فهرست مطالب motlagh

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common chronic diseases in societies that has been associated with many psychological disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of psychological disorders in middle-aged women with and without diabetes mellitus in Isfahan City, Iran, during the years 2015-2016.

In this cross-sectional study, 246 women with diabetes mellitus and 246 healthy women were randomly selected from patients referring to comprehensive urban and rural health centers. Psychological evaluation, mental illness, epilepsy, and suicidal thoughts were assessed based on Iranian Woman Health Form.

The frequency of psychological disorders such as anxiety, restlessness, frustration, sadness, and being motiveless for doing daily tasks, as well as overall frequency of psychological disorders, and the frequency of suicidal ideation, epilepsy, and history of mental illnesses was significantly higher in those with diabetes mellitus compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.001). Based on the multiple logistic regression model, patients with psychiatric disorders were 5.32 times more likely to develop diabetes than healthy controls [odds ratio (OR) = 5.32; 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 3.30-8.62).

There is a positive correlation between psychiatric disorders and diabetes mellitus; so people with psychological illnesses should be screened for diabetes.

Corneal tomography and Scheimpflug imaging are frequently used to analyze the corneal surface, especially in the field of cataract and refractive surgery. The Pentacam system is one of the most commonly used commercially available systems for this purpose. Through a rotating Scheimpflug camera, the system is capable of creating a three-dimensional map of the cornea. These advances in tomography have simultaneously enhanced the ability of clinicians to screen surgical candidates and detect subtle corneal changes in diseases such as keratoconus. However, there remains a need to enhance diagnosis in order to recognize mild and early forms of corneal ectasia. As iatrogenic ectasia and keratoconus are dreaded complications of refractive surgery, it is imperative to screen patients appropriately prior to surgery. The Pentacam is one of many systems utilized in the screening process, but the literature has not identified specific protocol nor parameters that are capable of carrying out this process appropriately. Post-operative keratoconus continues to occur despite the advances in technology seen in corneal imaging. Therefore, clear indices for screening are required in order to diagnose early forms of keratoconus and other corneal diseases that may exclude the seemingly asymptomatic patient from undergoing refractive surgery. This article aims to summarize the indices available on the Pentacam system and to identify the most accurate parameters for screening of the refractive surgery candidate.

Corneal biomechanical properties have garnered significant interest in their relation to the development of ectatic corneal disease. Alongside the advent of corneal tomography and Scheimpflug imaging such as Pentacam and Galilei, there have been advances in assessing the cornea based on its biomechanical characteristics. Though the aforementioned imaging systems are highly capable of identifying morphologic abnormalities, they cannot assess mechanical stability of the cornea. This article, in contrast to Parts I and II of this article series, will focus on in vivo corneal biomechanical imaging systems. The two most readily available commercial systems include the Corvis ST and the Ocular Response Analyzer. Both of these systems aimed to characterize corneal biomechanics via distinct measurements. While in Parts I and II of this article series the authors focused on elevation, pachymetric, and keratometric data, the purpose of this article was to summarize biomechanical parameters and their clinical use in screening refractive surgery candidates. Moreover, this article explores biomechanical decompensation and its role in the development of corneal ectasia and keratoconus. There is a focus on the diagnostic accuracy of biomechanical indices in the identification of diseases such as keratoconus that may preclude a patient from undergoing refractive surgery.

Corneal pseudoguttata (PG), also known as pseudoguttae or secondary guttata, is a transient, reversible endothelial edema commonly associated with anterior segment pathology. While considered rare, PG presents on slit-lamp examination more commonly than originally thought. We have clinically observed PG after refractive surgeries, in association with infectious keratitis, and following medication use. PG presents as dark lesions on slit-lamp exam with specular illumination, similar to primary corneal guttata. PG is distinct from guttata because PG resolves over time and does not involve Descemet’s membrane. Other ocular findings that may be confused with guttata include endothelial blebs (EB) and endothelial denudation (ED). EB are possibly a type of PG that present after contact lens use or hypoxia. ED is a distinct entity that is characterized by loss of endothelial cells without involvement of Descemet’s membrane. Confocal microscopy may be useful in differentiating these four endothelial lesions, with differences in border definition and the presence of hyperreflective areas two main distinctions. PG presents as a hyporeflective, elevated shape without clear borders on confocal microscopy. PG, EB, and ED can resolve with time without the need for surgical intervention, unlike corneal guttata. Treatment of the underlying condition will lead to resolution of both PG and EB.

