فهرست مطالب mostafa hamdieh

Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) is characterized by distressing somatic symptoms which are accompanied by disproportionate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, has wide gender differences in prevalence, which has been less investigated in researches.

 The purpose of this study was to compare the physical (criteria A) and psychological symptom of SSD (criteria B) consist of cognitive, affective and behavioral in female and male patients.

This study was a descriptive and causal-comparative research. The participants included 60 Iranian women and 30 men with SSD in the age range of 18-60 years old who participated in the study based on the diagnosis of a psychiatrist by Convenience sampling method in 2021-2022. Data was collected by The Somatic Symptom Disorder-B (2017) Criteria Scale and The Somatic Symptom Scale8 (2014). For data analysis, MANOVA were applied by using SPSS-22.

The findings revealed that women with SSD generally showed more psychological symptoms compared to men and in the psychological subscales, affective (P=0.00) and behavioral (P=0.00) was more evident in them, however there was no significant difference between men and women in cognition of psychological subscales (P=0.18) and intensity of physical pain (P=0.13).

According of the study, one of the factors of the difference in SSD prevalence can be from less expressing, not less suffering from the disorder in men. Studying the main causes of differences in the affective and behavior of psychological subscales such as cultural origin, can be effective in further studies.

In the current clinical trial study, the potency of mirtazapine and nortriptyline was compared in patients with Functional Dyspepsia (FD) who had anxiety or depression.

FD usually accompanies other psychosocial disorders. According to previous studies, among these disorders, anxiety and depression have the most correlation.

This randomized clinical trial was organized in Taleghani hospital (Tehran, Iran). In two parallel groups, 42 patients were treated for 12 weeks, with 22 patients receiving 7.5 mg of mirtazapine and 20 patients receiving 25 mg of nortriptyline per day. To gain robust results, the patients with a positive history of antidepressant therapy, organic diseases, alcohol abuse, pregnancy, and major psychiatric disorders were excluded from the study. The subjects were examined by three questionnaires, including Nepean and Hamilton questionnaires. The patients were asked to answer the questions three times during the study: once before the onset of the treatment,  second during the treatment, and third at the end of the treatment.

 Based on Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations, mirtazapine, in comparison to nortriptyline could significantly suppress the signs and symptoms of FD, including epigastric pains (P=0.02), belching (P=0.004), and bloating (P=0.01). Although the results from the use of mirtazapine compared to the use of nortriptyline (P=0.002) showed a lower mean depression score on the Hamilton questionnaire, no significant differences were found between the effects of these drugs on the anxiety scale of patients (P=0.091).

Mirtazapine is more effective for GI symptoms related to gastric emptying. Considering the level of anxiety, mirtazapine, compared to nortriptyline, revealed better outcomes in FD patients suffering from depression.

Opioids abuse is associated with several gastrointestinal side effects. We evaluated the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in OIBD in hospitalized patients in different wards of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) hospitals. This study aimed to investigate patients' frequency symptoms treated with opioids and opium addicts and their derivatives.

The present study is a descriptive study conducted from April 2018 to October 2018. Direct interviews with the study population were performed for data collection. Their information, symptoms, and complaints were checked.

Among the gastrointestinal symptoms, constipation was the most common symptom (59.3%). This pattern is followed by bloating (28.6%), heartburn (27.1%), abdominal pain (25.7%), dysphagia (22.9%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (22.1%), nausea (12.1%), and vomiting (7.9 %) and diarrhea (5 %) were the next prevalent symptoms, respectively.

Finally, our study showed that OBID symptoms are present in most opioid users and most of these people suffer from constipation. Also, the type of substance consumed by the person, the duration of continuous use and cigarette smoking play a role in the incidence of these symptoms.

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide an estimate of the prevalence of anxiety disorders during 2010-2020 among Iranian men.

We searched international and national databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, SID, and Magiran with related keywords. The selected studies were also qualitatively evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. I2 test was used to measure the heterogeneity of the studies and a random strategy for meta-analysis was considered using the result.

