فهرست مطالب mostafa rashidi

Failure to pay attention to the ecological and human weaknesses of a land and its non-conformist planning cause environmental, economic, cultural-social, political and security damage. For the rational management of the land and the creation of a sustainable development and security, the comprehensive look at the territorial characteristics seems essential. In Iran, various plans and programs have been drafted and implemented since the year 1964, but these programs have never led to a sustainable and balanced biology. Since the inception of these programs, so far, not only geographic justice has not been formed, but  also has caused the gap between the geographical areas and the core-periphery. That is, how much of these programs are consistent with the scientific and real world (the regulation of human relations and space and human activities in space), and are they consistent with the scientific principles of geography, how is the territorial planning and how the distribution of population, human activities and development perspectives are based on the ecological and biological capabilities and geopolitical requirements of the land of Iran? In this research, geopolitical codes are defined in relation to geopolitical structure and logically the positive and negative effects of geopolitical codes on the transformation of geopolitical forms and perspectives of Iran have been investigated. Here, the geopolitical weight of the country, which is the result of the sum of the geopolitical codes contained in the geopolitical map of the country, expresses the small weight of this comprehensive geopolitical map.

The present research is descriptive-analytic, and is applied in terms of its operational capability. The data collection tools are three types of check-up (for qualitative study), and tables, charts, statistics and information (for quantitative study) and field findings. SWOT method is used in combination with the geopolitical framework of the article and in the form of positive and negative codes to analyze weaknesses and internal strengths and threats and opportunities. In completing SWAT, the QSPM method has been used to prioritize the extracted strategies of geopolitical codes in the form of SWOT.

Comprehensive study of geopolitical codes, strategic factors and proposed strategies and their formulation show that planning in the territory of Iran has been roughly reversed in the direction of reversal of geographic realities and requirements. Meanwhile, in the process of territorial planning of Iran, the relationship between human, space and activity is not well defined. The type, shape, size and location of activities in the territorial space of the country are not consistent with geographical and historical realities. In general, the scholar believes that the country's territorial capabilities and strengths are in the perimeter of the environment and borders, margins and shores. Based on the conceptual model of the paper territorial planners and the Government of Iran have to achieve its goals and aspirations and securing the four interests of ontology security, material security, development and recognition, in the field of territorial development and management seeking for security (ontology and material), sustainable development, and gaining geopolitical position and role in the region and in the world. In this way, it is also confirmed that geopolitical codes, providing a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the land, the foreign threats and opportunities of the, as well as the damage caused by human planning in the terrestrial environment, provide a framework for the presentation of a strategic model corresponding to provides geographical and territorial realities in the land of Iran. 

In the territorial planning system of Iran, no strategic, comprehensive, coherent and transparent program has been presented so far. This means that Iran does not have a strategic document with the specifications. Of course, paying attention to the country's political and fabrication scenes is a damage to the political structure of space. Because the whole of the national space and the transnational informal realm must first be formed, then the state and political boundaries should be shaped, so that these divisions could be the basis of the state. The Land Register is a national and regional project and is not applicable to small or non-geographic areas such as current provinces. Therefore, Iran has to admit that there is lack of a strategic vision because of the lack of a strategic, comprehensive, coherent and transparent strategy and document. Without strategic vision, the weaknesses, strengths, threats and territorial opportunities, or geopolitical codes cannot be identified, and also a comprehensive and strategic map or comprehensive geopolitical map cannot be achieved. The general approach to planning in the terrestrial environment of the country is not affected by a logical, scientific and educational program, and, in contrast, has followed the procedures and elements that led to the concentration of population and activities in particular areas.