Corneal topography is the most widely used technology for examining the anterior corneal surface. Scheimpflug imaging is a newer technique that allows for measurement of both the anterior and posterior corneal surface, which allows for three-dimensional reconstruction of the cornea. This is of particular interest and value in the field of cataract and refractive surgery. The Galilei camera is a commercially available dual Scheimpflug system that combines curvature data from Placido disc-based corneal topography with elevation data from Scheimpflug technology. The addition of Placido disc topography makes the Galilei unique from its more popular counterpart, the Pentacam, which was discussed in Part I. Compared to the Pentacam, and however, the Galilei analyzer is a newer system that has emerged as a valuable screening tool given its dual Scheimpflug capability. In the first article of this series, the authors summarized the refractive indices available on the Pentacam system with the purpose of identifying the best diagnostic parameters for keratoconus. Similarly, the purpose of this article is to summarize corneal surface indices available on the Galilei system and evaluate their use in screening of the refractive surgery candidate. Since post-operative keratectasia is still prevalent, this paper aims to identify the most clinically relevant indices that may be used in pre-operative evaluation.

Faculty members are an important member of higher education and have an important role to play in achieving educational goals. Therefore, their interaction with learners is important, such as dental training clinics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of faculty members of dental school in Babol University of Medical Sciences.

This study was performed on 89 dental students trained in the clinics of Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire using valid scientific sources, including demographic characteristics, and 18 questions about how teachers and students responded on Likert 5 (i.e. excellent to very poor). The content validity index and reliability coefficient were 89.2 and 0.85. Data analyzed by SPSS21 software applying T-test and One-way ANOVA less than 0.05 Significance level.

The highest and the lowest accountability percentages in the excellent category were respectively related to the importance of time in the clinic (38.2%) and attention to student activity during the course (10.1%). These percentages in the good category were related to the response to students' questions (43.8%) And trying to teach poor students in clinical work (23.6%). Also, in the moderate class considering students' performance during the course (37.1%) and the importance of proper student dressing (13.5%). There was no significant difference between gender and place of study (P=0.91). The final year students had a lower score for the teachers (P=0.003). Students were more satisfied with oral, maxillofacial radiology teachers (P <0.001).

Based on the results, it is suggested that the university of medical sciences, authorities implement educational and cultural correspondence for teaching accountability to professors.

Thyroid nodules are frequent occurrences. This study aims to evaluate the risk of malignancy based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association Management: Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.
In this cross-sectional study, ultrasonography and clinical manifestations were compared with pathology findings to predict the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. Assessment of the ultrasound findings was based on the criteria recommended by The 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Thyroid Nodules. For the evaluation of the association between clinical and ultrasound findings with histopathology results, we used the chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. The relative risk and prediction of malignancy was assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Data analysis was performed by the SPSS19. The significance level was set at P<0.05.
From 130 patients with thyroid nodules, 110 (84.6%) were female. The mean age of participants was 46.1±11.5 years. Histopathology findings showed malignancy in 17.7% of the nodules, all of were papillary thyroid carcinoma. Multivariate logistic regression showed some of the ultrasonography parameters, absence of halo (P<0.001, OR=28), taller than wide shape (P=0.001, OR=18.3), nodule size more than 4 cm (P=0.04, OR=12.1), irregular margin (P=0.001, OR=10.06), solid or mixed composition (P=0.002, OR=8.1), hypoechoic (P=0.001, OR=4.5), lymph node positive  (P=0.002, OR=4.3), positive calcification (P=0.03, OR=2.08), positive internal vascularity (P<0.001, OR=1.05), and intermediate/high level of suspicion (P=0.001, OR=12) could predict malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules.
Based on increasing rate of thyroid cancer, in this study, the new and accurate ultrasound technique is recommended as alternative diagnostic method due non-invasive nature and lower cost used.

