moussavi

With the approval of the law for supporting knowledge-based firms in 2010, a new wave in
Iran’s science, technology and innovation system began with a focus on the knowledge based
economy and innovation-based. Currently, there are more than 4,000 knowledge-based firms
in Iran that nearly 5% of them are active in biotechnology. The aim of the present study is to
design an empirical model of the relationship between financial and tax incentives of this law on
some of the performance indicators of biotechnology knowledge-based firms. For this purpose,
after analyzing the content of related documents and designing the study model, for evaluating
the direct and interacting effects between policy tools, identifying the important empirical
factors and their level, “23 factorial design” was used. Study target community includes 113
manufacturing knowledge-based firms in the field of biotechnology. The findings of this
study on input additionality indicators show the positive effect of the threefold interaction of
factors on the R&D expenditure and the positive effects of commercialization financing and
technology financing and their interactions on R&D employee. In the present study, there was
no relationship between the effectiveness of policy tools on output additionality indicators.

This article examines annihilators in the skew polynomial ring R[x;alpha,delta]. A ring is strongly right AB if every non-zero right annihilator is bounded. In this paper, we introduce and investigate a particular class of McCoy rings which satisfy Property (A) and the conditions asked by P.P. Nielsen. We assume that R is an (alpha,delta )-compatible ring, and prove that, if R is nil-reversible then the skew polynomial ring R[x;alpha,delta] is strongly right AB. It is also shown that, every right duo ring with an automorphism alpha is skew McCoy. Moreover, if R is strongly right AB and skew McCoy, then R[x;alpha] and R[x;delta] have right Property (A).

With industrial development and population growth, the emerging contaminants enter into the natural water resources. Therefore, adsorption potential of Ammonium Chloride-induced activated carbon (NAC) to remove metolachlor pesticide from contaminated water was investigated in this study.
The effects of operational conditions including solution pH, NAC concentration, metolachlor initial concentration and contact time on the removal of metolachlor by Ammonium Chloride-induced activated carbon (NAC) and standard activated carbon (SAC) were studied.
Over 92.4% of 50 mg/L metolachlor was adsorbed using 0.3 g NAC/L within 5 min, and by increasing the reaction time to 60 min the removal efficiency reached to 100%. Under similar experimental conditions, standard activated carbon (SAC) could only adsorb 20% of metolachlor within 5 min and increase of contact time to 40 min caused the improvement of metolachlor adsorption onto SAC to 48%. The adsorption onto SAC was not influenced by the contact time over 40 min. Kinetic analysis showed that experimental adsorption data for both NAC and SAC were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacities of metolachlor onto NAC and SAC calculated by the Langmuir model were 344.8 and 238.1 mg/g, respectively.
Generally, these results showed that developed NAC was an efficient adsorbent with high removal efficiency for eliminating the halogenated pesticides from the contaminated water streams.

Independent estimates of deterministic and probabilistic methods of hazard analysis in the region of Tabas City were conducted in this study . Gutenberg - Richter relation for Tabas was obtained by analyses of seismic data based on LogN= 2.3 - 0.50 Ms. The greatest horizontal acceleration on Tabas city is 0.7g rsulted from Shotori thrust with a shaking power of 7.4 Richters. The obtained results show that, Kalmard fault with length of 170 km and distance of 50 kilometers from Tabas, has the highest impact after Shotori thrust. So that, the most expected seismic (8.93 Richter), the maximum relative intensity at the center (8.32), the maximum horizontal displacement at the center (29.82cm) and the maximum vertical displacement (66.70cm) are the result of this fault on Tabas. Using geostatistical analysis tool in ArcGIS (ordinary kriging), a suitable model was introduced for mapping the maximum gravitational acceleration. Using this map, zones with high and very high seismic risks and two liner earthquake sources with NE- SW trend (west of Tabas) as a result of Kalmard and Ladar faults and NW-SE (east of Tabas) as a result of Shotori, Esfandiar and Nayband faults were identified.