Government relations in past centuries was based more on hard power. Today, culture and soft power as an important indicator in development of relations between states plays a role. Governments are seeking to use the various tools in the new age, a new and useful contact for efficient diplomacy. Today, a country has a good diplomacy that, by expanding its tools of engagement with other actors, may achieve an appropriate identity with other states. One of the new aspects of diplomacy, is taking advantage of the university diplomacy, so-called "diplomacy of Higher Education", which is considered by the authors of this study. So in this article we have tried to approach based on constructivism and according to the principles of recognition and engagement and its impact on redefining the identity and interests of the actors in relation to each other, the role of higher education on political relations between Iran and Europe Union is to be addressed. The basic research questions are: what impacts can University Relations and Diplomacy have on political relations between Iran and Europe Union? This article is written in a descriptive analytical way.

Problem Statement: Uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, shortage of rainfalls, the disproportion between supply and demand for water in some areas of the country, dwindling water resources, particularly as a result of uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater and surface water and climate change along with high population growth especially in some areas of the country on the one hand Water from areas with relatively good hydrological be other places with water shortages on the other hand, it is Intense competition and the appropriation of water resources will be negative. This is the field of tension between groups, with each population centers and residential spaces provided. In terms of geopolitics which led to the formation of "hydro-negative" in the national and regional scale. The present article is descriptive and analytical research methods to identify and explain the effects of non-use planning and management of land unmatched ability in the field of water resources and especially the inter-basin transfer of water from the Karun watershed basin in the central plateau of Iran, the conflicts and local divergence has been done.

The main purpose water transfer project is to transfer the "surplus water", water rights, Waters share, owners of existing subscriptions and environmental sustainability, economic, social and political basin of origin is a priority and not seriously deficient. National species based on systematic approach to landscape look national territory and to avoid local and wide area within the central plateau of Iran's ethnic soon be saved from the scourge of dehydration, but not at any price. For example, water from the basin Beheshtabad and Koohrang the river and the recent initiative entitled "Drinking Water Supply Project Isfahan" and "comprehensive plan for restoration of the catchment basin Zayandehrood" not to be as anticipated in the initial plan (1100 million cubic meters) and regardless of the source and basins downstream needs to be done.

In short, the plan to transfer water from the Great Karun catchment area, beyond technical aspects and consequences of the ecological, economic, political, social, and environmental security and integrated source and target systematically taken into account. Comprehensive and integrated study of the effects and consequences of Karun watershed sub-basin water transfer on national interests, regional and local needs in a complete scientific experts and based on international standards such as Codex and proposed standards UNESCO, World Commission on Dams, indicators sustainable development and inter-basin water transfer successful and unsuccessful experiences in different countries and, without thinking of social, economic and political localism to be done. Considering the geographical space as an integrated and systematic as well as the interaction space components, in the geopolitical space is exactly the approach, Such a holistic approach in the implementation of political geographers and spatial development plan preparation and construction of regional and local and national recommend.