  In recent years, prevention of cancer and cancer complications has been noticed as this is recognized as of the mortality factors worldwide.[1] Nearly, a quarter of the cases of breast cancer in Iran fell within the age group of <40 years, and they have been involved with cancer about a decade earlier than females in the advanced countries.[2] Breast and prostate cancers are predicted to remain at the top of the cancer list by 2030. The annual mortality rate is about 17.9 among the percentage of breast Context: Cancer pain in a complicated situation for patients with breast cancer. Researchers suggested to use complementary and alternative method in order to reduction pain and side effects in these patients. This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness integrated with cognitive behavioral therapy (MiCBT) on perceived pain and pain self-efficacy in patients with breast cancer.
Settings and Design: In this clinical trial study, a semi-experimental method was used. Patients with breast cancer were recurred from cancer clinic of a hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Twenty-four patients with breast cancer selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned with permutation blocks in two groups of intervention (n = 12) and control (n = 12). The groups were assessed by demographic questionnaire, Perceived Pain Scale, and Pain Self-efficacy Scale before, immediate, and 1 month after the intervention. Participants in the interventional group received MiCBT for 8 weeks. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using descriptive methods and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that the interventional group had a significant decrease in perceived pain (P > 0.05). The pain self-efficacy of patients significantly increased in comparison to the control group in posttest and follow-up stage (P < 0.05). According to the results, it can be concluded that using integrated therapy with mindfulness has been effective in reducing pain and enhancing pain self-efficacy in breast cancer patients. Therefore, it can be an adequate complementary therapy for patients with breast cancer.

In this paper, a socially responsible supply chain consisting of one supplier and one retailer is proposed. The supplier decides on replenishment cycle multiplier and the retailer invests in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and decides on the order-up-to-level under a periodic review replenishment policy. The retailer’s decisions impact on the supplier’s probability as well as the supply chain. Therefore, the supplier proposes a lead time crashing contract to entice the retailer to participate in the coordination model. In this paper, the supplier can reduce the lead time by spending more cost and select a faster transportation mode. Two transportation modes (fast and slow) are considered in the proposed contract. By selecting a fast transportation mode, the retailer’s inventory cost and shortage will be decreased. Therefore, the retailers’ profit will be increased, while the lead time reduction cost and carbon emissions tax are imposed on the supplier under the lead time crashing contract. Numerical experiments and sensitivity analyses also show that the lead time crashing contract can coordinate the proposed model and the profit of supply chain and both members will be improved. Moreover, according to this contract the extra profit that is achieved from the coordination model is shared between both members of the supply chain fairly.

In the present study, a simple electrochemical sensor for trace determination of Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions was introduced. The proposed sensor was designed by incorporation of the 4-methyl-piperidine-carbodithioate capped gold nanoparticles (GNPs) into the carbon paste electrode (CPE), which provides a remarkably improved sensitivity for stripping voltammetric determination of Hg(II). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was applied for quantitative determinations. The resulting electrode exhibited a linear relationship towards Hg(II) concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 100.0 μg L-1. The detction limit was found to be 0.2 μg L-1 (S/N = 3) that is lower than the permitted value of Hg(II) reported by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limit for drinkable water. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 7 successive measurements at different electrodes was also found to be 3.8%. The interference studies showed that the several common metal ions did not interfere with the quantitative mercury determination. The designed sensor was further utilized for the determination of mercury ions in real water samples with satisfactory results.

The greater the ability to accurately estimate the amount of blood loss during surgery, the greater the readiness to deal with possible risks during surgery. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the visual estimation and accurate measurements of the amount of blood loss during surgery in order to make better management of the bleeding during surgery and make proper cares in proper time. 31 patients undergoing surgery who referred to Firoozgar hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2017 were entered this clinical trial study using simple sampling method. All patients underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) surgery. Then, the amount of bleeding during the operation was calculated in two ways: visual estimation and also using a sensitive scale. Data were analyzed via SPSS software using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon test. The mean age of the participants was 41.4 years old, and the mean weight was 65.2 kg. There was a significant difference between the amount of bleeding calculated as a visual bleeding amount and the bleeding calculated by sensitive scale at the first hour of operation (P < 0.0001), and also at the second hour of operation (P < 0.0001). The amount of blood on the gauzes calculated by visual estimation was significantly lower than the actual estimation. In order to reduce this error, it is recommended that, in assessing the amount of blood on gauzes, in addition to the amount of gauze to be impregnated with the blood, the amount of moisture (moisture) of the gauzes should also be taken into account.