We reviewed 782 articles identified through our search. Then, 51 articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria and, data were extracted from 24 articles. After carefully reviewing these articles, 24 articles were ultimately selected for meta-analysis. The overall estimated prevalence of anxiety among men was 12% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.13). The highest prevalence of anxiety was 50% (95%CI: 0.38-0.62) in Tehran and the lowest prevalence of anxiety was 0.014% (95%CI:0.003-0.025) in Shiraz.

Anxiety disorders are common and the substantive identified here explain much of the prevalence of mental disorders. These results showed the potential in men to suffer from anxiety disorders.

Somatic Symptoms Disorder (SSD), is one of the psychological issues which is highly influenced by cultural factors. Numerous studies have indicated a high prevalence of SSD in Iran, which may be due to cultural factors that influence interpersonal relations. To address this issue, the aim of this study was to explore interpersonal patterns of Iranian patients with SSD.
A qualitative thematic analysis was performed on data collected from 34 interviews with patients, patient’s relatives and mental health professionals. The sample were recruited throughout a purposeful and theoretical sampling.
Thematic analysis revealed an overarching theme: pseudo relationships. This theme was shaped by two organizing themes: 1- Pretending flawlessness in relationships with two subthemes: (pretending perfection in interpersonal relations and denial of interpersonal problems) and; 2- Relational depth avoidance with two subthemes (development of symptoms to avoid interpersonal expectations, distance and friendship).
From the results of this study, it can be concluded that Iranian SSD patients try to deny their interpersonal problems, avoid deep interpersonal relations and keep their relationships at a superficial level which suggests considerations for treatment.

Considering that the quality of personal life and the quality of sexual life of working women interact with each other and considering that job as one of the dimensions that can play a direct role in the quality of life and also due to increasing women’s participation in professional activities in today’s society, this study was designed and conducted to explain the experiences of working women considering sexual health challenges.

This research was a qualitative study that the information of which was obtained through face‑to‑face interviews with semi‑structured and open‑ended questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with 32 working women working in public and private offices in Tehran, Iran, to explore their experiences of the role of jobs in sexual challenges. The sampling method was purposive. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative content analysis method with a conventional approach by MAXQDA software version 10, and to establish the reliability and validity of findings, Graneheim and Lundman criteria were considered.

Data analysis from 32 interviews resulted in the formation of 223 primary inferential codes and 1 main category and 4 subcategories. The results of data analysis were presented in one main category, including sexual health challenges among working women. This main category consisted of four subcategories such as sexual problems due to employment, job harassment, the essential needs for sexual relationship, need for the better job management, and married sex life.

Explaining the experiences of working women showed that sexual problems due to employment and job harassment are among the factors that cause sexual health challenges in working women. It also seems that meeting the essential needs for sexual relationship and the better management of job and married sex life can interact with the sex lives of working women.

The present study was conducted to investigate the comparison of cognitive behavior therapy and Islamic based spiritual religion psychotherapy on the Intensity of the Symptoms of obsessive- compulsive of women with washing compulsive. The research is a semi-experimental one with pretest-posttest design and control group. The research population includes all women with washing compulsive disorder  who referred to Tehran  city’s Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Centers in 2018. Among them, 39 people selected in the form of purposefully method and then randomly assigned to three groups of 13. Cognitive-behavioral therapy on the first experimental group and Islamic based spiritual religion psychotherapy on the second experimental group, during eight 120-min sessions 1 sessions a week. The third group, i.e., control group was put in the waiting list. In order to collect data, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive were used. Univariate analysis of variance and Fisher's post hoc test were used for analysis of data. The results showed that both cognitive behavior therapy and Islamic based spiritual religion psychotherapy have been effective in reducing obsessive-compulsive disorder, and there was not obsessed a significant difference between the efficacy of these two therapies in reducing the severity of obsessive- compulsive of women with washing compulsive.

Thereversibility of biological processes is an important challenge in the study of environmental pollutants and also natural and artificial radiation. There are many pieces of evidence about the reversible and irreversible effects of UV radiation on the human body. Assessment of the reversibility of UV laser effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the aim of this study.

Gene expression alteration in S. cerevisiae samples radiated by a 30s UV laser for 15, 30, and 60 minutes post-radiation times were investigated via network analysis to explore time-dependent reversible alteration in the gene expression profiles of the samples.

