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The translation، cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the American shoulder and elbow surgeons (ASES) were carried out in accordance with published guidelines. The study was conducted on 100 athletes (25. 96±5. 81 years)، which suffered from different shoulder disorders. When the translation and cultural adaptation of the original questionnaire was carried out on the standardized method، the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire booklet including the DASH، the Short Form General Health Survey (SF-36) and ASES questionnaires. In addition، 30 randomly selected patients were asked to complete the ASES questionnaire 48 hours later for the second time. After data collection the Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software. The Cronbach''s alpha was used to indicate internal consistency. Cronbach''s alpha was 0. 91 for ASES. Test-retest reliability was quantified by use of the intraclass correlation coefficient. It was 0. 91 for ASES questionnaire. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used for the questionnaire validation study. The DASH questionnaire showed high correlation of ICC=0. 78 with ASES. The ASES showed moderate correlation of 0. 48 to 0. 62 with those of the various scales of the SF-36. The Iranian ASES showed good reliability and validity and can be used for shoulder-specific patient self-assessment.

Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most frequent complications of diabetes. Despite some studies, the exact mechanism of glucose neurotoxicity has not been fully elucidated. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been proposed as a possible mechanism. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) has been known as a source of antioxidants. Therefore, neuroprotective effect of saffron extract was studied in glucose-induced neurotoxicity, using PC12 cells as a suitable in vitro model of diabetic neuropathy.

Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay. ROS was measured using DCF-DA by flow cytometry analysis.

The result showed that glucose reduced the cell viability of PC12 cells. Saffron extract and GSH could decrease this toxicity. Glucose toxicity was consistent with increased ROS production which was reduced by saffron and GSH pre-treatment.

These results suggest that the glucose-induced cell toxicity could be mediated through the generation of ROS. Due to antioxidant effects of Saffron, it could be considered in diabetic neuropathy treatment in animal models.

Hypoxemia is one of the most important complications of hemodialysis among patients with renal failure which is related with several factors such as type of dialysis membranes. The aime of this study is to investigate the hypoxemic conditions of hemodialysis patients in terms of different dialysis membranes. In this cross-over clinical trial, 29 hemodialysis patients were studied in Fatemieh Hospital in Semnan city in 2004. The arterial O2 Saturations of patients undergoing hemodialysis with polysulfone (a synthetic filter) and hemofane (a cellulose filter) were measured before and stepwisely durinng the process of dialysis and their decreasing trend were compared together. The deacreases in means of arterial O2 Saturations in respectively 5, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after initiation of dialysis was more in hemofane membrane group than polyfone membrane one (P<0.001). In both groups the maximun reduction rate was in 30th and 60th minutes of dialysis period. Applying polysulfone membranes would result in lesser decreases in O2 Saturation percent of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, to reduce the risk of hypoxemia particularely among high-risk patients, it is recommended to use this type of membrane for dialysis.

Although hepatotropic viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are well-identified viral agents for the development of hepatitis, infection with some other viruses may lead to varying degrees of liver injury. Moreover, the hepatic pathogenicity of a few viral agents still remains to be determined. In recent years, viral agents such as TTV and SEN virus with possible hepatic pathogenicity have been introduced. SEN virus has been reported with different rates of prevalence in high-risk groups such as dialysis patients, and low-risk groups such as blood donors. Identification of the SEN virus as a possible etiological agent of parenteral transmission hepatitis led to a major concern about the possibility of its role in liver diseases in hemodialysis patients as well as in renal transplant patients. This manuscript provides an updated integrative review on SEN virus from virological aspect as well as epidemiologic and diagnostic medicine. Moreover, its role in liver diseases considering the co-infection with other hepatotropic viruses has also been reviewed.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a disorder of pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell that is as a myeloproliferative disease and occurs in about 15 percent of all leukemia. Two cell cycle regulatory proteins that function as tumor suppressor are P16INK4A and P14ARF. The origin of these two proteins is a human INK4A-ARF gene locus that located on chromosome 9p21. P16INK4A control retinoblastoma (Rb) and P14ARF control with p53 thought negative feedback. The purposes of this study, this was that whether these genes are preferable use as a factor in prognosis and progression of disease.

This research was a Cross sectional study. The expression of p16INK4A and p14ARF mRNA in about 73 peripheral bloods (PB) Samples were collected from 45 CML patients at different phases of disease were assayed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 26 samples were from patients at chronic phase before any treatment, 26 samples 3 month after treatment with imatinib, 9 samples in accelerated phase and 12 samples in Blastic phase.Results. From 45 patients with CML, 33 patients (73%) were men and 12 patients (27%) were women. About 26 samples (35%) were p16INK4A positive and 55 samples (75%) were p14ARF RT-PCR positive. This expression of the two genes at different phases of disease were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

High percentage of the CML patients expressed P14ARF and P16INK4A genes. The expression of these gene at different phases of disease (diagnosis, accelerate, and Blastic phases) was not statistically significant; even though, the expression of these genes was higher after the treatment. The increased expression of these genes was probably because of the Imatinib treatment.

