فهرست مطالب muhammad hassan shirzad

One of the most important verses of the Holy Qur'an, which brings gender inequality to mind in the modern era, is Q 4:3. According to this verse, those men who are capable of observing justice among wives are allowed to marry up to four women. Mentioning the legislation of polygamy in Islamic ruling, the early and medieval Muslim exegetes devoted their efforts to some linguistic-literary discussions about the Q 4:3. However, a new generation of Muslim exegetes, paying attention to the emerging questions and doubts in the contemporary period, have disregarded the traditional interpretations and provided justifiable interpretations which are appropriate to the modern socio-cultural conditions. In this research, the authors are going to study the change of attitudes of Muslim exegetes towards the interpretation of the holy verse Q 4:3 by focusing on Al-Manār, Al-Mīzān and Min Waḥy Al-Qur'ān. This study shows that while Abduh, Tabātabāei, and Fadlallāh advocated the legislation of polygamy in Islam, Sheikh Muhammad Abduh who was influenced by the doctrine of Neo-Mo'tazelah, forbade the practice of polygamy in Egypt in order to provide a more appropriate interpretation to the expectation and interest of the audiences in contemporary period.

Dowry is one of the concepts in the Holy Qur'an, which has always been the focus of scholars of interpretation due to its connection with various fields of jurisprudence, legal, social, economic and family, and many debates have been formed around it. However, among the interpretative questions about dowry that have not yet received an answer is why the Holy Quran, instead of using the long-established word "mahr" which has a long history in Arab culture before Islam, uses the word "Ajr", "Farizah", "Sadaqah" and "Nahleh" are used to refer to the concept of dowry.In order to answer this key question, in the present study, using the method of historical semantics, the oldest precedent of the word "Mahr" in the Afro-Asian language has been searched, the evolution of the meaning of this word up to Madrasa Arabic has been studied, and the components Its meaning is extracted in the context of revelation of the Holy Quran. This study shows that the word "dowry" was formed on the basis of this cultural belief in the pre-Islamic era that marriage is like an economic transaction in which a woman is a commodity in exchange for a certain amount of money, which is the dowry. , is exchanged.In contrast to this pre-Islamic belief, the Holy Quran has abandoned the use of the mentioned word and has used four new words to establish an Islamic culture in the field of dowry.

The Holy Qur'an has repeatedly used metaphors made from concepts that are related to the institution of transportation and its components in the context of revelation. The main example of these kinds of metaphors occurs in the final verses of Surah al-Ḥamd, in which the religious life of human beings is considered as a movement or travel. Providing a linguistic analysis, the present research is an attempt to (A) study the metaphors of Q. 1:6-7, and (B) reinterpret the Qur'anic concepts based upon Semitic etymology. This study shows that the Qur'anic phrase "al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm" refers to the paved way with intermediate stops, which, as a result, make it easy for travelers to navigate. Moreover, this study reveals that contrary to the prevalent exegetical views, the last verse of Surah al-Ḥamd refers to the three different types of travelers on the path of guidance metaphorically.

One of the most important verses of the Holy Qur'an, which has brought gender inequality to mind in the contemporary period, is Q 2: 282. According to this verse, the value of women's testimony is reduced by half compared to men. Describing women as mentally retarded, poor in memory, and unable to record events, the wide range of Muslim scholars have, willingly or unwillingly, provided interpretations of the Q 2:282 based on gender stereotypes. Despite the fact that these interpretations were very widespread until the fourteenth century A.H., the new updated interpretations have been offered in contemporary period partly because of emerging questions and doubts over Islamic teachings on women. Focusing on Al-Manār, Al-Mīzān and Min Waḥy Al-Qur'ān, the authors will prepare a comparative study of all different interpretations that have been projected around the holy verse Q 2:282. This study illustrates that the authors of the above-mentioned exegesis have tried to provide new understandings of the holy verse, which are appropriate to modern questions and needs of Muslim world.

The most important duty of scholars in the process of translating the Holy Qur'an is to understand the meaning of the Qur'anic words accurately and to choose the best equivalents for them, especially when the Qur'anic word has some special semantic components which have been neglected in the period of Classical Arabic. For example, the word "khuṭwah" is used in the Holy Qur'an only in the form of "khuṭuwāt al-shayṭān" (the footprints of Satan) due to having some unknown semantic components. Adopting the etymological approach, the present research is an attempt to (A) find the root "Kh-Ṭ-W" in various Semitic languages, (B) find out its oldest meaning, (C) study the semantic changes of this word towards the Qur'anic Arabic, and finally (D) reexamine its semantic components in the Holy Qur'an. Moreover, this study evaluates the success of Persian translators in providing equivalents for the Qur'anic word "khuṭwah". This study shows that one of the most significant semantic components of the word "khuṭwah", which has been neglected in the lexical and interpretive studies, is going astray and becoming lost. Therefore, "khuṭwah" at the time of the revelation of the Holy Qur'an referred to the footprints that cause the travelers to go astray.

