors are key criteria to achieve sustainable development while China has the highest priority among the selected countries.

Economic growth has always been known as one of the fundamental ideals of governments and an indicator to assess their performance. Achieving economic growth more than anything, depends on right recognition of potential pathways and the factors influencing it. One of the factors affecting economic growth is workforce health which forms the basis of human capital in combination with education. This study surveyed the effects of household health expenditure on economic growth and evaluated some other impressive factors on growth of Iranian provinces. This theoretical, scientific study used a method derived from Romer's endogenous growth model. The mentioned model was selected after technical studies and econometric tests using panel data approach, i.e. blending time series of 2000-2007 with cross-sectional data from 27 provinces of Iran. Findings of this survey proved the positive effect of household health expenditure growth and government investment expenditure on economic growth of provinces of Iran. Moreover, the results showed a negative relationship between consumer price index (CPI) and the economic growth of each province. Household health care expenditure had a significant effect on economic growth of Iranian provinces. Considering the proportion of this expenditure of household budget compared to other countries, economic growth and development of different provinces can be achieved through improving health care.

This article has developed a Ramsey type model of economic growth in which the engine of growth is public capital accumulation. Public capital is hired by the government for producing public good and services that used as input in aggregate production function. This provides the justification for the existence of the government. Benevolent government، seeking to provide an efficient level of inputs for production function، is to be competitive so that public and private marginal product of capital is equal. In a self-seeking government corruption is defined as monopoly rents extracted from the private sector through the supply of the public inputs. Rantier government income is defined as the deference between the government''s revenue for the supply of the public inputs minus the cost of providing the public inputs. Theoretical result showed that in steady state both per capita consumption and output and growth rate are higher in the benevolent case instead of rantier government. Empirical results of growth model simulation in Iran economy demonstrated that with deferent level of government inefficiency in a transitional dynamic from rantier to benevolent government may increase the growth rate from 1. 2 to 2. 6 percent.

In most of the developing countries، particularly in Asian countries، the initial step of electricity industry restructuring has begun by spot market design. In addition، electricity industry، all around the world، is approaching competitive markets. Meanwhile there are many unanswered questions including deregulation mechanism. In this new framework، producers are considered as private companies which are responsible for their decisions. This paper presents a regional model for the deregulated electricity market where producers trade the electricity with distribution utilities based on spot prices. A mathematical programming model is used to calculate an appropriate base for electricity market transactions. The model has been implemented while different power plants produce electricity and demand fluctuates permanently. The model minimizes total variable costs subject to generation and demand constrains. Isfahan electricity market is considered as empirical evidence. To run the model، General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software has been used.

Individuals and familie's accessible incomes increase as a result of economic development and income inequality reduction. This in turn leads to health promotion in the community. So, this study mainly aimed to survey the effects of unequal income distribution on health in selected members of Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC). This descriptive-analytic study collected the data and information from the Internet, library resources and journals. The model used included some variables, such as income level, income inequality, level of savings and education level. The study population consisted of 18 members of OIC between 1980 and 2005. The analysis was performed using panel data method and random coefficient model. The data was entered into Microsoft Excel software. Then, estimation was made by FLeamer test in Stata 9.2. Finally, Eviews3 was used to demonstrate the effects of variables and the difference between cross-sectional data. Considering life expectancy as a health index, and keeping the per capita income constant, income inequality (measured by Gini coefficient) had a reverse effect on health only in 6 out of 18 countries (according to inequality income hypothesis). Since life expectancy could not show the health changes in countries with more income inequality, the product of life expectancy and per capita income was used as health index. With income level, savings and education levels as control variables, it was observed that education and income have significantly positive effects on health. In the effort to promote health, one must emphasize not only on primary care systems, but also on issues such as improving income inequality, because an improvement in income distribution leads to increased level of life among masses of people through health, nutritional and educational enhancements.

The process of skilled international migration from developing countries to developed ones has considerably grown during two recent decades. In 1970s, most economists agreed brain drain resulted in reducing human capital stock and thus hurt developing economies. However, according to the studies of the recent decades, positive effects of brain drain on the source economies have been controversial. In this paper, it is tried to explore the effect of brain drain on economic growth of source developing countries. More than 90 percent of skilled emigrants of the world live in 30 of OECD countries, while more than 90 percent out of this live in the U.S., England, Canada, German, Australia and France. Accordingly, this paper explores the effect of brain drain on economic growth of 79 developing countries where skilled people have immigrated to the target countries during 1991 to 2004. To this purpose, the paper has examined the effect by specifying a panel growth regression model. The empirical results have shown that the effect of brain drain on human capital stock of the source countries has been negative and significant, while its direct effect on the economic growth of such countries has not been statistically significant. It implies that brain drain reduces the economic growth of the selected developing countries by reducing their human capital stock.