Introduction The political divisions of a country is the political and managerial forms of the national space. Actually, the national administrative divisions determine the position of each part of the terrestrial plane in the spatial structure of the country. Therefore, the administrative divisions should be adjusted and set according to the principles and frameworks of the geographic objectivity for optimal efficiency which is leading to provide a strategic geographic model based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This focus on the geographical logic in drawing the political boundaries of the interior is based on the view of organizing and aligning the territory at the national, regional and local level. In this regard, one of the important issues that has never been addressed in Iran's development plans is the issue of regionalization and political divisions of space as a framework for territorial planning. Failure to pay attention to this fundamental geographical and political reality is resulted from the weakness of the theoretical foundation as well as the operational structure of development plans in the country. Therefore, the upright and realistic administrative divisions require the generation of theoretical and scientific frameworks based on concepts and geopolitical scales at the local, national, and even transnational level in order to achieve an effective operational and practical structure in the planning of sustainable development subject to the national space. On the other hand, the lack of special attention to the political organization of special planning and administrative divisions also have brought smaller importance of about territorial affairs, and consequently the weakness of the administrative divisions. So that the present paper tends to address the geopolitical pathology of administrative divisions in Iran based upon the geographic logic and realities with the approach of organizing and aligning the land. The basic question of this research is: What are the weaknesses of the administrative divisions in terms of geography and land use? How is its geopolitical consequences and obstacles in the country?
Theoretical Framework The main method of study in geography is combinational. It means that geographers for the recognition and zoning of the area (two major fields of geographic studies) are obliged to study and identify all the features and phenomena in place. Through this study, geographers are enabled to simultaneously recognize the "synoptic" of the all features of the place, and also determine typical feature of the dominant phenomena. Therefore, the recognition of the structural components, elements, and factors that are effective in the environment is a prerequisite and precondition for any thoughtful movement of human beings to carry out a management on the environment. Geography is the science and art of the constructive engagement with the environment and geographical space along with a sagacious management, in order to meet both human requirements and the sustainability of environment leading to achieve a sustainable interaction with geographical space. The result would be the development of humanity along with the environmental sustainability. The relationship between spatial planning and geography can show different implication. Accordingly, geography can be used to explain the type of settlement, population distribution, and activity in the land issues, while the Spatial Planning would be to consider the relationship between these elements. In geography and Spatial Planning, there are three basic elements to be studied: human, space, and activity. In any case, the undeniable subject is the high and sever relationship between "geography" and "Spatial Planning". In other words, it could be stated that geography the most scientifically-based Spatial Planning, and the "Spatial Planning" is the most geographical form of planning.
In political geography or geopolitics, in order to observe geographical logic, it is necessary to pay attention to the planning of land in different stages. Political geography or geopolitics, which studies from boundary and zoning to political behaviors and practices in geographic spaces, requires fulfilment of the geography rules and Spatial Planning concepts. One of the requirements of geopolitics is to consider the realties of the geographic boundaries and zoning, the political divisions, and in general, the political organization of the space, that leads this branch of geographic sciences to the rules and principles of fulfillment of Spatial Planning.
In order to realize the desirable organization of space and to design and operationalize the logical divisions of the country's space on national and local scales, the performance should be on the basis of geopolitical knowledge of space and Spatial Planning. This means the integration of geopolitics and the Spatial Planning as two areas of geographic sciences in order to achieve a political organization of the space which is suitable and favorable for administrative divisions. The focus of this paper is, therefore, on the geopolitical pathology of administrative divisions in Iran, which have been payed no attention to integrate the geopolitics and Spatial Planning issues into the administrative divisions.
Methodology Since this article tends to provide an analysis of the relationship between Spatial Planning and administrative divisions as well as address the pathology of national divisions in terms of Spatial Planning, it is considered as a developmental research which gives its practical value for relevant organizations, and it is an applied research as well. This research is also scribed in a descriptive analytical manner. Data are also collected in a library and documentary manner, and also with reference to reputable online databases such as the Provincial Council and the Ministry of the Interior Affairs.
Findings and Discussion One of the considerable issues regarding country's territorial planning in Iran is the lack of attention to the principles and realities of geography in the country's political divisions. Lack of paying attention to this important issue has led to the formation of a political division not according to the geographical realities and principals. This inconsistency was shaped by the land planning in the modern epoch of the arrival of Pahlavi, and in particular from 1937 onwards. Consequently, in the findings section of the research the authors consider the inconsistency of the current Iranian divisions with regard to the geographical divisions (both natural and human), as well as the lack of attention to the structural factors in the political organization of space and national divisions, including shape, extent, and unbalanced establishment of provincial centers to conclude that the weaknesses and problems in this area directly affects the development, security, and spatial distribution of the country in a negative way.

In summary, organizational culture is the model of the common purposes of the organization members. The main reason for doing this Research is lack of Identifying Effective Indicators on Organizational Culture and Organizational Transformation in The Air Defense Camp of Khatam AlAnbiyae (s) AJA, that it creates Organizational Culture in Camp’s members and helps Organizational Transformation at there. The research results show that the most effective Indicators for Organizational Culture are: “Common Ideal”, “Transformation Oriented Culture” and “Religious Principles”, and the most effective Indicators for Organizational Transformation are: “Developmental Supports” and “High Trust”. Summary of Statistical Tests in this Research are: the Cronbach's Alpha for Reliability Statistics in Indicators of Organizational Culture is 0.78 and the Cronbach's Alpha for Indicators of Organizational Transformation is 0.88. One of The most important results of this research is: helping to create Positive Perspective to the Air Defense Camp members’ abilities and Personalities, and also create Islamic and Ethical Climate between the Air Defense Camp members for developing their Values and Believes for member commitment to Islamic great Values.