Catechol is a phenolic compound which can enter into the environment by various industries. The main objective of this project is to produce a composite of MgO with high catalytic potential for catechol removal from wastewater using ozonation process.
MgO crystals were produced and coated on the supports by sol-gel-thermal method. Catechol concentration was determined by high-pressure gas chromatography (HPLC).
All three catalysts were effective in increasing catechol removal efficiency. However, efficiency of GAC/MgO at various pH was the highest followed by Perlite/MgO and Pumice/MgO. Due to radical production, the catalyst MgO/GAC plays an important role in mineralization (COD removal) of catechol. The catalytic potential of MgO/GAC composite with ozonation to mineralize catechol was 38.5% at catalyst level of 10 g/l and reaction time of 60 min.
Catalytic ozonation with MgO/GAC can be regarded as an important process with high capacity for degradation and mineralization of toxic and resistant to biodegradation chemical compounds at high concentrations.

Integrated weed management is based on combination of several management methods, while reducing the rate of the use of herbicides, will result in efficient management and sustainable weed control. Ability of crop tolerance and prevent weed growth are two important traits in weed competition. An appropriate and suitable cultivar, has high yield potential in the presence of weed and under weed free conditions. Such cultivar is weed tolerated and prevent the growth of weed. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the relationships between some morphophysiological traits that affecting on tolerance index of bread wheat cultivars with wild oat in tropical regions condition such as the province of Khouzestan.
In order to investigate the casual relationships between effective morphophysiological traits of tolerant spring bread wheat cultivars to wild oat, an experiment was conducted as strip block includes 4 densities of wild oat (0, 40, 80 and 120 plant per m2) in linear plots and 10 spring bread wheat cultivars (Chamran, Baz, Atrak, Arvand, Maroon, Shoeleh, Chenab, Virinak, Dez and Falat) in horizontal plots based on randomized completely blocks design with three replications in research farm of Khozestan Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing season. Each plot consists of 10 lines of wheat planting in distance of 20 cm. Distance between the plots was 50 cm and the distances between the blocks was two meters and the plots were prepared with hand. The rate of wheat seed for cultivars of Chamran, Baz, Atrak, Maroon, Chenab, Virinak, Falat and Dez was 400, Arvand 300 and Shoeleh 250 plants per square meter and wild Oat seed were planted at regular intervals between the wheat lines (for densities of 40 wild oat plant: 12.5 cm; 80 plant: 6.25 cm and 120 plant: 4.16 cm).
The results showed that with increasing weed density, tolerance index of wheat decreased. So with presence of wild oat, the average of grain yield of cultivars decreased by 0.31 percent. Between wheat cultivars, Maroon cultivar with 86.8 percent, had the highest index of tolerance. This cultivar had the highest grain yield and well prevent dry matter accumulation of wild oat. While Virinak cultivar with 69.3 percent had the least tolerance index. This cultivar had the highest accumulation of dry matter of weed and also had the lowest grain yield. Therefore these cultivars based on tolerance index were classified at three groups: 1) tolerant group (Maroon), 2), medium group (some new cultivars such as Baz, Atrak, Dez and Chamran and old cultivars such as Arvand, Chenab and Shoeleh) and 3) weak group (such as Virinak and Falat). Modeling of wheat cultivars tolerance ability index with wild oat showed that different traits such as fertile spike number, harvest index, thousand grains weight, grain number in spikelet and spikelet number in spike cause to increase of wheat cultivars tolerance index ability against wild oat. But none-fertile spike trait, spike upper and under internode length could not strengthen tolerance index. Yield and harvest index of wild oat decreased wheat cultivars tolerance ability index.
Therefore in wheat cultivated areas rich with wild oat, the cultivars are more favorable that to weed infestation, its yield does not decrease too much. Such cultivars, well tolerated to weeds, prevented of its growth and seed production. So these cultivars such as Maroon that is weed tolerant with preventing of its seed production, have ability to control the weed population in subsequent years with actions weed ecological control can be used in integrated control programs.

The Fahliyan Formation of Khami Group is hosting important hydrocarbon reserves in Iran and also is a main reservoir rock in the Abadan Plain oil fields which is Neocomian in age. In the studied wells its thickness is about 440 meters. In the Abadan Plain, the Fahliyan Formation transitionally overlies the argillaceous limestone of the Garau Formation and its upper boundary changes into marl and argillaceous limestone of the Gadvan Formation. According to thin sections examinations prepared from cuttings and cores plus electrofacies analysis 11 microfacies and 2 lithofacies are recognized. This formation consists of two carbonate and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic (mixed zone) members. The Lower Fahliyan was deposited in carbonate ramp environment while, the Upper Fahliyan was deposited in a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic environment. To determine electrofacies, the rock types were modeled with using MRGC method. Best correlation between petrographical and electrofacies is 12 cluster model (in MRGC method). These results suggest that the electrofacies model is in agreement with heterogenetic rock type such as mixed carbonate–siliciclastic environment observed in petrography. Also, in homogenous rock type such as carbonate ramp environment electherofacies can’t completely determine geological facies. Based on petrographical and electrofacies this formation is composed of three third order sequences with type sb2 sequence boundaries. But, the third sequence in mixed carbonate–siliciclastic zone is terminated with sb1 sequence boundary just below the Gadvan Formation.