Hydrocarbon Processing Industries (HPIs) emit large amounts of highly reactive hydrocarbons and Nitrogen Oxides to the atmosphere. Such simultaneous emissions of ozone precursors result in rapid and high yields ozone (O3) formation downwind. The climate of the Middle East has been shown to be favorable for O3 formation in summer. There are also vast activities in processing oil and gas in this region. This study aimed to investigate the influence of HPIs located in the Middle East on ozone formation. We chose the South Pars Zone (SPZ) located in the coastal area of the Persian Gulf with concentrated HPIs as a case study. To do this, after developing an emission inventory for O3 precursors, we used OZIPR, a Lagrangian photochemical model, coupled with SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism to describe the effects of HIPs on ozone formation in the SPZ and downwind area from June to August of (2017).
Results indicate that the SPZ has a far-reaching and wide-ranging impact on O3 formation in downwind areas and an area at a distance of 300 km can be affected profoundly (Average 0.06 ppm and maximum increase 0.24 ppm). Given the large numbers of HPIs located in the Middle East, we predict that the transport of O3 and its precursors from this region play an important role in the ozone air pollution in a much wider area and the role of these industries should be taken into account for regional and interregional ozone concentration modeling.

Neurofollicular hamartoma (NFH) is characterized histopathologically by fascicles of spindle cells that laterally delimited by hyperplastic folliculosebaceous units. It usually appears on face, near the nose or nasolabial fold. It does not manifest true neural differentiation and recently the term spindle cell predominant trichodiscoma (SCPT) has been used instead. We present a case of a 40-year-old male with co-incidence of NFH and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that the mesenchymal components of NFH were similar to SCPT but these components highly expressed S-100 protein. We also discuss about the histological aspect of the neoplasia in this report and consider the findings of other reports in association with classification of NFH by means of cellular markers and morphological resemblance to other skin hamartomas. Neurofollicular hamartoma is a rare benign tumor that thought to represent the cellular end of a morphological spectrum with trichodiscoma. The morphological features and expression of S100 protein in neural element helped us to achieve the diagnosis of neurofollicular hamartoma. However, variable reports of S-100 protein expression in NFH are available and further studies are needed to determine the classification of this tumor.

