فهرست مطالب narges soltani

The era of the Islamic revolution is one of the prominent manifestations of the Islamic world that displayed its Islamic and monotheistic thought. During this period, Ayatollah Khamenei criticized the Islamic idea of ​​monotheism in the shadow of the Qur'an, and considered the key to returning to the truth of monotheism and removing it from pure mentality and putting it into practice in all moments of individual and social human life, because Monotheism directs everything, and it is man who must move in the main path of the universe, which is regularly governed by the only source of the universe.
Components such as peace and trust, hope in God, responsibility and human freedom are considered individual works of monotheism and titles such as negation of tyranny and provincialism, prosperity and progress, social justice, independence, hostility, national power, self-sacrifice and jihad and unity among Muslims. The social effects of monotheism have been expressed. Also, words such as calling for spirituality and humanization, the rule of moral standards, negation of polytheism and tyranny, freedom, order and cohesion, negation of ethnic prejudices and social classes are among the characteristics of monotheistic society.
The author, using a descriptive-analytical library method, investigated the characteristics and effects of monotheism first in the individual lifestyle and then in the social life style of the contemporary Muslim man, he expressed the monotheistic thought from the perspective of Ayatollah Imam Khamenei based on Quranic teachings that a person can By focusing on the principle of monotheism, take the right steps towards self-improvement and society towards perfection

Play space is one of the child's favorite spaces that greatly affects the child's mental state and the proper design of these environments can improve their emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the capacity or ability to organize the feelings and emotions of oneself and others, to motivate oneself and effectively control one's emotions and use them in relationships with others. The main purpose of this article is to design a space for children to play with the influence of factors such as natural and artificial environments with emphasis on promoting the benefits of emotional and social intelligence in the early years of life and, addresses the needs of children in these environments and whether they can create a favorable environment to increase children's emotional intelligence by providing a special spatial pattern? To achieve this goal, using mixed research, a study of 100 children in two groups (children who experienced the play environment and children who did not experience playing in such environments), along with the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Bar-on on as well as a questionnaire in relation to the effect of architecture and play environment on the performance and accuracy of the child and observations in sass software environment has been evaluated and analyzed. The results indicate that children in both groups have a common need, which by considering these needs and integrating them with the solutions extracted from previous research in the field of eliminating the deficiencies in children's play environments, special solutions can be suggested for designing children's play spaces that create a more favorable environment for the development of emotional and social intelligence. The most important of these strategies include flexibility of the physical environment, spatial diversity, appropriate decorations and furniture and views of the natural environment, which, using these criteria, design the spaces in such a way as to promote emotional and social intelligence in children.

Preserving the Natural Environmental Cultural Heritage (NECH) and improving the urban Quality of Life (QOL) are among crucial urban planning issues with critical roles in the sustainability of cities. There are several sources on the QOL in cultural heritage documents, i.e., scientific and operational reports, but the relationship between the QOL and cultural heritage has not been appropriately explicated yet. Zayandehrud River in Isfahan City is a natural environmental cultural heritage. It suffers from ignoring its heritage values and human hazards (drought) while depriving citizens of potential and actual capabilities. So, through urban planning, heritage values help to enhance the urban QOL and affect surrounding areas. The present study described the NECH values of the Zayandehrud River in Isfahan and the components of the QOL of the surrounding residents and emphasized the importance and extent of the relationship between the two basic concepts. This is an applied study based on quantitative and qualitative (Mixed methods) approaches. Data collection is based on documentaries, field studies, surveys, observation tools, and structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done using document analysis, along with quantitative analyses such as Friedman's test and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed that the NECH values of the Zayandehrud River have a significant impact on the dimensions of the QOL of the surrounding residents, and applying principles adapted to the natural environment heritage of the cities is coextensive with upgrading the resident’s quality of life.

Context: 

Saffron, as a medicinal plant, is widely used to treat various diseases, especially among women. Therefore, this study was conducted to review the studies on the impact of saffron on premenstrual syndrome (PMS), labor, childbirth, and menopause.

This systematic review, based on the PICO process, systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and Persian databases, such as Scientific Information Database (SID) and Magiran, until February 2023. The search was based on a search strategy. Strategy search included keywords saffron OR Crocus sativus Linn. OR safranal OR crocin using AND premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, pregnancy anxiety, pregnancy depression, menopause, perimenopause, labor pain, childbirth, active labor phase, delivery, episiotomy, and pregnancy. Of 164 articles, 20 randomized controlled trials with a score of 3 and above based on the Jadad scale entered the study.

The results showed that saffron has positive effectsonlabor and childbirth, including improvement of Bishop’s score, labor progress, reduction of fatigue and labor pain intensity, and episiotomy healing. Additionally, it can improve mood and psychological symptoms of menopause and PMS. The results of two studies showed that saffron has an effect on postpartum depression.

