فهرست مطالب mozafar shahedi

In the present study, been tried, using the technique or pattern "tracking process" and the method of historical study, the Ayatollah Khomeini against the Pahlavi regime, in the framework of the Constitution and its amendments, during decade 1340 and then, be analyzed. Question of the study, racing the process that fundamental developments in the Ayatollah Khomeini's attitude towards the Constitution and delegitimization of the Pahlavi regime led definitive. In the context of major and minor questions, thesis study, status of constitution and its amendments, in different periods, according to Ayatollah Khomeini explained and to examine the reasons for that, a radical change in their attitude about the Constitution and the need to eliminate the Pahlavi regime, Created. In the present study, been tried, using the technique or pattern "tracking process" and the method of historical study, the Ayatollah Khomeini against the Pahlavi regime, in the framework of the Constitution and its amendments, during decade 1340 and then, be analyzed. In addition, the amount of credit of theory of rational-legal authority Max Weber to explain the subject, in contrast method, will be evaluated and tested. Question of the study, racing the process that fundamental developments in the Ayatollah Khomeini's attitude towards the Constitution and delegitimization of the Pahlavi regime led definitive. In the context of major and minor questions, thesis study, status of constitution and its amendments, in different periods, according to Ayatollah Khomeini explained and to examine the reasons for that, a radical change in their attitude about the Constitution and the need to eliminate the Pahlavi regime, Created. In the context of major and minor questions, thesis study, status of constitution and its amendments, in different periods, according to Ayatollah Khomeini explained and to examine the reasons for that, a radical change in their attitude about the Constitution and the need to eliminate the Pahlavi regime, Created.

Regarding the formation and nature of the incident of Mordad 28 1332, various narratives, at times contradictory and contrariwise, have been presented. Through a critical analysis of selected narratives of the supporters of Pahlavi regime, and those of Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh, the present study examines the process of and the reasons for the narrators’ focalization, characterizations and aggrandizement on the events of Mordad 28, 1332. The study found that, based on different opinions originating from certain viewpoints, narrators have presented different semantic and conceptual networks regarding the incidents of Mordad 28, to the extent that some consider it as a "coup d’état" and have condemned it, and others praise it as "a revolution and a National Resurrection." This study claims that interests, origins and familial, ideological, political and social status of the narrators has led to different viewpoints semantic and content networks and subjective renderings in their works.

Resurrection Party of the Iranian nation, which in late 1353 and aimed at strengthening the position of the Pahlavi dynasty was founded, almost too soon, recession and inefficiency and finally, in the early autumn of 1357 was dissolved. In the present article, we have tried, using the theories of Samuel Huntington and Maurice Duverger, that political mobilization and widespread popular support, The main reasons for the survival and strengthening of effective political parties, in general, and one-party systems in particular, have considered; to trace the historical process, look, that the reasons for failure and the eventual collapse of the Resurrection Party of the Iranian nation to explain. Approaches of this study show that, the inability of the Resurrection Party of the Iranian nation to organize and attract broad political participation, in the first place, was based refusal and disregard for the people of the country; Coupled with the lack of a coordinated and dynamic relationship with the government, it's actually a hub for the community without passion and without social status notable politicians, had lowered, prevent the consolidation and strengthen its position in the country, it was the ultimate destruction. Approaches of this study show that, the inability of the Resurrection Party of the Iranian nation to organize and attract broad political participation, in the first place, was based refusal and disregard for the people of the country;

Although the main purpose of the 1962 Referendum was to legalize the reforms called the White Revolution, the opposition continued even after the referendum was held. In the meantime, Islamist opponents of the regime, who were led by Ayatollah Khomeini, from March 1963, were preparing themselves to confront the government more seriously. From March to June 1963, the Pahlavi regime through terror, unfounded promises and rumors tried to sow the seeds of discord among Ulama and Islamists, threatened the opponents, increased the threats by intelligence and law enforcement organizations and police forces and also pretended to be an advocate of religion by supporting the clerics and preachers who supported the regime to prevent the spread of opposition. But it did not succeed, especially, because of the determination and open opposition of Ayatollah Ayatollah Khomeini to the regime and hence oppositions gained momentum. Therefore, in the mid of the month of Muharram, social and political crisis became so threatening that the government had to forcefully suppress the dissidents.

This paper is an attempt to study the role of Constitutionalist ulama and religious authorities (led by Ayatollah Mullah Muhammad Kazem Akhund Khorasani) in facing political crises and problems of constitutional system of Iran, from conquest of Tehran in 1909 until the death of Ayatollah Akhund Khorasani in 1911. Descriptive-analytical-historical method has been used to study the issue. The Shiite Ulama and authorities in this sensitive and difficult period were considered most effective supporters of the Iranian constitutional movement and play a very important role in defending the achievements of the Constitutional movement and warding off the crises, facing the domestic problems, and fighting the aggression of and intervention of Russia and Britain in various aspects of the state affairs. Due to the sudden death of Ayatollah Akhund Khorasani, Iranian Constitutional system lost its most important supporter, among Ulama and Shiite authorities.

By occuring communistic revolution (October 1917) in Russia and ending the activity of Russia Pawnbroking (Esteqrazi) Bank in Iran, financial-commercial relations between them encountered with important problems. In 1923, Russo-Iran bank established in Tehran and some other cities of Iran, finally after much consultation of two countries, delegates.The activity of these banks reduced in Reza shah's last years government because of some reasons such as the expanding of Iranian Bank's activities and acting some limiting rules and regulations by Iran government, utill the central branch of that operated in Tehran in 1917. Islamic Republic of Iran bought its stocks in stocks in 1980.

After domination of the constitutional system along with the establishment of the national parliament, the first crises that the government involved was the increasing of the financial crises of the government.This event violates the government and parliament relations.National parliament rejected foreign loans and then suggested the establishment of the na­tional bank (Bank Meli).This conflict was terminated by bombarding the parliament.Following the parliament attack, Mohammad Ali Shah’s power was expanded especially in negotiation with Russia and England for receiving foreign loansThese fights which directed by Zaynab Pasha initiated due to oppressions and sexual discrimi­nation imposed by the feudalism system in the period of prince Mohammad Ali Mirza.

After The establishment of Shahanshahi (Royal) and Esteqrazi Bank (financial bank) in Iran, Naser-AI-Din Shah tried to request loans from these two Banks. The most important loan that he took from Shahanshahi Bank was 500/000 Pound Sterling. In the beginning of Mozafar-AI-Din Shah's monarchy, these Banks gave some loans to the government that its processes contin­ued until the Constitution and the beginning of the First World War, and the payment of these loans was guaranteed by customs revenues of southern, western and northern frontiers. These revenues were reduced by the expansion of the First World War to Iran, so Iran couldnt pay its dues and these countries give a delay to Iran. The author describes some of these issues and their influences on Iran political and economic situation.