فهرست مطالب nahid khademi

Confidentiality in AIDS patients is one of the necessities of medical ethics, which has attracted the attention of policymakers in the health field in the last few decades because, on the one hand, it increases the trust between patients and doctors. On the other hand, it encourages them to adhere to treatment and do necessary care to patients in order to prevent the transmission of the disease to others. However, it may lead to a breach of benevolence and others’ right to health and cause problems in providing health care. Here we discuss a practical solution for this problem through a clinical case presentation.

A high flux thin-film nanocomposite membrane epoxy/ zeolite NaA nanocomposite films prepared by using ultrasonic mixing and spin coating. The synthesized nanocomposites film was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravity analysis (TGA), and FTIR spectroscopy. Water softener and water flux characteristics of the epoxy/ zeolite NaA nanocomposite film investigated. The results show the water softener, and hydraulic permeability of the membranes, remarkably improve by the wt.% of the zeolite NaA loading. Antibacterial activity was investigated by use modification of zeolite NaA with silver ions (Ag+) and copper ions (Cu2+) for nanocomposite.The target of this work was to expand the thin high-performance nanocomposite membranes with the combination of the zeolite NaA and epoxy polymer for effective calcium removal from water also to improve the water permeability at the same time. NaA zeolite ion exchange with silver and copper were used to improve the anti-bacterial nanocomposite membrane.

injuries as one of the main concerns of public health and social problem affect a wide range of population particularly in countries with low and middle incomes. In the present study, we aimed to describe the epidemiology of different types of injuries occurring in Kermanshah province, Iran, with an enormous sample size in 2015-2016.

in this cross-sectional study we gathered the data from Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. In order to widen the study, we incorporated the subjects with a wide spectrum of injury types including Road Traffic Injury (RTI), burns, poisoning, drowning, suicide, animal bite, trauma, and violence. The subjects were taken from 20 distinct hospitals of 12 cities of Kermanshah province.

our data showed a total number of injuries to be 65,428 from March 2015 to March 2016 (65.4% male and 34.6% female).The average of total injured people was 29.20±18.9(28.7±18.9 in men and 30±18.9 in women). We showed that individuals of 15-29 and 30-44 years old were the most vulnerable sectors in both male and female groups. The majority of injuries were due to road traffic and fall in men and female, respectively. The most and least frequent injuries occurred in Kermanshah and Gilan-e-Qarb cities, respectively.

it was demonstrated in our study that age, gender, culture, and city are the factors determining the injury patterns. Therefore, these items can be regarded as the high-risk factors which may be integrated into the plans for preventing the possible injuries in health policies.

Blood-borne infections are life-threatening challenges among prisoners. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these infections and related risk behaviors among male prisoners. This cross-sectional study was performed on 1,034 voluntarily enrolled male prisoners in several prisons of Kermanshah province, Iran. All participants completed a questionnaire and were interviewed by an expert. To test the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, 5-mL samples of blood were collected from all participants. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of HBV, HCV and HIV infections with the related risk factors. Totally, 1034 male prisoners participated in the current study. The mean age of subjects was 35.52 ± 8.12 years, with a range of 19-64 years. The prevalence rates of HBsAg+, HCVAb+, and HIVAb+ in male prisoners were 1.25% (95% CI: 0.67-2.14), 22.2% (95% CI: 19.7-24.2), and 3.09% (95% CI: 2.1- 4.3), respectively. Backward logistic regression analysis demonstrated a marked association between history of intravenous drug use and HBsAg+. There was also a positive association between HCVAb+ and age, region, age at the time of first substance use, and history of intravenous drug use and camp residency, as well as heterosexual relationships. HIV infection was also significantly associated with history of intravenous drug use and homosexual relationships. Although HBV infection was shown to be lower in Kermanshah than other parts of the country, a higher prevalence was found for HCV and HIV infections in this province.