Main question: Economic security which is essential for generating economic growth and development in the country requires continuous monitoring and control of national policy makers and planners to have correct conception of circumstances through the country. The aim of research is to identify and model variables in order to evaluate country's economic security by persistent monitoring and evaluation. Research This study utilizes a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. To identify variables of economic security, literature and documents related to the economic security were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis study. Consequently a set of variables were identified and categorized. The variables in a questionnaire were distributed among 40 experts. They were asked to assess effect of each variable on economic security. Finally, weights of variables in economic security were calculated on the basis of Shannon Entropy method. Main The results demonstrate a total number of 25 variables affect economic security of country. Such variables can be classified under seven categories including: Financial sector, basic commodity sector, foreign trade, market policy, economic performance, human resources, and favorable economic environment. By weighting of each variable and weight of each category in development of economic security, the final model was devised to assess country's economic security.

The Chief Privacy Officers (CPO) are faced with many and varied responsibilities and roles. In this paper، a fuzzy expert system is designed، called «Chief Privacy Officer Fuzzy Expert System (CPOFEX)»، to inform the Chief Privacy Officer about «the Status of the Privacy of Government and Businesses (G-B) E-Transactions». To develop the research model and knowledge base of the mentioned expert system، the concepts of “the Chief Privacy Officers (CPO) Capability“، “Electronic Crimes Intents“، “Type of Government and Business E-Transactions“، “Professional Ethics-Orientation in E-Transactions Parties“، “Privacy Protector Technologies in Enterprise“were identified، as components of «the Status of the Privacy of Government and Businesses E-Transactions». To validate the mentioned expert system، the outputs of the system were compared with the experts views. This system can help to analyze «the status of the privacy of government and businesses e-transactions»، and provide more accurate advices.

Although Persian Gulf in the past has been under Iranian sovereignty, but with the birth of Arabic countries in its south coast, Iranian sovereignty has been faced with new challenges. Also, Iranian sovereignty has been faced with geopolitical barriers through interference of transregional powers in this area. Hence, it is important to examine geopolitical territory and barriers of Islamic Republic of Iran in the Persian Gulf. Since applying sovereignty on Persian Gulf is essentially concerned with national interests and power of Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of present paper is to investigate and explain new geopolitical features of Persian Gulf and factors affecting its geopolitical structure. Accordingly, the question of this paper is: what are the geopolitical barriers and scope of Islamic Republic of Iran sovereignty in the Persian Gulf? It seems that either traditional or structural factors or a combination of both are the main factors affecting Islamic Republic of Iran sovereignty in the Persian Gulf.

Geo politics, as a science which forms the political aspect of geography science, has been considered from different aspects and approaches. From traditional geopolitics and theories of Friedrich Ratzel, Hoofer and Mackinder, Mahan, Spikeman up to the theories of Koohan, Lacoste and finally post modern and critical geopolitics, each one has presented an interpretation based on their own objectives and imaginations. But what shall be followed by geo politics is a new approach in geopolitics and consider the new philosophic strategy for geopolitics and explain this field based on the new philosophic approaches to promote geopolitics science, and use such theories with geopolitics nature for their fundamental and functional analyses. Today, geopolitics requires to expand his theoretical and philosophical domain. To this end, the writers of this article firstly, try to review the harmony and symmetry which exists between geography and constructivist approach and then by explaining the constructivist geopolitics, introduce a new approach in geopolitics named constructivist geopolitics, the questions arise in this regard are as the following: what symmetry and harmony we can find between the geography and the constructivist approach? And what fundamental concepts are required to propose for constructivist explanation of geopolitics science? It is noted that this article is written by analytical –descriptive method.