Application of functional ingredients like probiotics could be effective in promotiong of aquatic animals performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various levels of probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus on some serum biochemical and antioxidant factors of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following dietary lead poisoning. 375 trout fish were randomly divided into five groups in three replications. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were respectively fed with diets containing 5 × 106, 5 × 107 and 5 × 108 CFU / g probiotic bacteria from beginning to end of the experiment. Group 4 (control) was fed witha diet free of probiotic and lead. Group 5 was fed with probiotic-free diet for 45 days and then with a diet containing 500 μg / kg lead nitrate (for 21 days) to end of the experiment similar to probiotic-consuming treatments. Bleeding of fish was done on days 0, 45, 52, 59 and 66. The results showed that levels of glucose, phosphorus,ALP and SOD were significantly higher and cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower (p <0.05)in group 2 compared to control group after 45 days probiotic consumption. After lead exposure, LDH values on day 59 and ALP values in all days were significantly lower in group 2 compared to group 5 (p <0.05). Also, catalase and SOD levels were significantly higher in group 2 than group 5 on day 66 (p <0.05). The results of this study revealed that Lactobacillus acidophilus,as a probiotic,can be effective in improving the blood serum indices of trout before and after lead exposure. Also, level of 5 × 107 CFU / g of probiotic had a better effect on the serum parameters.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain sources on growth performance, blood parameters and ruminal fermentation in Holstein fattening bulls. For this purpose, eighteen growing Holstein bulls (245 ± 11 d) with an initial BW of 328.4±17.7 were assigned to experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of barley or corn based diets (100 % barley or corn as the source of grain). Results indicated that dry matter intake (DMI) tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in calves fed corn than those fed barley. Calves fed with corn grain had greater average daily gain (ADG) than those received barley during the first period (d 1 to 28); however, treatments had no effect on ADG in the second period (d 29 to 56). Blood metabolites including glucose, beta-hydroxy butyrate, albumin, total protein and urea nitrogen were not affected by treatments, however, substituting barley with corn decreased aspartate amino transferase in both periods (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05, respectively). Ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acids concentrations were similar between treatments, however, in calves fed with corn grain the molar proportion of acetate (P = 0.03) and acetate to propionate ratio (P = 0.04) increased and the molar proportion of propionate decreased in comparison with calves fed barley. These results, demonstrated that corn grain could be a promising substitution for barley grain in fattening bull's diets with high concentrate level and finely ground grains.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of physical form of starter and alfalfa hay (AH) provision on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy calves. Forty-four 3d-old Holstein dairy calves with a mean starting BW of 39.9 ± 1.1 kg were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The factors were dietary forage level (0 or 150 g kg-1 AH; DM basis) and physical form of starter feed (coarsely mashed vs. pelleted). Individually housed calves were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: 1) a coarsely mashed starter feed without AH provision (MS-NAH), 2) a coarsely mashed starter feed with AH provision (MS-AH), 3) a pelleted starter feed without AH provision (PS-NAH), and 4) a pelleted starter feed with AH provision (PS-AH). The calves were weaned on d 60 and remained in the study until d 70. The results showed that feeding pelleted starter decreased starter intake significantly compared with coarsely mashed groups during the post-weaning (P < 0.01) and the entire period (P = 0.026).The interaction between AH inclusion and physical form of starter feed tended to be significant for both average daily gain (P = 0.092) and feed efficiency (P = 0.086). Inclusion of AH in the starter feeds increased rumination time and body barrel in calves. Blood urea nitrogen concentration in calves fed AH increased during post-weaning stage. Blood aspartate aminotransferase concentration was greater in calves fed PS form than those fed MS form. Although AH inclusion prevented rumen pH reduction during the pre-weaning period in calves fed PS form; ruminal pH decreased in PS groups in comparison with coarsely mashed groups during the post-weaning period. The pelleted form of starter increased total short chain fatty acids and butyric acid concentrations. However, coarsely mashed form and AH supplementation increased acetate concentration in the ruminal fluid. Overall, the results indicated that coarsely mashed form of starter could be recommended for Holstein dairy calves. Furthermore, AH inclusion in the starter diet may ameliorate the negative effects when pelleted starter is fed to dairy calves.