19 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as targeted genes for the samples which were harvested 60 minutes after radiation; network analysis revealed no significant alteration in biological processes.

It can be concluded that the gross effects of the UV laser on S. cerevisiae samples disappear after 60 minutes of radiation.

Marital satisfaction is considered to be the feelings and understanding of the couple about their marital relationship and their two-way relationship. Many factors play a role in creating marital satisfaction, and on the other hand, marital satisfaction is one of the concepts that cause sexual health in a person. Sexual health has many dimensions and includes coordination and adaptation of physical, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual affairs in humans. This study was conducted to assess the marital satisfaction of working women in Iran through meta-analysis.

In this meta-analytic study, the issue of marital satisfaction amongst Iranian working women which has been published in local articles was evaluated. To find pertaining studies, Magiran, IranDoc, SID, Iranmedex, and Pubmed websites were used. Statistical society in this research consists of all studies in Iran in regard to the relationship between being a working woman and having marital satisfaction that has been accomplished since 2001-2018 and was indexed in one of the scientific informative websites.To access desired articles we used the English keywords of ‘Sexual dysfunction’, ‘Iran’, ‘Sexual function’, ‘Marital satisfaction’, ‘Working women’ and ‘women’ and their Persian equivalents. After the selection process of articles related to the research objectives, 10 articles were selected and assessed as final samples.

Collected data indicate that the average size of  the influence of working on marital satisfaction in research samples was equal to 0.063. Point estimate based on Cohen scale shows low influence level.

The influence of being a working woman on marital satisfaction is not approved. Generally being a working woman can be effective on marital satisfaction at a weak level. However, regarding the impact of women’s work on marital satisfaction, research’s statistical society is also effective and should be considered. On the other hand, the positive impacts of being a working woman has become more significant over time.

Gamma radiation is accompanied by prominent biological effects and damages. Cell proliferation and tumorigenesis are highlighted as the main resulted effects of gamma radiation on cultured cells. This study aims to assess the dysregulated mode of gene function after gamma radiation in human Jurkat cells.

Six gene expression profiles from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were analyzed by GEO2R to find the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via gamma radiation. Action map analysis was applied to screen the query DEGs.

Among 108 study genes, 20 critical DEGs including AURKA, AURKB, BORA, CCNB1, CCNB2, CCNF, CDC20, CDCA8, CENPA, CENPE, CENPF, KIF18A, KIF20A, KIF23, BUB1, DLGAP5, ECT2, PLK1, SGO2, and TPX2 were introduced as down-regulated genes by the gamma ray.

Activators of the introduced critical genes may be the cell protector against gamma radiation.

Introduction:

 Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is accompanied by protein expression change in the body. There are many efforts to find a clear relationship between the differentially expressed proteins. This study aims to find the central differentiated expressed proteins of plasma after LLLT.

Six proteins are extracted from a proteomics study and the network including these query proteins plus 100 first neighbors was constructed. The central proteins were determined based on degree value, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality (CC), and stress (The centrality parameters).

Among 106 nodes of the network, 10 proteins were characterized with the most values of degree, betweenness centrality, CC, and stress. These proteins were determined as central proteins in response to LLLT in plasma.

Three query proteins, AHSG, FGG, and SERPINA1, plus 7 first neighbors, namely FGA, ALB, KNG1, FN1, APP, TIMP1, and F5, were identified as central proteins which were dysregulated.

Although the application of ultraviolet B (UVB) in phototherapy of human skin is a common therapeutic method, it is known as a risk factor for skin cancer. This study aims to assess the role of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to find the critical one that is mainly responsible for skin protection against UVB radiation.

The gene expression profiles of irradiated mice by UVB that issued skin protection against exposure are extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and analyzed by GEO2R. The significant DEGs are assessed via gene ontology (GO) analysis and the critical individuals are investigated via action mapping.

Thirty-eight significant DEGs that provide skin resistance against UVB irradiation were determined. Among the query DEGs, 26 individuals were related to 43 biological terms. Flt4, F3, Tspan6, Cblb, and Itgb6 were highlighted as the critical DEGs to promote skin protection against UVB irradiation.