Different countries have a different position in terms of economic, political, cultural, security and so on. These factors would determine the global ranking of countries in the geopolitical structure of the world. This position is global geopolitical situation in terms of sum and product of the factors that contribute to determining the geopolitical position which is called geopolitical weight. Factors determine the potential for a significant part of a country determine its geopolitical weight. Territorial potentials, which have important role in determining the weight and geopolitical position of the country as well as the development and independence of their country's strategic capabilities. In this paper, we have tried to study the role of the different provinces of a country's strategic potential of their analysis and their provincial ranking. In this context, the fundamental question is: What are the provinces in terms of territorial strategic capabilities that have the greatest impact on the country's geopolitical weight? This cross-sectional study was conducted in a manner and the form of mixed-method (quantitative-qualitative). Data of the paper have been collected from the literature and documents of the governors and institutions and reputable sites and ministries.

Iran needs population growth in order to achieve high weight in the region and world as well as to obviate peripheral threats. Iran''s area is so vast that it can accommodate more population than the current population. The country having population density of 46 individuals per square kilometer ranks 162 in the world. However، quality and efficacy are necessary for a population to lead high weight. Therefore، it has been attempted in this research to explain necessity of population growth of the country geographically; and to study optimization of indices for these changes and policy making in order to lead the changes in the framework of the land preparation plans. The research questions are: Which indices are considered as priority from the view point of the land preparation، concerning the population growth; and which areas and provinces are more apt to accommodate more population? General purpose of this study is to consider crucial land preparation indices in population growth policy and to prioritize provinces based on the indices. The research method is descriptive-analytical.

The relationship between the environment and tourism to the extent of their history, old as well as the natural environment need to tourism and tourism needs. Although this relationship is complex and sometimes contradictory, but tourism is always an important component in the creation and management of natural areas is considered. Due to the increasing development of ecotourism as nature tourism and consequently the vulnerability of the natural environment, we believe that only with experienced and knowledgeable guides must go to the heart of nature to reduce damaging it. Tourism boom in every geographic location along the positive and negative consequences of economic, social and environmental impacts associated with that if continued could lead to irreparable damage. This paper shows that the development of tourism, environmental impact, most notably the destruction has left abundant vegetation, coastal water pollution and loss of coastal landscape. Tourism, not only to rapidly growing phenomenon, but also a key factor in the development of regions and Tamynknndh¬Y many direct and indirect benefits for the host. On the other hand, such an approach has led to concerns about environmental degradation. In fact, a very close relationship between environment and tourism, because the environment itself is an attraction for tourists is important. According to the dominant form of tourism in the provinces bordering the sea in Iran, coastal tourism, the study also examined the behavior of coastal tourism environment.

Turkey has witnessed a growth in Islamism in the last two decades in a special way or model known as the Islamic-Turkish Model. Turkey gradually distanced itself from the milieu of westernization and secularism dominating the foreign policy and turned its attention to Islamic countries and political Islam. What is of importance is the political orientation of the Turkish foreign policy in the changes in geopolitical domain of its role-playing. The changes in the oil and gas market, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the liberation of new geopolitical areas, security issues in the neighboring region and the geopolitical need of Turkey for relations with Islamic countries are all simultaneous with the Islamist approach in the Turkish foreign policy. The present article employs the theory of constructionism to answer the question “from the geopolitical and constructivist perspective what is the status of the national interests of Turkey in the process of Islamism in its foreign policy?” The research methodology adopted in this article is descriptive-analytical.

Any country may plan for its economic development. This development planning is formulated based on the characteristics of an area and, regarding the capabilities of the area, meets certain results. The researchers tried in the present paper to study the role of the geopolitical element on the formulation of the regional development of Chabahar with respect to the specific geopolitical situation of Chabahar Free Zone. So, research question is: What is the role of geopolitical situation of Chabahar Free Zone in the formulation of its regional development? The research hypothesis follows as: It seems that geopolitical situation of Chabahar Free Zone plays a significant role in the formulation of its regional development. research methodology is descriptive-analytic. It is an applied research. It was collected through librarian studies and documents.