Many studies have shown that the lime stabilization method can increase the strength and hardness of cohesive soils. Increasing these parameters is dependent on several factors such as curing time, lime content, clay minerals, soil particle size and moisture content.
When lime is added to moisture clay soils, a number of reactions occur to improve soil properties: 1- short-term and 2- long-term reactions. The short-term reactions include cation exchange, flocculate and carbonation; whereas, the long-term reactions include pozzolanic reactions. Since adding lime changes clay particles structure, it can change shear strength parameters.
Using geogrids as reinforcement in soil mass creates a composite system in which the soil tolerates compressive stresses. The elements of the reinforcement are also responsible for tensile stresses and interaction the reinforcement elements and soil increases the strength and ductility. The mechanism of stress transfer is based on interaction between soil and reinforcement. Accordingly, one of the most important issues in the analysis and design of reinforced soil structures is determination of frictional resistance parameters in soil-geogrid interface (adhesion and friction angle) which is discussed in this paper.
Stability and performances of reinforced earth structures significantly depend on the shear behavior of interface soil-geogrid in different weather conditions. Factors such as rainfall, seepage of groundwater and seasonal changes influence on soil moisture content. Changes in moisture content or soil dry density change interface soil-geogrid resistance. Increasing moisture content reduces the shear strength of reinforced soil and sometimes leads to large deformation or failure of system.
In this study, clayey soil with low plasticity (CL), hydrated lime for soil stabilization and two types of geogrid with different aperture size for reinforcing were used. In order to improve the brittle behavior of lime stabilized soils and to increase ductility of the samples, in the present study, lime stabilization and geogrid reinforcement was investigated, simultaneously. The interface shear strength parameters of treated soil with different lime content-geogrid and reinforcement coefficient were determined by direct shear tests. In addition, to study the effect of moisture content on interface shear strength soil-geogrid, all samples were subjected to shear in optimum and higher moisture content because the long-term performance of reinforced cohesive soils exposed to seasonal variations is evaluated. Material and methods: The selected soil for the study is clayey soil from south region of Tehran, Iran. According to Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), the soil was classified as CL (clay of low plasticity).
In this study, three series of specimens were prepared and tested as follows: Stabilized samples with 0, 2, 4 and 6% lime for 7 days curing time
Reinforced samples by geogrid (with and without transverse ribs of geogrid)
Reinforced stabilized samples with different lime contents (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) by geogrid (with and without transverse ribs of geogrid) for 7 days curing times To investigate the effects of bearing resistance provided by the transverse members of the geogrid and their contribution to the overall strength for reinforced soil sample, numerous tests were conducted with the geogrid without transverse members (all the samples had the same number of longitudinal members of the geogrid).
Direct shear tests were carried out on specimens based on ASTM D5321 at constant horizontal displacement rate of 1 mm/min. The results reveal that the shear strength of the stabilized soil increased and there are maximum values in an optimum lime content which is about 4%. Increasing lime content to an optimum lime content of clay caused the maximum changes in clay minerals because of cementitious and pozzolanic reactions and increases the strength of the clayey soil. Reduction of strength by adding lime to the soil more than the optimum content may be caused by the following reasons:1. Stopping pozzolanic reactions because of finishing reactance during reaction
2. Making difficult the release of limewater (Ca OH 2) in the cementitious context of soil.
Until SiO2 and AL2O3 are not finished, pozzolanic reactions continue and produce cementitious product, thus the shear strength increases and improves the long-term performance of the stabilized soils.
Reinforced soil samples have higher shear strength relative to samples without reinforcement subjected to the same normal stress. This increase in shear strength is mainly attributed to the interlocking of soil particles that penetrate through geogrid apertures. In addition, geogrids restrain particles´ movement and thus increase the mobilized frictional resistance at particle contact points.
Increasing in lime content to 4% (optimum lime content in this study) has significant effect on the development of adhesion and then decreases gradually with increasing of lime content from 4 to 6%, while friction angles remain constant approximately.
Adhesion and friction angles decrease with increasing moisture content.
The results show that the reinforced stabilized specimen with 4% lime has the maximum value of reinforcement efficiency. The increase in moisture content can significantly reduce the reinforcement efficiency.
It is clearly observed that the reinforcement coefficient of reinforced stabilized sample by geogrid that has smaller aperture opening size (4Í4 mm) is higher than reinforced stabilized sample by another geogrid (10Í10 mm) in optimum and higher than optimum moisture content. One hundred and twenty samples in 3 specimen categories including lime treated, reinforced and reinforced treated samples were prepared for the current study for 7 days curing time in optimum content and higher than optimum content. The main results can be concluded as:The test results indicate that the shear strength of stabilized clayey samples increases after 7 days curing time due to pozzolanic reactions.
The results show that reinforced samples have higher shear strength relative to unreinforced samples.
Adhesion and friction angles and reinforcement efficiency decrease with increasing moisture content.
The reinforcement coefficient of reinforced stabilized sample by geogrid 1 that has smaller aperture opening size is higher than by geogrid 2. In general, interaction between particles and geogrid with smaller mesh size is stronger because of matching the size of soil particles and meshes.