Intoduction: In the geological record of the Zagros fold-thrust belt and Dezful Embayment, Cretaceous successions consist of a thick sedimentary packages, which host numerous economically important hydrocarbon reservoirs such as Sarvak Formation (Ziegler, 2001; Ghabeishavi et al, 2010; Rahimpour-Bonab et al. , 2012, Mehrabi et al, 2014). Sarvak Formation (Albian-Turonian) is one of the main reservoirs in Iran and is the second major hydrocarbon reservoir in southwest Iran. (James and Wynd, 1965; Alavi, 2007). Ahwaz Oilfield is one of the largest oilfield in Iran that is located in northern Dezful Embayment (Motiei, 1995). In this research, petrographic studies and facies identification, for interpretation of sedimentary environment, have been carried out in order to understand the reservoir rocks of the Sarvak Formation. Furthermore, the influence of diagenetic processes on carbonate rocks of this formation in well No. 6 in the Ahwaz oil field, has been investigated which could be important in understanding of this formation for further development in this field.

Materials and Method: 205 thin sections, prepared from drilled cores, from Sarvak Formation in well No. 6 Ahwaz oil field have been studied in order to identify facies and interpret depositional environment as well as to investigate the diagenetic processes affected the Sarvak Formation. The frequency of the components which constitute the studied carbonates have been estimated by Flügel chart (Flügel, 2010). Different researchers study, for example Boudagher-Fadel (2008), Ghabeishavi et al. (2010) and Rahimpour-Bonab et al. (2012), have been taken into consideration for identification of foraminifera which are important component in the studied carbonates. For classification of carbonate facies followed the nomenclature of Dunham (1962) and Embry and Klovan (1971). The thickness of the Sarvak Formation in well No. 6 in the Ahwaz oilfield is 345 m that consists mainly of limestone. Since Sarvak Formation in the studied oilfield has not been completely drilled and with regard to the available data, the depth of 3310 to 3545 of this well which contains core has only been studied.

Discussion and conclusion: Petrographic studies of 205 thin sections from Sarvak Formation (235m thickness) in the studied well has led to identification of 7 carbonate facies including miliolid mudstone, packstone with highly diverse benthic foraminifera, bioclastic peloidal packstone, foraminiferal peloidal grainstone, rudist boundstone, rudist floatstone-rudstone, and planktonic foraminiferal wackestone. Based on identified of facies as well as vertical facies distribution and lack of slumping and turbidity deposits (Tucker and wright, 1990; Watts and Blome, 1990), gradual changes of facies, lack of aggregate grains, pisoids and oncoids (Burchette and Wright, 1992), the carbonate deposits of studied formation have been deposited in three environments including inner, middle and outer ramp, where sedimentation took place in a homoclinal ramp. Carbonates of the Sarvak Formation in the studied well have been affected by various diagenetic processes such as micritization, compaction, cementation, neomorphism, dissolution, fracturing and replacement (dolomitization, hematitization and pyritization) that operated in diagenetic environments such as marine, meteoric, burial and uplifting. According to Petrographic studies, in carbonates of the Sarvak Formation, dissolution and cementation processes are more important than the other. In these carbonates, the dissolution process increased and the cementation decreased the reservoir quality

Letbe a ring with an endomorphism and an -derivationAntoine studied the structure of the set of nilpotent elements in Armendariz rings and introduced nil-Armendariz rings. In this paper we introduce and investigate the notion of nil--compatible rings. The class of nil--compatible rings are extended through various ring extensions and many classes of nil--compatible rings are constructed. We also prove that, if is nil--compatible and nil-Armendariz ring of power series type with nilpotent, then . We show that, if is a nil-Armendariz ring of power series type, with nilpotent and nil--compatible ring, then As a consequence, several known results are unified and extended to the more general setting. Also examples are provided to illustrate our results.