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is increasingly recognized as a major global health problem.
The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of HCV infection and determine the risk factors associated with HCV among male people who inject drugs (PWID) in Kermanshah, Iran.
In this cross sectional study, the samples were recruited from 2 drop-in centers and related community outreach sites, using snowball sampling. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections, including demographics, drug use patterns, and risky behaviors. HCV infection was tested in venous blood samples, collected from the participants, using the ABON rapid test kit. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between HCV status and the associated factors, reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
The mean age of the participants was 36.7 ± 8.5 years (range, 18 - 65 years). Over half of the participants (54.8%) tested positive for HCV antibodies; in other words, they had been exposed to the virus. Adjusted OR for people reporting shared equipments within the past month was 3.36 times higher than the OR of people who reported no shared equipments (P = 0.000). The adjusted OR of positive HCV among those who injected twice or more per day was 4.33 (P = 0.000), compared to those who injected only once a day (or less). With over half the participants having evidence of HCV exposure, there is a need to increase the coverage of harm-reduction programs, especially sterile injection equipment programs. Moreover, increasing access to harm-reduction programs and HCV treatment can ultimately reduce the opportunities for HCV transmission.

There is some evidence suggesting that Body Mass Index (BMI) may increase plasma lipoprotein levels.
This study aimed to evaluate the possible association between BMI and dyslipidemia among the government staff of Kermanshah.
This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on the staff of 13 governmental organizations in Kermanshah (a city located in the west of Iran) in 2012. The staff was recruited using census method. We obtained information of 1496 staff aged 22 - 69 through the standardized stepwise questionnaire for NCDs risk factor surveillance. The staff was then physically examined by trained persons. Finally, their blood samples were obtained.
The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 16.6% in the study group, with the prevalence of 18.2% in men and 7.9% in women. There were also 53% (55.8% in men and 7.9% in women) and 17.8% (17.6% in men and 38.1% in women) prevalence rates for overweight and obesity, respectively. Dyslipidemia was significantly associated with factors such as BMI (P value = 0.004), gender (P value Since dyslipidemia was significantly prevalent among men, fat people, and smokers, a particular attention is crucial to be paid to these groups.

Injuries have always been among the main factors threatening human life and health, and Children are one of the vulnerable population groups in this field. The purpose of this study is to survey incident and examine the distribution of injuries in children 0 to 59 months old in Kermanshah Province in 2015.
Material and This survey is a cross-sectional study, gathering its data from Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. It covers all the injured whose reason of injury was referring to private and public hospitals under the supervision of Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, during 2015. Data was collected from the injury software package of Ministry of Health. All registered individuals in this software were included in the study. Also, all the injuries, including electric shock, road traffic accidents, animal attacks, violence, fall, burn, hit, scorpion and snake sting, drowning, poisoning were entered in our research.
The number of injuries in children was 3499 cases: 2216 (63.3%) boys and 1283 (36.7%) girls. Incidence of injuries was 23.3 cases per 1000 children aged 0-59 months old. The highest frequency of injuries was in children aged 0 to 11 months (42%) and majority of them occurred at home (58.5%). Most incidents was in summer (especially in September). The most common causes of injuries included fall (52.7%), road traffic injuries (29.6%), and poisoning (14.1%).
Based on the results of this study, most of injuries occur in the home, it is recommended that certain instructions be given to parents about child developmental stages to enable them to make the home a safe environment for children, as children less than 5 years old spend most of their time there.

The relationships that age and gender share with risk factors (RFs) of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) were assessed among a large‑scale employ in Western Iran.
In this epidemiologic cross‑sectional study, 7129 employees from Kermanshah Province were assessed using a census method in 2012. Data on RFs of NCD were collected using a standard questionnaire. Demographic information, diet, physical activity, tobacco use, and history of hypertension, history of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer were studied.
The proportion of ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetables consumption per day was lower in higher ages (P = 0.001), and this proportion was greater in females than males (72.1% vs. 47.8%; P The prevalence of major RFs of NCDs was greater among older persons and male participants. More preventive programs such as health education on employees of Kermanshah are recommended.

Identifying the pattern of tobacco use and its related factors in employees is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of tobacco use and its related factors in employees of Kermanshah Province, Iran.
In 2012, 7129 employees were investigated in a cross‑sectional study using the census method. Data on tobacco use and on several chronic diseases obtained using a standardized questionnaire on noncommunicable diseases risk factors of the World Health Organization through face‑to‑face interviews. Statistical analysis was performed based on the Chi‑square test and multivariate logistic regression.
In general, the prevalence of tobacco use, smoking cigarettes, and smoking waterpipe was 9.9%, 8.9%, and 1.2% among the employees, respectively. Tobacco use was significantly higher in the age group over 40 (14.0%), in male gender (13.3%), in married individuals (10.8%) and in those with diploma and lower degree (16.4%), (P Preventive public health policies are mandatory especially in younger ages and male employees to promote their knowledge on disadvantages of tobacco use.