The finding indicates that Flt4 is the key DEG that is mainly responsible for protecting skin from UVB exposure

Given the inconsistencies in the literature regarding laser performance in non-surgical treatments, this study investigated the available literature to determine the advantages and disadvantages of low-power lasers in treating non-surgical complications and diseases.

Authentic information from articles was extracted and evaluated to assess low-power laser performance for non-surgical treatments. A systematic search of studies on low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for non-surgical treatments was conducted mainly in PubMed and google scholar articles.

Four categories of diseases, including brain-related diseases, skin-related diseases, cancers, and bone-related disorders, which were treated by LLLT were identified and introduced. The various types of LLLT regarding the studied diseases were discussed.

Positive aspects of LLLT versus a few disadvantages of its application imply more investigation to find better and efficient new methods

One of the goals of all pharmacological interventions aimed to increase the survival rateof patients with alcohol-dependent oropharyngeal cancers is to decrease alcohol use. Oxytocinis an alternative therapy for craving and alcohol management. However, the effectiveness ofoxytocin on the severity of alcohol dependence has not been evaluated. In an ABABC study witha 6-month follow-up, during February 2015 to June 2016, a 67-year-old man with oropharyngealsquamous cell carcinoma with comorbidity of alcohol dependence syndrome and anhedonia wasselected by Respondent-Driven sampling (RDS). The patient was treated with intranasal oxytocinin two six-week stages (B1 and B2) and received placebo only in the other two stages (A1 andA2), and the follow-up results were evaluated at stage C. The data were analyzed by GeneralizedEstimation Equation (GEE) and Repeated Measures Correlation (rmcorr). Primary outcomesshowed that addiction severity Index (ASI) was signifcantly reduced in fve domains of medicalstatus, occupational status, alcohol consumption, family status, and mental status (all p’s < 0.05).There was no signifcant effect of treatment on legal status (all p’s > 0.05). Also, social (p <0.05) and physical (p < 0.01) anhedonia syndrome decreased in the treatment stages. However,these changes did not persist until the 6-month follow-up (all p’s > 0.05). Secondary outcomesshowed that there was a signifcant direct relationship between the severity of addiction andanhedonia (rmcorr = 0.01). The fndings of this study showed that the reduction of oxytocin-inducedneurotoxic symptoms led to a decrease in the severity of addiction and an improvement in theanhedonia syndrome.

One of the key aspects of mental health is one’s overall health and lifestyle. Longitudinal studieshave shown that dissatisfaction with life causes long-term health damage and increases mortality, suicide ten-dency, unintentional injuries, disability at work, and diseases such as those of cardiovascular nature. Amongstall forms of satisfaction, that of marital is of utmost importance. On a separate note, inhalation of cigarettesmoke exposes passive smokers to many chemical and toxic carcinogens, and it can negatively affect the non-smokers present. Furthermore, in psychiatric counseling sessions, many women report that they hate smoking.If we can show that inhaling cigarette smoke in men can have an impact on marital satisfaction, it can increasethe consistency of family foundations and have positive effects on the health and spirit of family members byinforming families.

In this study, 200 housewives, who had smoking husbands that smoked at home,were subjected to pre-determined conditions, alongside 200 housewives who had non-smoking husbands andwere therefore not exposed to smoking by their husbands at home. They were divided into two groups and wereassessed by Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ). For a closer look at the level of marital satisfaction, the ques-tionnaire results were divided into three subgroups which were marked as low, moderate, and good.

After calculating the total score of the questionnaire and statistical analysis, the results showed a higher rate ofmarital satisfaction in women who had non-smoking husbands compared to those who had smoking husbandsand this difference was considered significant at P-value <0.001.

Inhaling cigarette smoke in menin the family environment may seem to make a good impression on the smokers, but as the results of our studysuggest, it also has adverse effects on marital satisfaction.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is known as low-level laser (or light) therapy and is applied in different fields of medicine. However, it is required that its molecular and cellular mechanism be investigated. This study aims to assess the neuroprotective properties of PBM in the rat retina.