Being low cost of building and operation, anaerobic baffled reactor is considered superior to aerobic methods of wastewater treatment, especially for small communities. However, it needs to be studded for upgrade and overcome of its limitations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of FABR and RABR reactors for the municipal wastewater treatment at laboratory scale and in field conditions to determine their optimum conditions in reaching effluent discharge standards.
This study was conducted in Khoy wastewater treatment plant. FABR was operated for 267 days with hydraulic retention time of 18-48 h and RABR was operated for 90 days with media bad rotation of 10-50 rpm. The reactors were fed in line from the wastewater canal. Using composite sampling, 224 samples were taken from the inflow and outflow of the reactors and each sample was analyzed for parameters of COD, BOD, TSS, VSS, TKN, and TP.
The reactor startup took about 107 days. FABR removal efficiency was 93-80, 21-10, and 30-21% for COD, TKN, and PO4 respectively at HRT of 48-18 h. FABR reached effluent disposal standard of TSS, COD, and BOD in all conditions and optimum HRT of 36 h. RABR reached to these standards at HRT 24 h and 50 rpm. However, none of them could meet the nutrient effluent standards.
FABR is an appropriate system for municipal wastewater treatment but for reaching N and P effluent standard, it should be combined with aerobic post-treatment. Moreover, in order to reuse the reactor's nutrient-rich effluent for irrigation; it can be reused as subsurface irrigation.

Risk assessment of soil erosion, one of the most important land degradation problems worldwide, is very essential for land and water resources management, and development of soil conservation methods. In the present study, the temporal changes of soil erosion risk were assessed from 1987 to 2010, based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the Navrood Watershed, Iran, with an area of 270 km2. Two Landsat satellite imageries obtained in 1987 and 2010 were used to assess the changes in vegetation cover during this period, and to obtain the Cover factor (C) of RUSLE. Rainfall and soil texture data and a digital elevation model were used to calculate the rest of RUSLE factors, which were taken as constant for the study period. The results showed that the average annual soil loss over the watershed ranged from 0 to 1,056 t ha-1 y-1(Cumulative percentage> 99.9%). The area mapped as very high erosion risk (> 100 t ha-1 y-1) increased from 10% in 1987 to 12% in 2010, and the area of the next risk class (51-100 t ha-1 y-1) increased from 8 to 9%. These changes cover an area of about 800 ha in the watershed, in which erosion risk has been doubled or tripled in the last 23 years. Forest clearing and rangeland overgrazing were identified as the most important reasons for the increase in erosion risk.

Adsorption is one of the most common methods for VOCs elimination from waste air stream. The study on the application of a selective and cheap adsorbent with high efficiency in VOCs removal is important from economic aspects. In this study, the potential of MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC composites was investigated for toluene adsorption from air stream at lab scale.
Material and The MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC adsorbents were prepared through Sol-gel method and then were characterized using BET, XRF, and SEM analysis. The effect of operational parameters including; retention time (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 S), inlet toluene concentration (100, 200, 300, and 400 ppmv) and the temperature of the air stream (25, 50, 75, and 100 ˚C) were examined on the efficiency of both adsorbents. The efficiency of MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC were determined from the breakthrough time and adsorption capacity and the results were compared statistically.
The breakthrough time of MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC adsorbents increased 90% by increasing retention time from 0.5 to 4 S. Adsorption capacity of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC was increased 39and 61.1% by increasing inlet toluene concentration from 100 to 400 ppmv, respectively. Breakthrough time of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC decreased 65 and 59% by increasing inlet toluene concentration from 100 to 400 ppmv, respectively. The efficiency of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC adsorbents had a direct relationship with the increase of air temperature from 25 to 100 ˚C. Accordingly, the efficiency of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC was increased 78 and 32% by increasing air temperature, respectively.
The results of the study showed that MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC adsorbents had high efficiency in toluene removal from air stream. The difference between the efficiency of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC adsorbents was significant and MgO/GAC adsorbent showed higher efficiency than MnO/GAC for toluene adsorption from waste air.