Saffron is suggested as a medicinal plant that can help improve women’s complications. However, due to the limited number of studies, it is recommended to carry out further studies without the limitations of previous studies before applying saffron in clinical medicine.

Infertile couples experience a lot of psychological stress due to the inability to achieve the desired social role. Couples who decide to continue assisted reproductive therapy (ART) during the epidemic also experience the psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, which affects their daily lives due to social isolation, quarantine, travel restrictions, and cancellation of treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the mental health of infertile couple pausing or delaying their treatment due to the COVID-19 pandemic. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and the World Health Organization databases and websites were systematically searched for original studies concerning abortion in the era of COVID-19 pandemic published by August 15, 2021. We used the following keywords: “COVID-19 Corona virus, infertility, reproductive technique, fertilization, assisted reproduction, pregnant termination, psychological, in vitro mental status, depressive symptoms, and anxiety.” In sum, after automatically and manually search and excluding duplicates, 269 articles were found. In final, after screening, 18 articles were selected. Most patients experienced negative emotions during the COVID-19 epidemic. When reproductive services were re-established, participants showed higher levels of anxiety and lower quality of life than before quarantine. Women who thought pregnancy was more important than getting COVID-19 had higher levels of anxiety than women who thought otherwise (P < 0.05). The COVID-19 pandemic has negative impacts on the mental health and quality of life of patients seeking fertility services and coping with it requires timely and appropriate psychological intervention, accurate information, and social and organizational support.

Catharanthus roseus is an ornamental and evergreen plant, which is used in cancer treatment due to production of important alkaloids, Vinblastine and vincristin. C.  roseus is also of great importance for pharmaceutical industry. Vinblastine and vincristine in the terpenoid indole-alkaloid pathway (TIAs) synthesis in Low level. Difficulties with chemical synthetic production and low production level in plant lead to find practical solutions to increase the amount of these two economically important alkaloids. It seems plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid (SA) induce expression of major genes involved in vinblastine and vincristine production. In addition to increasing in the alkaloid content, especially vinblastine and vincristine, application of SA activates the plant defense system and under normal condition and in dealing with stresses, improve C.  roseus yeild. To this end, the relative expression of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) pathway genes in all three Indole, Terpenoid and Alkaloid pathways studied following foliar application of SA at a concentration of 0.01 mM by using qRT-PCR analysis. The results of this experiment showed that the mRNA transcript level of the first gene in the phenolic pathway reduced, although the down-regulation was not statistically significant. The transcript level of TIAs pathway genes were also increased after SA foliar application. The highest 4-O-acetyltransferase (Dat) gene transcription level observed at 24 and 48 h after treatment, suggesting Dat could be a primary responsive gene to SA treatment.

Nausea and vomiting are almost inevitable features of pregnancy which have a serious impact on the quality of life of pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the effects of combined inhalation aromatherapy with lemon and peppermint on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.

The parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 pregnant women suffering from nausea and vomiting of pregnancy referred to health centers in Birjand‑Iran‑ from February 2015 to August 2016. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The combined lemon and peppermint essential oils were used as an inhaler for the intervention and the placebo for the control group. Both groups were trained to place three drops of the solution onto a cotton ball and keep it in a 3‑cm distance of their nose. The intensity of nausea, vomiting and fatigue was assessed through 24‑hour Pregnancy Unique Quantization of Emesis (PUQE‑24) questionnaire and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), respectively.

Mean (SD) scores of nausea and vomiting intensity before the intervention and on the first day of intervention were not significantly different between the two groups, but became significant on the second, third, and fourth days of intervention. The results showed that the effect of time on the mean intensity of nausea and vomiting was significant in the aromatherapy group (F2,84 = 22.92, p < 0.001) but was not significant in the placebo group (F2,78 = 0.26, p = 0.836).

The combined lemon and peppermint aromatherapy could reduce mild to moderate intensity of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy on cognitive and resilience abilities of blind athletes. The population included all blind athletes in Golestan, Iran (30 individuals) that were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected using cognitive abilities scale and resiliency scale. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the scores related to cognitive abilities and resilient in post-test among the two experimental and control groups (p<0.01). It can be concluded that the intervention is effective and improves the cognitive ability and resilient of athletes blind, due to the higher mean scores of the experimental group in the post-test phase. Moreover, mindfulness-based therapy as a cognitive-behavioral third wave therapy can be effective in improving the cognitive abilities and resilience of blind individuals in the field of sports competition.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of communication skills training on the resilience and exercise self-efficacy of adolescent athletes. To this end, 30 adolescent athletes were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 individuals per group). The experimental period consisted of twelve 90-min sessions of communication skills training that lasted four weeks. Measurements were performed pre-test and post-test using the Conner and Davitson Resilience (2003) and Bandura Exercise Self-Efficacy (1997) scales and the data was subjected to covariance analysis at the 95% confidence level. The results showed that, after controlling for pre-test levels, the levels of resilience and exercise self-efficacy in the experimental group were significantly higher than in the control group. This indicates that communication skills training is an effective way to increase resilience and exercise self-efficacy in adolescent athletes.