In this paper, we explore the issue of coordination in a manufacturer-retailer supply chain where the manufacturer is socially responsible and invests in CSR activities. On the other hand, the retailer invests in promotional efforts and uses a periodic review order-up-to policy for replenishing items. First, the decentralized decision-making structure is modeled to calculate the minimum acceptable level for the members profit to accept coordination. Then, the centralized structure is formulated to obtain the benchmark solutions for the whole supply chain profitability. Afterwards, a cost-sharing (CS) contract is proposed to persuade the members to accept the centralized decision-making structure and to follow the benchmark solutions. The results of the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the proposed coordination model is beneficial from three aspects, i. e. economic, environmental and social viewpoint, compared to the decentralized model. Furthermore, some outstanding managerial insights are provided which further illustrates the applicability of the proposed model.

In this paper, we address a variant of the Location-Routing Problem (LRP), namely the Two-echelon location routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (2E-LRPSPD). The purpose of location-routing problem is to determine the optimal number and locations of depots while allocating customers to depots and determining number of optimal vehicle and vehicle routes to visit all customers. The objective is to minimize both the cost of open depots and the total cost of the routes. In this paper customer’s demand is uncertain with discrete values in fuzzy trapezoidal numbers. Applying this approach can result in making an appropriate decision of service level for customers by experts while accounting for considering the system’s costs. We propose an adaptive large neighborhood search for the Two-Echelon Location-Routing Problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (2ELRPSPD). Computational experiments conducted on several sets of instances from the literature show that our algorithm outperforms existing solution methods for the 2E-LRP and a new data set is also generated for our presented model which contains both pickup and delivery demands and Computational results are reported. The results imply the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in finding better solution in comparison to the ones obtained via other algorithms existing in the literature of location routing problem.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin and lithium chloride on DNA integrity and nucleus of ram sperm. Material and Methods: In this study, Farahani's ram testes were obtained from Arak slaughterhouse immediately after ram daily slaughter and transferred to the research laboratory. A few incisions were made in the epididymis, and spermatozoa were then washed into a sterile falcon tube by Ham's F10 medium. collected spermatozoa of ram were divided into four groups: 1. Sperm at 0 hour, 2. Sperm incubated for180 minutes (control), 3. Sperm treated with lithium chloride for 180 minutes and 4. Sperm treated with silymarin + lithium chloride for 180 minutes. DNA integrity and DNA fragmentation were investigated by acridine orange staining sperm chromatin expersion (SCD) test respectively. Morphological feature of apoptosis in sperm nucleus was assessed using Diff-Quick staining. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) followed by Turkey's test . The percentage of DNA fragment and apoptosis were significantly increased in lithium chloride-treated group compared to the control. In silymarin+ lithium chloride group, Silymarin could signicantly compensate these effect compared to the lithium choloride group. Silymarin as a potent antioxidant could prevent toxic effect of lithium on DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in sperm nucleus.

Unhealthy lifestyle ends to some important health problems in adolescence, and also causes chronic non-communicable disease, hence increasing mortality and morbidity in adults.
The aim of this study was to examine the components of lifestyle in adolescence.
In this cross sectional study, 346 male and 197 female of adolescents aged 9 to 16 years were selected randomly from the 5th district of Tehran city in 2011. Data were gathered from the lifestyle questionnaires which were designed and consistent with the findings of studies. Questionnaire has the dimensions of nutrition and energy drink consumption, exercise, and sleep patterns. The data were analyzed by the chi-square and t-test.
Findings: 142 (72%) of girls and 260 (77%) of boys consumed daily dairy. Daily and weekly fast food intakes in girls were 8 (4.1%) and 52 (26.4%), while in the boys were 36 (10.4%) and 110(31.8%) respectively. Totally, more than 149 (75%) of girls and 295 (86%) of boys consumed soda. 17 (8.6%) of girls and 59 (17.1%) of teenage boys consumed energetic drink at least once a week. Adolescent girls and boys had a physical activity on average 3.2 and 4.2 days respectively in gymnasium in a week.
According to the results, correction of nutritional behaviors is a mandatory task. In addition due to the trends of adolescence toward doing exercise in public places, the policy for the equipping of public place and gyms should be reconsidered in our society.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at risk of insulin resistance and pregnancy complications. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between gestational diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 126 pregnant women with PCOS and infertility history who became pregnant after stimulation of ovulation and referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz. These patients underwent screening with 75 g OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) during the first trimester and during 24-28 weeks of gestation. They were divided into two groups of PCOS with gestational diabetes and without gestational diabetes. Variables such as age, gestational diabetes, parity and BMI were measured and the relationship between BMI and gestational diabetes was examined.
FINDINGS: The mean age of patients in the two PCOS groups with and without gestational diabetes was 26.09±2.03 and 27.07±3.03 years, respectively. Of the 126 pregnant women with PCOS, 30 (23.8%) patients were diagnosed with gestational diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy and 11 (8.7%) patients during 24-28 weeks of gestation. Overall, 41(32.5%) patients had gestational diabetes and 85 (67.5%) patients did not have gestational diabetes. There was no significant difference in the mean BMI between the two PCOS groups with and without gestational diabetes.
The results of the study showed that more than one third of women with PCOS experience gestational diabetes during pregnancy.