In this research the catchment of the Sarbaz river، SE Iran، has been studied to determine sediment provenance and its possible pollution potential. 30 sediment samples collected from the riverbed were analyzed for major and trace elements، using combined XRF and AAS methods. Based on major and trace element data and identification charts the sediments are identified to be of litharenite composition. Quartz-rich sedimentary and intermediate igneous origin and island arc tectonic setting is proposed for the sediments، mainly inferred from discrimination diagrams. Regarding the hazardous potential of metals and metalloids، As، Cd، Co، Cr، Cu، Fe، Mn، Hg، Ni، Pb، Se، V and Zn were studied from 30 locations. Pb، Cd and As concentrations measured respectively in 7، 10 and 20 locations are more than concentrations of the same elements in the world riverbeds. In this research، the polluted sediments were evaluated using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo). Based on this index، Cd، Pb، Zn and Cu show some degrees of pollution، while other elements are evaluated to be less pollutant. Statistic analysis show strong correlation between studied elements. Volcanic activity in north of the Makran zone can readily justify the common origin of the contaminants in the catchment of the Sarbaz river. Chromium is most probably originated from the nearby Makran ophiolites. It is concluded that geological factors have mainly been the controlling factors for the sediment pollution in the Sarbaz catchment.

With increasing awareness of human beings towards the environment, researchers pay more attention to process and redistribution of water flow and solute transport in the soil and groundwater. Moreover, determination of soil hydraulic conductivity is necessary to determine the runoff from basins. Water movement within the unsaturated zone is often described by the formulae proposed by Richards. To solve this equation, initial and boundary conditions of the hydraulic conductivity and the soil water pressure should be determined as functions of soil water content. Beerkan method was developed to identify retention and hydraulic conductivity curves. In this method, van Gunechten with Burdine condition and Brooks and Corey equations were used to describe water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves. Recognition of the spatial pattern of studied parameter using semivariogram and then preparing zoning map with interpolation methods such as IDW and kriging can help us in relevant watershed management. The aim of this study was to spatial analyze of saturated hydraulic conductivity from 50 infiltration tests at watershed scale using Beerkan method and then preparing zoning map for the Navroud watershed.

Navroud-Assalem watershed with an area of about 307 km2 is located in the west part of Guilan province, within the city of Talesh. Of the total watershed area of Navroud, about 41 km2 is plains and the rest of it is about 266 km2, corresponding to the mountainous area. The study area includes an area with a height above 130 m. In order to complete the database of the studied watershed the present study was designed to assess soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. In this study, a 2×2 km network was designed in Navroud watershed with a surface area of 307 km2, and then infiltration tests were carried out in each node using single ring of Beerkan. Beerkan method derives shape parameters from particle-size distribution and normalization parameters from infiltration test with a near zero pressure head. Evaluation of spatial variation was done using GS+ and zoning map was prepared with ArcGIS software. Statistical evaluation of recorded data was done using SPSS software package.

Results showed that the soil bulk density was of 1.07 gr cm-3 in average. Furthermore, the results showed that the average of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) in the watershed was of 3.96 cm hr-1 with a coefficient of variation of 151%. The watershed Ks is classified in the moderate class. Regarding the high value of Ks variation coefficient, using geostatistics is necessary to analyze Ks spatial variation. The results indicate the absence of the anisotropy. Using GS+ software, exponential model was fit on the empirical variation (r2=0.953 and RSS=0.0057 cm hr-1). The effective range was of 2280 m. The difference between the amounts reported by other studies and this study was because of the effect of the difference in the study area (307 km, in this study), scale (the field or watershed) and the distance between measured points. Two usual methods of interpolation including inverse distance weighting and ordinal kriging were verified. The results showed that ordinal kriging performed better than inverse distance weighting method (RMSEs for ordinal kriging and inverse distance weighting were 8.97 and 9.75, respectively). Zoning map of Ks was prepared according to the results of GS+ software using ArcGIS software. The correlation coefficients between Ks and sand, silt and clay percents were -0.04, 0.01 and 0.07, which demonstrate a weak effect of soil texture on the Ks as compared with soil structure. The correlation coefficient of the soil bulk density with Ks was of -0.45 which demonstrate a stronger effect as compared with the soil texture.

The results of this study can be used to proper management of watersheds. One of the main information needed to manage a watershed is Ks. Determining the spatial variability of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity at watershed scale in spite of its difficulty is one of the main prerequisite parameters to provide detailed maps of a watershed. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial variability of Ks in Navroud-Assalem watershed, Guilan province. After analyzing spatial data, using ordinary kriging interpolation method, zoning map of Ks was prepared. This map can be used to find the optimal management of watershed, such as determining the amount of basin runoff and groundwater recharge.