GSE22818 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the regulation of the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which are produced by light damage in the rat retina by the pretreatment of PBM application was assessed via network analysis and gene ontology enrichment.

The 78 produced DEGs by light-damage in the rat retina were protected via PBM pretreatment action. Among these determined DEGs, 53 individuals were included in the main connected component of the constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Ccl2, Icam1, Cxcl10, Timp1, and Fos were determined as hub nodes. Eight clusters including 26 regulated biochemical pathways by PBM pretreatment were identified. The critical DEGs based on the action maps were introduced.

The finding indicates that PBM treatment protects rat retina against light damage via the prevention of Fos, Ccl2, Icam1, Cxcl10, and Myc dysregulation.

Liver cancer is the third cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. It is primarily divides into two main types, namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) and cholangiocarcinoma (IC). Due to the increasing number of patients with liver cancer and the high mortality rate, early diagnosis of the disease can be helpful in treatment, but most patients are diagnosed atlate stages of HC. The aim of this study is to screen and provide an overview on candidate biomarkers related to primary liver cancer to introduce the critical ones. In this study, various biomarkers related to the diagnosis of primary liver cancer have been studied. Accordingly, biomarkers are divided into different groups as blood biomarkers classified as serum and plasma biomarkers, tissue biomarkers, microRNA biomarkers, proteomic biomarkers and altered genes. Previous researches have focused on liver cells and bile ducts, the surround cellular environment, how cells differentiate, and the types of genes expressed in liver cancer. Some even have focused on the origin of tumor cells and how they differentiate and develop. In all these studies, the expression of specific proteins and genes in liver cancer has been considered. Based on available sources, biomarkers can be considered as candidates to diagnose and prognosis of various types of primary liver cancer, from sources such as blood, tissue, mic-RNA, proteome and genes. However, more investigations are required to introduce a biomarker for precise detection of early liver cancer.

Numerous studies have indicated the role of unexpressed emotions in Somatic Symptoms Disorder (SSD). There are also many studies demonstrating a high prevalence rate of SSD in Iran. Literature suggests that due to cultural issues in Iran, it is difficult directly expressing emotions. Therefore, the issue of emotion expression contributes to a high prevalence of SSD in Iran. To address this issue, the aim of this study was to discover cultural obstacles in emotional expression among patients with SSD in an Iranian sample.   A qualitative conventional content analysis was conducted on the data collected from 17 individual in depth interviews with SSD patients, and mental health professionals who were recruited throughout a purposive and theoretical sampling. The sample was derived from the statistical population of SSD patients who were referred to mental health professionals at therapeutic centers in Tehran, Iran. Three themes were emerged as the obstacles of emotion expression in SSD patients in the context of the Iranian culture: 1) Overgenderizing emotions 2) Internalized ban of expressing emotions towards parents and other authorities 3) Difficulties with expressing positive emotions. It seems that SSD patients in Iran have difficulties directly expressing their emotions, regarding the four aforementioned cultural barriers identified in this study.

Comorbidty is common among psychiatric disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia with a high rate. Many studies suggested that the disorders may have same etiological bases. In this regard, shared pathways of glutamate, dopaminergic, and serotonin are the known ones. Here, the common significant genes are examined to understand the possible molecular origin of the disorders in terms of sequence and functional features. Exploring the underling mechanisms of OCD and schizophrenia is important to achieve a better treatment options. Methods of Cytoscape software following R statistical software were applied for this purpose. Needleman-Wunsch global alignment algorithm was used to determine pair-wise similarities followed by clustering methods, AGNES and PAM in R statistical programming software. The results indicate that ten genes are significantly common for the two disorders and PPI network analysis showed the important key genes in the interaction profile. ESR1 (estrogen receptor α) as a key hub-bottleneck gene regulates many underling mechanisms of the brain. Application of global alignments indicates some of the genes with sequence similarities also elucidate similar biological terms. It seems that evaluation of gender and OCD subtype in schizophrenia patients is another important feature that may elucidate the role of ESR1 in the comoribidty.