Violence against women during pregnancy is rising as reptile and has been an intangible social problems. Based on various studies, obtained various statistics about violence during pregnancy. In the present study we attempted comprehensive statistics and Reliable of this problem Systematic review and meta-analysis method is presented to be able to problem solve with the broader view.
Material & Thirty-two study using keywords Domestic violence, violence against women, violence during pregnancy,The databases in the country, including Magiran, medlibe - sid – iranmedex databases and latin pubmed, - google scholar- science direct – scopus were collected Data were analyzed using the software STATA (version 11/1) and meta-analysis (random effects model). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I2 test.
After statistical analysis of the prevalence of violence in 15610 pregnant women is 52% (95% CI: 43 to 62) and the types of physical violence, sexual and psychological in order Physical violence, 19% (95% CI: 12 to 26) Sexual violence, 31% (95% CI: 23 to 38) and psychological violence, 45% (95% CI: 38 to 51) respectively.
Results showed that the high prevalence of violence in pregnancy is very dependent by level of education and job in both sexes, and a strong relationship between the two categories with the Social and cultural level. Thus the increase in education and employment facilities can be a fundamental solution to the problem is in decline.

Immunization is one of the most efficacious, cost-effective and safe public health interventions. Vaccines continue to have a tremendous impact on public health, saving millions of lives each year.Thepurpose of this study was determining vaccination coverageand reasons for non- vaccination in children (24-36 month old)that live in marginalized area in Kermanshah city In this descriptive analytic study, 420 children (24-36 month old)were selected. Sampling method was cluster sampling and included 60 clusters with7children who live in slum area in Kermanshah city. Information was collected by a questionnaire referring to childrensvaccination card. Data collected were analyzed usingSPSS v13 software and chi-square. In this study,46.2% girls and 53.8% 8 % boys participated. The coverage of at birth doses including BCG, HepatitisB1 and Polio0 were 100%, DTP3, Polio3, Hepatitis B3 and MMR1 vaccines were more than 97%.There was significant difference between vaccine status and mother's education(P<0/001).Non immunization was observed in 3% children. The most common cause was lack of maternal knowledge (50%). It seems vaccination coverage in children (24-36 month old) is proper; however it is suggested to use of catch up program for high risk groups to increase vaccination overage.

This study was conducted to explain the trend of Cutaneous Leishmani­asis (CL) in Kermanshah Province, western Iran from 1991- 2012. In this analytical-descriptive study, all of the patients suspected to CL in Kermanshah Province were studied. Smears were prepared from most of them, stained with Giemsa, and examined microscopically for Leishman bodies. A few of the patients were diagnosed according to physician diagnosis and response to glucan­time. Questionnaires were completed for all of them. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS-21 and Spearman and Kendall tests. From 1991 to 2012, 1684 cases of CL were recorded. In the years 2011-12 the frequency of CL in the province reached to 7.4/100,000, which showed a remarkable increase in the frequency of new cases CL in the province. In the years 2011-12 about 47% of total cases of CL in the province, was seen in Ghasr-e-Shirin district,which the frequency of CL in this district reached to 264.5/100,000. Fre­quency of CL in males and females was 57% and 43% respectively. The most cases of CL were seen in housewives (32.1%) and age groups of 20 to 29 years old (19.9%). In addition, the most cases of disease were seen in winter (41.8%) and fall (28.9%). CL is increasing remarkably in warm climates of the province, and Ghasr-e-Shirin must be of particular interest, as the most infected district in the province.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic، chronic and infectious disease in many developing countries، including Iran. This study investigated some of the epidemiological features of the disease in Kermanshah province in 2011.

In this descriptive study، all of the patients with brucellosis reported to the health center of the province during the year 2011 were studied. The demographic and some epidemiologic parameters of the disease were recorded in the questionnaires. All collected data were analyzed using SPSS (version19) software.

Totally، 777 cases of brucellosis were reported to the health center of the province in 2011. The lowest incidence of brucellosis in the province was 40. 8/100000. The highest and lowest incidence rates were seen in Dalahoo (215. 2/100 000) and Javanrood (12. 6/100 000) districts، respectively. 47. 4% of the patients were female and about half of the patients were under 30 years old. Raw milk was the most common cause of the disease consumed by 81. 9% of the cases. Also، 87. 6% of the patients were living in rural areas and the peak of disease was seen in the spring and summer months.