Despite the fact that Iran enjoys a high-potential agricultural sector in production of various products and the important role this sector plays in the development of non oil-based exports, a large amount of the government budget is being spent on the vegetable oil and oilseed rape (as animal food) import. For this reason, during the recent years the production of oil-based products is considered as the most preferred by the ministry of agriculture. And Kolza which is one of the richest nutrition these days is one of these products. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari is one of the best provinces for Kolza production because of the water abundance and for its suitable climate. For this purpose, in the present study the comparative advantages of irrigated Kolza production in this province, for the farming years 82-85, is considered using two indexes of comparative advantages. The first indexes include: net social profitability, domestic resources cost, and social cost- benefit. The Secondary indexes include: efficiency advantage index, scale advantage index and aggregative advantage indexes. The results for above indexes indicate that production of irrigated kolza in this case study has an improvement in trend. The indexes trends during these 3 years were satisfactory. Because the DRC index decreased from 22/7 in year 82-83 to 1/42 in year 84-85 and SAI index increased more than unit in year 84-85 which is a consequence of considerable increase in product performance.

Universities are looking for various methods to increase the source share of their private incomes such as research commercialization. Creating and expanding technological transfer offices in universities whose duty is to guide and facilitate the transmission of commercialized knowledge derived from different kinds of intellectual properties is a shifting policy in this respect. This research has been done in order to determine the viewpoints of faculty members and authorities of industry relation offices about commercialization methods and their possible barriers to be able to help planners to develop it well.In this cross-sectional survey study, activists in the field of technological transmission were interviewed. samples were selected based on proportional stratified sampling method and the views of relevant experienced specialists were used to design questions. The results clearly demonstrated that the authorities of industry relation offices evaluated the role of the offices in the process of commercialization more fundamental than that of faculty members. Additionally 78% of interviewees believed that commercialization success depends on the effective and active interaction of these offices with other relevant units in universities. From the respondent points of view, priorities of commercialization methods includes: joint research contracts (41%), development of commercial enterprises (27%), patents (22%) and providing consulting services (10%), respectively. Both challenges of inattentiveness to entrepreneurship culture and the contradiction between commercialization and traditional responsibilities of universities in the case of education and basic researches have been mentioned fairly equal.

In most growth theories, economists have been searching ways of faster economic growth to emphasize interrelation sector. In this paper, we have surveyed the interactional relationships among economic sectors (services, agriculture and industry) in period 1980 - 2004. We have used vector autoregressive models (VAR) to estimate their dynamic interrelation effects on each other. The result is that these sectors are complementary in Iran and the growth of each sector relates to other sector's growth. Also, the relationship between agriculture and industry sector is of most importance.

In recent years, transmitting knowledge and technology is considered as one of the primary functions of universities in developed countries whose main consequence is to provide better opportunities in making the required funds, especially from non- government sources. Universities of Technology in our country too, have more appropriate bases to develop commercialization. Hence, identifying and studying the relationship between effective performance components in research commercialization and diversification of income sources of universities are taken into consideration in this article. Assessing income function regression model of universities based on research function components was conducted in this research by means of available statistics and data. Analysis of data was showed that some variables such as the number of published articles in international conferences and journals, joint contracts with industries and higher education students’ dissertations have meaningful relationship with earmarked revenue so the resultant outcomes are in keeping with universal studies. Therefore, it is necessary for universities to pay closer attention to developing joint contracts in the short run an to make more sustainable relationship with commercial network, the status and the share of faculty member's income in the long-term horizon.

One of the most important problems in economic literature is the question of evaluating different parts of an organization and determining the indexes for this work. Therefore, we need some suitable indexes. In this context there are different methods, but DEA method (Data Envelopment Analysis) is a very ffective and dynamic index for measuring efficiency and productivity. In this method we select one or more firms (banks) from among the efficient firms and compare them with each other and calculate the input or output slacks of each inefficient firm.In this paper according to DEA method we have measured the efficiency of 40 Islamic banks in different countries with the assumption of variable return to scale (VRS) and constant return to scale (CRS). The results indicate that with CRS assumption, Qatar international Islamic bank, Sudan state bank, Pakistan kheibar bank, Bahrain albaraka bank, Bahrain Islamic ABC bank, Yamane Islamic bank, turkish albarakat Islamic bank proved efficient banks and with VRS assumption Qatar Islamic bank, Albany Islamic Arabic bank, Pakistan habib bank, Senegal Islamic bank, Qazaqestan state bank, Egypt SAE bank, Sudan state bank, Aboozabi Islamic bank, Pakistan kheibar bank, Bahrain Albaraka Islamic bank, Bahrain Islamic ABC bank, Keshavrzi bank, Maskan bank, Melli bank, Refah bank, Saderat bank, Yamane Islamic bank and Turkish albarakat bank proved efficient.