Afghanistan was formed around 250 years ago as an independent country, but the geographical structure of this country and its geopolitical environment has always prevented the establishment of a stable government in the country. From the very beginning of its history, the external factors on one hand and the internal factors on the other hand have always challenged the states, trends, and all individuals who intended to develop, Nation-building، Solidarity, and the formation of the nation-state in Afghanistan and in the most cases, such internal and external factors and forces have made the mentioned trends destructed and disappeared. Against these sorts of the failures, one can observe the extension of ethnocentrism، underdevelopment, and socio-political gaps in Afghanistan. Perhaps the most prominent element that represents the Afghanistan in the region and the world is so-called Extremist Islamism, or Religious Fundamentalism or Taliban Islam. This type of the thoughts roots in the exclusive geography of Afghanistan and its subsequent policies. In this research we are going to study and analyze the geopolitical backgrounds of the formation and extension of Taliban in Afghanistan. To meet such a goal, we have to answer the following question: "what geopolitical factors preparing the grounds for the formation and extension of Taliban in Afghanistan, and how? " This research is a descriptive-analytical study.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the geopolitical and cultural sphere of Khorasan semantic structure dominated by large (old)4 was changed. Before also Iranian reactors take forms of it, with the Revolution in 1979, the Islamic Republic of the ruling their country. Thus, the structure and requirements and new players emerged in Iran and Greater Khorasan alternative countries to follow these changes came new challenges facing the Islamic Republic of Iran; Hence, in this article has been trying to approach with the Shi’a structure and geographical context geography acquired under the fundamentalist structure5, the issue to be dealt with. basic question in this research is: how water constructions geopolitical reasons developed upcoming challenges of the Islamic Republic of Iran in a residential area cultural Khorasan’s have been great. Given these questions, the present paper aims to understand how the geopolitical structures are fabricated through challenges. This article is worth mentioning with descriptive analytique method has been written.

In recent decades, growth and development of tourism and adoption of that as one of main economic activities from developed and developing countries and competition of main destinations in order to attract tourists, cause the planners to increase the income of tourism activities, notice two important issues; Increasing tourist satisfaction and improvement of enjoyment and quality and trying to keep the interests of host communities. It is obvious that achievement to these important issues is dependent to recognition, identification and progression of tourism Feasibility study of these destinations. Because development of tourism activities more than feasibility study of these destinations leads to decrease of tourism experience quality and decrease of host communities satisfaction and their discontent of development of tourism activities. In this study in order to assessment and improvement carrying capacity of Region 12 in Tehran as one of the main tourism destinations in Iran, after study of theoretical literatures of subject and designing a model for research, the situation of effective factors on assessment of tourism general feasibility study of this region was studied. From this point, three zones were considered from different dimension of economic, social, environmental and tourism. And then according to all of these factors, the feasibility study of region 12 with considering rotation factors in three dimensions; physical, real and effective carrying capacity, and survey the host and guest communities was assessed. The result of this study shows that Region zone tourisms is more than priority in feasibility study of this region and the action plan of tourism development in this region regarding to assessed feasibility study was assessed. With this regard in order to improvement of tourism carrying capacity in this distinction some suggestions were presented.

Iran has been involved in development issues and planning for years. Yet، the top question which should antecede development planning is، “Who leads development planning?” The question may be paraphrased like this، “How are national development plans oriented and by who?” This study tries to analyze the present model of development in Iran and suggest another model to devise development plans. The article firstly explains development and planning concepts to set a firm notional framework، and later critically analyzes the previous development plans. Then planning process mechanisms are studied; this، in turn، demonstrates the Iranian governmental approach to development leadership and direction. Finally، network approach to planning is introduced، followed by a suggestion of a model for devising plans.