"A-DJ-R" , one of the most ancient triconsonantal roots in the Semitic languages, is used 108 times in 99 Qur'anic verses. Paying attention to the variety of Qur'anic usages of the root "A -DJ -R", Muslim scholars have enumerated up to 6 different meanings for it. Based upon methodology of historical semantics, this study discovers the oldest meaning of the root "A -DJ -R" in the Semitic languages. The different semantic changes of this root, then, are investigated from the proto-Semitic language to the Qur'anic Arabic. This essay indicates that the word "Adjr" conveys three meanings in the Holy Qur'an: firstly, "wage" which is the oldest meaning of the root, and secondly, "reward", and finally, "bride-wealth". These three meanings are used respectively in 24, 70, and 5 Qur'anic verses. Moreover, this study answers an important question that why the Holy Qur'an used the word "Adjr" in reference to the concept of "bride-wealth".

"Security" which means feeling calm and relieved from fears and threats, is one of the most essential needs of human beings that has received widespread attention from the Holy Qur'an. However, due to historical-discourse distances from the time of revelation of the Holy Qur'an, security is often confined to concepts such as fighting or verses such as Anfal/60, and other important aspects of this issue has been far from the view of Islamic scholars. Therefore, this study, taking an anthropological approach towards security, tries to study fear of holes, one of the main but neglected types of fear in pre-Islamic Arab culture, and illustrates some of the lesser-known teachings of the Holy Qur'an in this regard. In this essay, it was concluded that the fear of holes can be classified into four major categories: fear of hole as a destructive cause, fear of hole as a too narrow place, fear of hole as a place for communication, and ultimately fear of hole as a place for intrusion. This anthropological achievement can shed more light on neglected dimensions of security in the Holy Qur'an, and thus, help Muslim scholars to comprehend some Qur'anic verses more precisely.

"Ishfāq" is among the highest frequency words belonging to the semantic field of "fear" in the holy Quran. Nevertheless, a study of lexicographical and exegetical sources indicates that there is not enough knowledge concerning the semantic components of this term, and its differences with such words as Khawf and Khashiyyah considered close in meaning with the former. The present research is an attempt to trace the oldest history of the root "sh-f-q" in Semitic languages, making use of historical semantics methodology. Studying the semantic changes of this root towards the Quranic Arabic, this study seeks to reexamine its semantic components in the holy Quran. Although some Muslim lexicographers hold that there is a polysemy between the words "shafaq" meaning the redness of the horizon after sunset, and "Ishfāq", meaning fear, considering both from the same etymon, this study concludes that there is no etymological relation between the above-mentioned words, each having its own distinctive historical origin. "Ishfāq" involves two significant semantic components, i.e. fear and scarcity. It thus signifies a kind of fear emanating from scarcity of water, food, money, etc.

According to Qur'anic verses, "Sabīl" is considered as the most frequent term conveying "Path" or "Way" in the context of revelation. Due to different usages in the wide range of textual contexts, the term "Sabīl" has attracted the attention of Muslim lexicographers and exegetes. That's why the specialists in "al-Wujūh wa al-Naẓā'ir" have mentioned 14 meanings for "Sabīl" in the Holy Qur'an. However, Muslim scholars have had not any information about the process of meaning-formation of "Sabīl", its semantic components and the features of this type of way in the context of revelation. Applying historical and cultural semantic approaches, this study attempts to explain the accurate meaning of "Sabīl" at the time of revelation. According to this study, the homonymous root "SBL" has two different origins: on the one hand, the root is formed by adding the preformative /S/ to the stem "BL", and on the other hand, it is formed by adding the affirmative /L/ to the stem "SB". Moreover, the present research proves that the term "Sabīl" had a couple of unique features in Qur'anic Arabic: (1) Private roads that were not definite, transparent and visible. (2) Roads which could not be passed through on without experienced guides.

The Arabic words "Faqr" and "Ġinā" are repeatedly found in the Holy Qur'an in the syntagmatic axis and have shaped the recurring opposite couple in the Qur'anic verses. A glance at the Muslim scholars' opinion shows that they have just mentioned the lexical meaning of these words and did not have much knowledge about the process of their meaning-formation. Using historical linguistic data and general Anthropological patterns, this study tries to explore the cultural backgrounds in which "Faqr" and "Ġinā" were formed. This study indicates that the distinctions between sedentary lifestyle and nomadic one in Arabian Peninsula could lead to different perceptions of the world, and hence to distinctive or sometimes contrary meaning-formation of the same phenomena. This study shows that "Faqr" and "Ġinā" are born out of the mentality of sedentary Arabs towards poverty and wealth in cultural-economic context in Arabian Peninsula.

"Ribā" is one of the key economic ideas in the Holy Qur'an, which Muslim scholars have studied its substance and rules. The history of this idea in Islamic culture indicates semantic divergences in it, such as the formation of both loan and dealing usury, which ultimately makes it difficult to achieve comprehensive meaning for this idea. Making difference between the Ribā among illiterates (’Ummīyyīn) and the one among People of the Book (’Ahl al-kitāb), this study attempts to explain the meaning of Ribā in the context of revelation of the Holy Qur'an based upon economic anthropological models. In addition to studying the substance of Ribā in Jewish culture mentioned in the Holy Qur'an just once, in Sura 4, verse 161, this study indicates that politico-economic changes in Arabian Peninsula led to two different types of Ribā among illiterates. This study, consequently, draws a semantic distinction between Ribā mentioned in Sura 30, verse 39, and other uses of the idea in the Holy Qur'an.