In this paper, an incentive contract is proposed to coordinate the environmental and social decisions in a manufacturer-duopolistic retailers green supply chain.The manufacturer invests in newtechnology to enhance the green level of the products and two retailers invest in the corporate social responsibility (CSR). The investigated supply chain is modeled under three decision-making structures. In the decentralized model, a manufacturer-Stackelberg game under the two different game behaviors of retailers (Cournot and Collusion) is investigated. Afterward, the centralized model as a benchmark is established. Then, an environmental and social cost sharing contract is developed to encourage the supply chain members to participate in the coordination model. Under the coordination model, the surplus profit is shared among the members based on the members’ bargaining power. Results demonstrate that the proposed coordination contract not only improves the profitability of entire supply chain and members,but also enhances the green quality and CSR investment compared with the decentralized model. Therefore, theproposed coordination model is of high importance from environmental consideration.

In this study, the novel surface ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) particles were prepared and applied as a electrode modifier in stripping voltammetric detection of lead(II) ion. A carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with IIP nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was used for accumulation of toxic lead ions. Various factors that govern on electrochemical signals including carbon paste composition, pH of the preconcentration solution, supporting electrolyte, stirring time, reduction potential and time were studied in detail. The best electrochemical response for Pb(II) ions was obtained with a paste composition of 7% (w/w) of lead IIP, 10% MWCNTs, 53% (w/w) of graphite powder and 30% (w/w) of paraffin oil using a solution of 0.1 mol L-1 acetat buffer solution (pH=4.5) with a extraction time of 15 min. A sensitive response for Pb(II) ions in the concentration range of 3 to 55 µg L-1 was achived. The proposed electrochemical sensor showed low detection limit (0.5 µg L-1), remarkable selectivity and good reproducibility (RSD = 3.1%). Determination of lead(II) content in different environmental water samples was also realized adopting graphite furnace atomic absorptions spectrometry (GF-AAS) and the obtained results were satisfactory.

Pregnancy is one of the most important, critical and at the same time glorious periods in every woman's life that the male involvement plays an important role in promoting prenatal, childbirth, and postpartum care and health of both mother and infant. The aim of this study was to determine the level of male involvement in these periods in Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in six provinces of Iran in 2015. Totally, 2788 mothers with a history of childbirth between 2-6 months were randomly selected for classification. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire containing 34 individual, family and environmental questions and 17 ones were related to the male involvement based on Likert scale with the score of 1-5. Mean higher than 3.5 was considered as higher than average or sufficient involvement. The data were simultaneously collected from health records and through interviews with mothers.
FINDINGS: The mean age of 2713 mothers under study was 27.7±5.5 years. From the mothers’ point of view, the mean of men's involvement was 3.60±0.72 from at least 0.71 to at most 5.0. The minimum and maximum participations were observed in training class and dealing rationally with the mothers’ weakness and faintness (2.5±1.6) and (4.4±0.9), respectively. There was a significant relationship between men's participation and mother's occupation, husband's education, number of pregnancies and children, unwanted pregnancy, bad memories of postpartum period and the areas of maternal death (P The results showed that Iranian husband's involvement in prenatal care, childbirth and postpartum has the acceptable level.