In this study,attenuation behavior of moderate to large earthquake aftershock sequences occurred in Iranian plateauhas been investigated according to the empirical Omori Law. Due to proper recordings of instrumental earthquakes 1990 to 2012, important earthquakes of this period were ed. After determination of aftershock sequences using temporal-spatial window defined by Gardner &Knopoff (1974), 14 sequenceshaving enough recordings and appropriately distributed over the Iranian plateau were investigated in terms of attenuation behavior curve.Therefore, the Omori curve and parameters (p, c and k)were plotted and calculated for each sequence. Results show that for the Iranian plateau earthquakes, p-values range between 0.39 and 2.7, parameter c values vary 0.01 to 5, and paremeter k shows values in the range of 10 to 1427.4. This high variability is taken to indicate not only a variety of aftershock occurrence patterns in the Iranian plateau, but also an incomplete and inhomogeneous earthquake catalog.By using the present database, therefore, it is not easily possible to have a zonation based on temporal attenuation behavior of aftershock activitiesover the Iranian plateau. However, the estimations of aftershock attenuation rate for each locality can be used to analyze seismic hazard. Present study showed that the p-values and hence the aftershock attenuation rates in the Alborz and Zagros regions are greater than those in the eastern and central parts of Iran. The higher the rate, the greaterthe energy release, which means a shorter time to gain background seismicity. This result is comparable and consistentwith the amount of energy released in theseismotectonic zones of the Iranian Plateau. Moreover, 7 out of 14 earthquake sequences have secondary aftershocks, which give two values for each Omori parameters. Results demonstrated that with a higher earthquake magnitude, the occurrence of the next big event as well as secondary aftershocks is more likely. Furthermore, for the 7 sequences with secondary aftershocks, a trend of P2 variations is observable. P2 is more than 2.5 for 3 of these sequences that have magnitudes above 7 and occurred along the Iranian plate boundaries. For the other 4 intraplate events, which have magnitudes less than 7, P2 is less than 2. This might be due to a magnitude change or tectonic setting and distance of hypocenter to the main fault nodes. Resultsalso showed that the c and k parameters are highly affected by number of recordings in the catalog. A more complete and homogeneouscatalog would produce well-constrained values for these parameters,which in turnmakes the analysis of the seismicity and physics of the fault zone more accurate.

The Santonian – CampanianIlam Formation is one of the major reservoirs of Bangestan Group in the Zagros petroliferous basin. In the Siri Alvand Oilfield located in the Persian Gulf this formation with a total thickness of 130 m, consists of limestone. In this study, microfacies, depositional environments, diagenetic processes and sequence stratigraphy of the Ilam Formaton in Siri Alvand oilfield was studied. Based on thin sections studies, 8 microfacies and 4 facies associations were identified that deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp environment. On the basis of petrographic studies, the main diagenetic processes affected these rocks include bioturbation, cementation, dissolution, dolomitization, stylolitization, pyritization and fracturing. The most important cement types in this formation are bladed calcite, fine equant calcite, drusy mosaic calcite, coarse blocky calcite and syntaxial calcite overgrowth. Sequence stratigraphic studies led to recognition of four third order depositional sequences in the Ilam Formation that all of them terminated to the type 1 sequence boundary. Finally, facies and diagenetic processes intensity were studied in each sequence.

Supporting models for the allocation of financial resources to research have been mainly based on the concept of delegation. In this paper، we focus particularly on the assumption that says delegation regimes in the past decades have shifted from an allocation regime based on trust to regimes which imply a more active role by government. We will try to test this assumption and، if it turns out to be true، to estimate the amount of that shift and finally to observe how similar is that change in different countries.

The Albian - Turonian Sarvak Formation, the second major reservoir formation in south and southwest Iran is composed of mainly carbonate rocks. In this study, the upper part of Sarvak Formation in Siri Oil Fields was studied to determine facies, depositional environments, diagenetic processes and sequence stratigraphy analysis. The facies analysis led to the recognition of 12 microfacies in 5 facies associations, which deposited in a homoclinal carbonate ramp environment. The main diagenetic processes affected carbonates of this formation are bioturbation, micritization, cementation, dissolution, dolomitization, stylolitization, pyritization and fracturing. The most important cements in this formation are fine equant calcite cement, drusy mosaic calcite cement, coarse blocky calcite cement and syntaxial calcite overgrowth cement. Three third order sequences recognized in sequence stratigraphic studies for the upper part of Sarvak Formation taking into account of facies and diagenetic events in a sequence stratigraphic framework.