Adult T cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare disease, significantly linked to the infection by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1(HTLV-1). ATLL is typically preceded by decades of clinical latency during which infected cells accumulate selectable traits leading to a malignant transformation. Amongst all the HTLV-1 infected carriers only about 3-5% will develop ATLL. Despite the intensive attempt to improve the overall survival, ATLL remains one of worse prognosis among the hematologic malignancies. FMS like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) mutations are mutations which are frequent among leukemic patients. We aimed to investigate the frequency of FLT3 mutation status in patients with acute type of ATLL which has not been studied yet.

In this case control study 38 patients with acute type of ATLL were retrospectively analyzed between February 2015 and February 2017. Forty HTLV-1 positive patients were also used as control cases. Genomic DNA was extracted according to phenol-chloroform protocol and two restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) PCR reactions were set up to detect FLT3/ ITD and FLT3/TKD mutations. Differences between variables were evaluated by the chi-square test and t test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. SPSS software v. 15 was used for statistical analysis. All P values were two sided and values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant.

No FLT3 mutations were detected in acute type of ATLL patients. So far, not many studies have shown the frequency of FLT3 mutation in ATLL patients

Therefore, we conclude that although FLT3 mutations are rather unusual in the acute type of ATLL patients, but other alternative mechanisms associated with ATLL remain to be further investigated. This study was a novel project regarding the analysis of FLT3 mutation in the field of ATLL research.

Nausea and vomiting are among the most important and the most common intraoperative and postoperative complications.
This study aimed to determine the effects of capsaicin ointment application to the K-K9 acupressure point on intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting associated with cesarean section (CS) under spinal anesthesia.
This double-blind three-group randomized controlled trial was conducted on 120 women who referred to Ommolbanin Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, to undergo nonemergency CS under spinal anesthesia. Women were randomly allocated to three groups to receive capsaicin ointment on the K-K9 point (intervention group), capsaicin ointment on the K-D2 point (control group), and Vaseline ointment on the K-K9 point (placebo group). Nausea, vomiting, and retching were assessed at five time points, namely during and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after CS. Moreover, the need for antiemetic medications was also assessed in all three groups. The data were analyzed through running the one-way analysis of variance, the Kruskal–Wallis, the Friedman, and the Chi-square tests.
There were no significant differences among the groups, respecting the scores of nausea, vomiting, and retching at different measurement time points (P > 0.05). However, the number of women who needed antiemetic medication in the intervention group (11) was significantly less than the control (22) and the placebo (15) groups (P = 0.04).
Capsaicin ointment application to the K-K9 acupressure point is an easy-to-use noninvasive method for significantly reducing the need for antiemetic medications during and after CS under spinal anesthesia.

Context: Labor is among the most painful events in females’ lives. Labor pain (LP) is alleviated using both pharmacological and non - pharmacological methods. The current study aimed at reviewing clinical trials in Iran as well as other countries on the effects of acupressure, aromatherapy, and massage therapy on LP.
Evidence Acquisition: In the current review study, online databases such as SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, IranDoc, Cochrane library, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to retrieve studies published before 2017 in Persian or English language.
Search keywords were labor pain, acupressure, aromatherapy, and massage as well as their Persian equivalents. Retrieved clinical trials were appraised using the Jadad checklist. Data were analyzed qualitatively.
In total, 46 clinical trials were enrolled. Most studies reported the positive effects of acupressure, aromatherapy, and massage therapy on labor pain. The most frequently used therapies were aromatherapy with lavender essential oil and acupressure on the LI4 and SP6 points.
Acupressure, aromatherapy, and massage therapy were effective in alleviating labor pain. These techniques are mostly safe without serious side effects for parturient females and their babies. Therefore, they can be used to alleviate labor pain.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the fifth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In developing countries, early diagnosis of breast cancer through available screening methods is the main strategy to reduce mortality.
This study aimed at investigating the barriers to breast cancer screening methods in nursing and midwifery personnel of hospitals of Birjand, Iran.
In this cross sectional study, a total of 202 female nursing and midwifery personnel working in hospitals of Birjand (lasted from July 2015 to September 2015) were selected using the stratified sampling method. The barriers to breast self-examination and clinical breast examination were investigated using a researcher-made questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the SPSS software (V. 16) using descriptive statistic and chi-square test. P values of The results showed that only 11.3% (N = 16) of the participants, who performed breast self-examination, did it on a monthly basis. Intervals between CBE performance in 35.5% of women was 5 or more than 5 years. The main barriers to breast self-examination and clinical breast examination in women were, respectively, lack of time, negligence, lack of symptoms of breast cancer, fear of potential surgery for cancer, and fear of losing beauty. There was a significant association between age, marital status, educational field of study, tenure, and BSE. History of having a child increases performance of CBE yet results also showed that females, who had a history of benign breast diseases, were less prone to perform CBE.
According to the results of this study, it seems that interventions, such as changes in psychological and educational programs, to increase the performance and knowledge and create a positive attitude towards these methods in females are needed.