Despite the significant reduction، it seems that the incidence of disease in some rural areas of the districts such as Dalahoo and Sarpol-e-Zahab are very high.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is known as one of the world health issues، which is considered endemic in about 98 countries in the world including Iran. Regarding the remarkable increase of this disease in Kermanshah province، this study was conducted to evaluate the current situation of CL in Kermanshah province during 2011 and 2012. In this analytical-descriptive study، all of the CL Patients in Kermanshah province during 2011 and 2012 were examined. The patients’ data were collected using questionnaire، and the microscope slides containing the smears of the serous fluids of their wounds were stained with Giemsa stain and examined using light microscope. Collected data were later analyzed using SPSS-19 and Pearson correlation. during 2011 and 2012 totally 287 cases of CL were reported in Kermanshah province. The overall prevalence of the disease between 2011 and 2012 were about 5. 6 and 3. 8 cases per 100،000 persons، respectively. Most of the CL cases were seen in Qasr-e-Shirin district، which were approximately 47% of totall cases of the province. The prevalence of CL in males and females was 56. 8% and 43. 2% respectively. Most of the CL cases were seen in housewives (32. 1%) and in addition، the most CL cases were seen in the patients between 20 and 29 years old (19. 9%). Also، most of the cases were seen in winter (41. 8%) and fall (28. 9%). Findings suggest that CL has increased remarkably in the province during these two years، and since Qasr-e-Shirin is the most infected district of the province، it seems important to concentrate on it more seriously and specifically.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most important causes of mental retardation in children and only if diagnosed early, its complications can be prevented. The worldwide incidence of congenital hypothyroidism is one in 3000-4000 live births but 2.2/1000 in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kermanshah during 2006-2010. This was a descriptive–analytical study. All infants that were born in Kermanshah city from 2006 to 2010 were studied. On days 3-5 after birth blood sampled were obtained from their heel and the samples were referred to the Health Center. The concentration of TSH was determined by filter paper, using ELISA method. Data were collected via recorded information in Kermanshah City Health Center and focal hypothyroid physician. 68587 infants were screened with 97% screening rate. The recall rate was 6/3percent.116 children were treated of which 65(56%) of them were males and 51(44%) were female. 28.4 percent of them had positive consanguineous marriage. There was statistically significant correlation between the TSH level and consanguineous marriage. The incidence of CH was 169 per 100000 live birth. Because the incidence of CH is higher than that of the global rates, continuation and strengthening of newborn screening programs should be considered as a health priority.

hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem that affects billions of people worldwide. The lack of information on HBV prevalence among the general population is an obstacle to formulate effective policies to reduce the burden of viral hepatitis. This population based serological survey was conducted in Kermanshah province to determine the local prevalence and risk factors of HBV infection.Patients and 1979 healthy subjects were selected from all districts of Kermanshah province (in the west of Iran) using random cluster sampling. Subjects between 6 and 65 years of age were included with mean age of 35 ± 13. Serum samples were tested for HBcAb, HBsAg and anti-HDV antibody. To carry out lab tests the third generation of ELISA was used. Various risk factors were recorded and multivariate analysis was performed. The prevalence of HBsAg and HBcAb in Kermanshah was 0.75% (95% CI 0.44; 1.21) and 8.28% (95% CI 7.13; 9.56), respectively. One case of HDV-Ab was found. Predictors of HBsAg or HBcAb in multivariate analysis were: old age, being male, history of tattooing and history of dental procedure. approximately 8% and less than 1% of general population in Kermanshah are HBcAb seropositive and active carriers of HBV infection, respectively. Age, sex and history of tattoo and dental procedures are major risk factors of HBV seropositivity in this province.

The aim of this study was to determine epidemiologic features of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) during 2004-2009 in Kermanshah province. This cross-sectional descriptive study was done based on data records from Kermanshah health care center. In total 89 patients, 0-14 years old were enrolled study, which 36 of them were male and 53 were female. 50.6% of subjects were diagnosed as Guillain-barre, 6.7% transverse synovitis and 5.6% as arthritis. No any cases of poliomyelitis were diagnosed. The prevalence of reported of AFP during 2004-2009 in Kermanshah province was more than expected rate of 1 per 100000 according to WHO.