The Oligocene Qom Formation deposits in NW Central Iran (NE Delijan) are widespread in NE-SW trend.Four members of the QomFormation (unknown, a, b& c1) in the study area consist of mainly marly limestone, limestone, sandy limestone and a minor amounts of sandstone. It disconformablyoverliesthe Lower Red Formation and the upper boundary is covered by the recent alluvium. Based on the benthic foraminifers assemblage, these deposits are attributed to Oligocene (Rupelian- Chattian). Petrographic considerationled to identification of 12 carbonatemicrofacies and one sandstone facies that may have been deposited in a homoclinal ramp and in 4 sub environments including tidal flat, lagoon, bioclastic bar and open marine. Sequence stratigraphy analysis led to identification of 8 3rdordersdepositional sequences bounded by type I and type II sequence boundaries. Comparison between interpreted relative sea level curve with global sea level curve showsreasonable correlation with the lower and upper sequence boundaries of this formation and also Rupelian- Chattianboundary and the differences in other sequence boundaries can be related to local tectonic activity in the sedimentary basin of Qom Formation and the local sea level changes.

In Kamarhaji Mountain, NW Birjand there are geological structures such as: duplex, pop Up, triangle zone, flower structures, folding, etc. The duplexes in Kamarhaji Mountain have E-W trend. They are parallel to the Shekarab fault system. The Shekarab fault is a reverse fault with sinistral component located in the southern of the area; it is considered as one of the terminal branches of the Nehbandan fault. Based on the Geometric-Kinematic analysis, duplexes are of the horsetail structure type, which are set from the side view on each other. There are flower structures in the direction perpendicular to the horsetail structures, caused that the central layers of the duplex structures have the maximum height. Usually in the orogenic regions, the antithetic thrusts with motion opposite to the main thrust are observed. These thrusts are called back thrusts. The hanging wall blocks of two faults, thrust and its back thrust is called pop-Up structure. In addition, in some regions back thrust and new thrust created triangle zone. In duplexes of this Region, ramps have strike slip mechanism with Thrust component. The existing flats are non-horizontal and most of them have thrust mechanism with strike slip component. Due to the mechanism of flat, transfer direction is westward, and since the younger ramps are formed on the hanging wall of previous ramp (In other words, younger orientation is toward the hinterland) the formation of duplexes follows the break-back model. Since the physical model shows a better understanding ofthe formation model and the relationship between the structures, we have used of the experimental model. The results of experiments show a strong relationship between the geometry of the flat and the geometry of the structures of the area. Based on the paleostress studies and different trends of shortening of structures such as folding, duplexes, two deformational stages were identified. In the first stage, position of strain λ3 axis according to analysis of the conjugate joints, tension joints, and axial surface of folding is N42, 00, N40, 07, and is N38, 14 respectively. The amount of shortening in this stage of deformation is 41.46 %. Position of strain λ3 axis in the second stage of deformation according to analysis of the conjugate joints, tension joints, and E-W trend of thrusts is N83, 02, N84, 00, and N90E respectively. In this stage, strike– slip faults have been further developed. The shortening in this stage of deformation is 20.30 % and the amount of slip along the flats is 2640 meters. According to the geometric-kinematic analysis duplexes formed in the second stage of deformation, which was progressive.

The Asmari Formation (Oligocene-Miocene) is one of the most importance reservoir rocks in the Zagros Basin. This formation in the Mansouri Oilfield is composed of the mixture of silisiclastic - carbonate deposits which silisiclastic deposits are known as the Ahwaz Sandstone Member. Rock typing is a process in which geological facies determined with their dynamic behavior. Each flow unit is related to flow zone indicator, thus zoning of a reservoir using of flow zone indicators and identification of Flow units can be used to evaluate the reservoir quality based on relationship between porosity and permeability. To evaluate the reservoir quality and determining spatial distribution of petro-physical indexes in the Asmari Formation Sandstone, porosity-permeability relationship as well as their relationship with the rock types is used and finally Flow Units and Rock Types have been identified. In this study, the Asmari Formation Sandstone is divided into four flow units A, B, C and D. Within recognized flow units, flow unit C is the best one in the terms of reservoir quality and flow unit D also has a good reservoir quality. Comparison of determined flow units with porosity logs (neutron, density and sonic), it is observed that sandstone successions of Asmari reservoir affected by diagenetic processes like fracturing, dissolution, dolomitic cementation and hydrocarbon migration before cementation and flow units C and D are more extended, so porosity logs show good reservoir quality in this interval of Asmari succession. Thus it can be deduced that using hydraulic flow units, we can determine rock types groups in wells with core and then extrapolate the results into uncored wells.