Many genetic studies are conducted on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). however, a high-throughput examination of proteome profile of this severe disease has not been performed yet. Here, the proteomic study of OCD patients’ serum samples was conducted by the application of Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis (2DE) followed by Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF). A total of 240 protein spots were detected and among them, five significant differentially expressed protein spots with the fold change of ≥1.5 were considered for further evaluations. These proteins include IGKC, GC, HPX, and two isoforms of HP. While IGKC and HP show down-regulation, GC and HPX indicate up-regulation. Moreover, a validation study of overall HP levels in patients’ serum via nephelometric quantification confirmed the lower levels of this protein in the serum of OCD patients. Additionally, enrichment analysis and validation test revealed that inflammation is one of most dominant processes in OCD. It is suggested that these candidate proteins and their underlying processes (especially, inflammation) may be linked to OCD pathophysiology and can promise a clinical use after extensive validation studies

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as one of the important mental problems is valuable topic for proteomic research studies to better understand the underlying mechanisms of this disorder.

In this paper, gel-based proteomic was used to investigate the proteome profile of 16 female patients with OCD, washing subtype before and after treatment with fluoxetine and comparing them with 20 healthy female controls.

One of the abnormally expressed protein spots in this study was introduced and examined for protein-protein interaction network analysis via Cytoscape and its plug-ins. Transthyretin (TTR) protein showed significant expression changes (fold change=1.7, P

TTR can be considered for further studies to be validated as a potential biomarker for OCD.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of the most common mental conditions. Proteome profiling may help identifying important proteins and finally shed lights to complexity of OCD underlying mechanisms. Here, by the application gel-based proteomic approach the proteome profile of patients with washing subtype of OCD before and after treatment with Fluoxetine (positive responders) are compared to healthy matched controls. However, only one of the differentially expressed proteins is examined and introduced in this paper. Proteomic analysis was by the application of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), combined with (MALDI-TOF-TOF MS)-based. Furthermore, Cytoscape Plug-in, CluePedia, conducted network analysis and biological annotation. The proteome comparison between groups identified protein with the significant expression changes (p

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disabling mental condition that its proteomic profiling is not yet investigated. Proteomics is a valuable tool to discover biomarker approaches. It can be helpful to detect protein expression changes in complex disorders such as OCD.
Here, by the application of 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE), a pilot study of serum proteome profile of females with washing subtype of OCD was performed. Serum samples were obtained from females with washing subtype of OCD. Following the protein extraction from the serum with acetone perception, the samples were subjected to 2DE for separation based on pI and molecular weight (MW) with triple replications. Finally, the protein spots were visualized using Coomassie blue staining method and analyzed by Progenesis SameSpots software. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was handled by the application of Cytoscape software.
The results suggested that 41 matched spots demonstrated significant expression alterations among which 5 proteins including immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha-1 (IGHA1), apolipoprotein A-4 (APOA4), haptoglobin (HP), protein α-1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1), and component 3 (C3) were identified by database query. Additionally, PPI network analysis indicated the central role of SERPINA1 and C3 in the network integrity. However, albumin (ALB), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and protein α-1-antitrypsin (APOA1) proteins were important in OCD PPI network as well. The identified proteins were related to 3 processes: acute-phase response, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and regulation of triglyceride metabolic process.
It was concluded that these proteins may have a fundamental role in OCD pathogenesis. Moreover, the dysregulation of inflammatory and antioxidant systems in OCD risk was suggested by the current study. However, evaluation of bigger sample sizes and application of mass spectrometry are essential requirements to confirm this preliminary evaluation.

Sleep disorder is considered as a common problem throughout the world. Aromatherapy is a kind of treatment performed by using essential oils of plants for improving disease. There is much evidence in the literature, including Iranian traditional medicine, which confirms its positive effects on improving sleep disorder. Related keywords searched some Iranian traditional medicine texts and some new valid databases. In Iranian traditional medicine, aromatherapy is one of the methods of treatment for improving sleep disorders and its done by the temperamental approach. Aroma temperament, brain mal-temperament and specific performance of aroma are three factors for selection of the plants. Fourteen aromatic plants are introduced that can be effective by hypnotic in insomnia and reducing sleep in oversleeping. Aromatherapy is an effective method to improve sleep disorders, and it can be used through various plants in the more specified way with fewer side effects using temperamental approach.