Hepatitis B is one of the common diseases in the world and in Iran, caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). This virus is transmitted by various ways including dentistry procedures and this may discourage dentists to admit hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients leading to hide the disease by the patients and increased transmission risk. During a cross-sectional descriptive study, 50 dentistry centers were chosen among dentistry centers of Tehran in various regions by cluster sampling. Two HBsAg positive medical students went to these centers and announced about their diseases and requested for dentistry. Samples (dentists and secretaries) did not have any information about the research. They studied and examined reaction of dentists and their secretaries as well as admission rate. Among 50 centers, 16 did not admit patients (5 cases by secretary and 11 cases by dentist) and 16 centers admitted them as the last patient (last appointment) and totally 32 cases met unfriendly. Among different regions of Tehran, the highest rate of non-admission was observed in the south (60%) and the lowest rate in the north (P<0.01). Charity centers and private centers had the most and the least non-admission rate, respectively, and the difference was significant (P<0.01). There were 16 non-admission cases among general dentists but there was not any rejection in specialists. The higher rate of non-admission and unfriendly behavior in southern district of Tehran and military and charity centers may be related to the lack of awareness and proper communication between patient and dentist. It highlights the necessity of more educational workshop to promote dentists knowledge about HBV, encourage them to use disposable tools for the patients, more accurate supervision on centers by the ministry of health and finally to assume all patients as HBsAg positive.

We have previously shown that Rose Bengal (RB) alone, not as a photosensitiser, could induce apoptotic- and non-apoptotic cell death in different melanoma cell lines. To clarify RB-induced toxicity mechanisms, role of caspases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied in melanoma cells. Human melanoma cell lines, Me 4405 and Sk-Mel-28 were cultured in DMEM medium. Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were determined using PI staining of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). Role of caspase were studied using the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. ROS was measured using DCF-DA by flow cytometry analysis. This study showed that while z-VAD-fmk completely inhibited apoptosis of melanoma induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), it only partially blocked RB-induced apoptosis in Me4405 and Sk-Mel-28 melanoma cell lines. RB also increased ROS production in melanoma cells but pretreatment with antioxidant γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) could not decrease RB-induced toxicity. Both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways were induced by RB in melanoma cells. RB-induced generation of ROS does not play a significant role in RB-induced toxicity and it is independent of ROS production in melanoma cells.

In diabetics, hyperglycemia is associated with neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. However, direct toxic effects of glucose on neurons are still largely unknown. Firstly, cellular vital capacity was determined by MTT. Then, effects of different glucose concentrations and the role of Bax protein-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells was examined by Hoechst staining and western blotting techniques, respectively. During MTT, cells revealed to have a meaningful apoptosis at hours 48, 72, and 96 when compared with controls (p<0.01). Apoptosis was induced suitably at a glucose concentration of 13.5mg/dl after 72 hours. Western blotting showed a significant expression of Bax protein in PC12 cells treated with increased glucose concentrations for 72 hours. Increment in glucose concentration may induce apoptosis in PC12 cells. This process occurred under the intense influence of Bax protein.

The changes that occur in all of the motor unit recruitment following the central and peripheral lesions of motor nerves can be effective on individual's disability. Following the low back pain (L.B.P) with any known cause, the effective role of muscles in providing postural or dynamic stability will be reduced. Today in rehabilitation of these patients, except of medical treatment for reduction of pain, a great attention is given to assess the motor control and its efficiency in order to prevent reappearance of the disease symptoms. The aim of this research is to determine the amount of changes in motor planning at motor control level in order to provide an appropriate setting for movement of lumbar spine following postural responses and peripheral stimulation. Ten healthy women (24.3+2.32 year) and five women with L.B.P (27.34+4.67 years) without any structural disorder of lumbar spine have participated in this study. The test stages included flexion and extension in sagital plan with/ without external hearing stimulation in the 30 degree of flexion and 10 degree of extension, with 5 repetition. By measuring the amount of individual's reactions and computation of range of motion (R.O.M), the velocity, torque and delay time for showing any reaction prior to reaching stimulation point and its post time as well as comparing them with each other in both groups and also comparing these two groups. There are a significant differences between R.O.M changes, velocity and torque in similar times before and after hearing stimulation in both types of movement (P<0.05). In such a way the said values before hearing the external stimulation was much greater than after hearing the external stimulations and appearance of postural responses (P<0.05). Also in comparing with the conditions that external stimulation and postural response imposing was loosed, the time of appearance the postural response has shown a meaningful reduction (P<0.05). The group consisted of patients with L.B.P in compare with normal group, during the period that the movement were without any external stimulation, has shown no significant difference, while in stages with external stimulation and occurrence of postural responses, the R.O.M, time, velocity and torque have shown a significant difference (P<0.05). In healthy cases the percentage of functional performance reduction following external stimulation was more than the patients (P<0.05). This shows that the patients with history of L.B.P will have problems in setting up motor planning or in feedworward process.

In this study the effects of continuous and pulsed ultrasound (3 MHz) on the parameters of hoffmann's reflex (H reflex) were compared with each other. In order to do this, 14 healthy female subjects aged between 25 and 35 years old (mean = 26.64, SD = 2.71) were tested. Ultrasound (U.S) was applied on the sciatic nerve of right lower limbs on the posterior aspect ofthe thighs at two different sessions. The area oftreatment was 20 square em (2*10). Duration ofthe treatment was 5 minutes and the intensity ofthe U.S. was 1 watt per square em, The duty cycle was 10% for the pulsed ultrasound. -,Parameters ofM wave and H reflex of the soleus muscle (amplitudes of Y2 Hmax, duration and latency) were measured and recorded before the application ofthe U.S. (TO) and immediately (TI), 5 minutes (T5), 10 minutes (TIO) and 15 minutes (TI5) after the U.S. Statistical analysis of the data (ANOVA repeated measurement and paired t-test) showed that the continuous ultrasound increases the amplitude ofH-reflex significantly (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the latency before and after the application of U.S.These results may' be due to thermal effects of continuous U.S. on the reflex arc and it seems that the continuous U.S. (3 MHz) increases the excitability ofthe alpha motoneurone.