This article discusses the methodological foundations and the practical applications of the indicators based on the Frascati Manual for allocating research resources, it also studies the historical evolution and development of this manual since its formation in the 1960’s. More recent developments will also be put into consideration and some of the initiatives and propositions concerning better methodologies and more comprehensive indicators will be introduced. Throughout the discussion, we will observe that in the recent years, some kind of methodological shifts have been occurred from classical indicators which were based on input/output emphasizing on the measurement of efficiency and the impact of research towards the more recent positioning indicators which seek to position the actors in the national systems of innovation and to recognize the links and flows of resources among them.

Chromium (VI) is a known human carcinogenic agent which is used in numerous industrial processes such as electroplating, welding, textile, cement and steel fabrication. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of natural zeolite on the fixed bed adsorption of Cr (VI) from air stream. In this experimental study, chromium mists were generated by a nebulizer (3A model, Italy). Performance of natural zeolite in the Cr (VI) adsorption and its influencing factors such as air flow rate (1 and 3 L/min), the initial Cr concentration (0.05, 0.15, 1 and 10 mg/m3) and the bed depth (2.5, 5 and 10 cm) were investigated. Zeolite adsorption capacity elevated by the increasing of bed depth but decreased with increasing of flow rate and inlet concentration. In order to facilitate the prediction of natural zeolite column performance Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models were used. The results showed that these models have a good agreement with our experimental data. Due to the extensive use of chromium in various industries and regulatory requirements related to workplace health and safety, Cr emission control in the occupational environment is essential. The adsorption process is one of the controlling measures of chromium emissions. The results indicated that natural zeolite has a high efficiency in Cr (VI) adsorption.

The provenance and tectonic setting of the Eocene turbidite sandstones of the Saravan area in southeast of Iran have been studied based on petrography and geochemistry. These sandstones are very laterally extended and traceable at several kilometers. The sandstones are sharp-based and well-preserved and generally display Bouma sequences (Tbcde, Tabc, Tbcd, Tabcd) which consist of graded bedding, flute and groove casts, planar cross lamination, current ripples and parallel lamination. The deep water trace fossils (Nereites ichnofacies) are locally abundant. These characteristics support sedimentation by the turbidity current. The petrographical data show that these sandstones are fine to coarse grained, poorly to moderately-sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded feldspatic litharenite. They contain mono- and poly-crystalline quartz grains, feldspar, volcanic and metamorphic rock fragments and represent Q55F14.7L30.3 proportion. The major, trace and rare earth element concentrations indicate that the source of these sediments were intermediate to felsic igneous rocks. Mean value of chemical index of alteration in analyzed samples (CIA mean ≈ 62) indicate a low to moderate degree of chemical weathering of the source area or during the sediments transportation prior to deposition.The petrographic analysis revealed a recycled orogen and transitional recycled tectonic provenance. Tectonic setting discrimination based on the major, trace and rare earth elements suggest that the Saravan sandstones components derived from an active continental margin and continental arcs.

Carbon nanotubes have been considered as dye adsorbent. The colored wastewater must be treated to reduce the environmental risks. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of multi-walled carbon nanotubes for removal of 2-naphthol orange dye from aqueous solutions. This experimental study was conducted at school of public health affiliated to Yazd University of medical sciences during 2012. The effects of different parameters including detention time، PH value، mixing intensity، the initial concentration of dye، and carbon nanotubes dosage were studied for removal of dye. All experiments were repeated twice and then adsorption isotherms and kinetics of different models were analyzed by comparing the coefficient of determination. The maximum dye adsorption occurred during the first 30 minutes. The sorption capacity for adsorption of the dye was found to be 2. 76 mg/gr. The dye removal efficiency was increased from 87% to 97. 2% by decreasing the initial concentration of dye from 100 to 25 mg/l. By increasing the adsorbent dose from 0. 05 to 0. 4 g/l، the dye removal efficiency was increased from 70. 7% to 94. 8%. The general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption model and the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum efficiency was found to be 97. 2%. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be effective for removal of 2-naphthol orange dye.