The use of e-learning and computer-aided methods is rapidly on the rise in medical and nursing education. Therefore, given the conflicting findings and lack of systematic clinical trials on comparison of the effects of e-learning and traditional methods in nursing education, this study aimed to assess the effects of offline e-Learning on cognitive learning (levels of knowledge, comprehension, and application) in the Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances course among nursing students.
This is a quasi-experimental study with a two-group, post-test-only design. A total of 52 third-semester nursing students were selected by convenience sampling method. Course contents were presented during 6 weeks by lecture and question and answer (Q & A) in the traditional learning group and by offline e-Learning in the second group. Afterwards, the students’ cognitive learning (knowledge, comprehension, and application) was assessed using a 23-item questionnaire on Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances course. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS (version 16) using Mann-Whitney, t-test, Chi-square, Fisher''s Exact Test, and analysis of two-way variance. The significant level was considered as P The mean score of cognitive learning was significantly higher in the traditional learning group (14.1±1.9) than in the e-learning group (12.4±2.2) (P=0.006). The difference was also significant in the domain of knowledge (P According to the results, the method of teaching e-learning, alongside traditional teaching method is recommended.

Stressful situations and life-threatening issues such as preeclampsia can lead to Post-traumatic stress disorders [PTSD]. It seems that within social supports, family support has more effect on mental health.. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family supports in the postpartum period with occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder following preeclampsia..Patients and In this descriptive longitudinal study, 100 women with preeclampsia admitted in government hospitals of Mashhad were selected using convenience sampling. Post-traumatic stress disorder was diagnosed by psychiatrist interview and perinatal posttraumatic stress questionnaire (PPQ) in sixth week postpartum and family support was measured by family support scale (FSS) in second and sixth weeks postpartum. Data analyzed by SPSS 16 using Spearman correlation coefficient, paired sample T-test and Kruskal-Wallis test.. A reverse significant association was found between family support in weeks 2 and 6 (92.6 ± 22.6, 83.7 ± 21.6, respectively) and PTSD (mean score of 4.8 ± 2.5) (respectively, P = 0.010 and P =0.011). The most important variables affecting PTSD with presence of family support in weeks 2 and 6 were postpartum depression in week 6 as well as trait anxiety at the time of admission.. The more support in weeks 2 and 6 postpartum, the less PTSD occurs. Therefore, it is suggested to health care providers who face mothers after delivery to evaluate the support received by mothers and help those with inadequate or inappropriate support..

Risk for anxiety and depression is increased in women with high‑risk pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate anxiety and depression in women with mild and severe preeclampsia at admission and 6 weeks postpartum. In this cohort study, 122 preeclamptic women who were admitted to the Public hospital and Tamin Ejtemaee hospital of Mashhad were included. Selection was done by convenience sampling method. Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI‑II) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were completed at admission and 6 weeks after delivery. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using Chi‑square, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Repeated measurement. The mean depression score was 4.81 ± 4.09 at admission and 11.17 ± 5.5 at 6 weeks postpartum. The mean of trait anxiety was 42.5 ± 10.5 at admission and 32.3 ± 6.5 at 6 weeks postpartum, and the mean of state anxiety score at admission was 43.09 ± 9.5 and at 6 weeks postpartum was 31.99 ± 5.9. There was a significant difference between the scores of depression (F = 3.8, P < 0.001), state anxiety (F = 1.52, P < 0.001), and trait anxiety (F = 1.5, P < 0.001) at admission and 6 weeks postpartum. No significant differences were found between severity of preeclampsia and the scores of depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety at admission and 6 weeks postpartum. The mean score of state and trait anxiety decreased significantly in preeclamptic women from admission to 6 weeks postpartum, but the mean score of depression increased. Severity of preeclampsia was not an independent risk factor of depression and anxiety.

Postpartum depression is the most important mood disorder. Social support has been known as one of the risk factor for postpartum depression. Since preeclamptic women are faced with unexpected perinatal complaints، they need to receive more support; therefore this study was performed with aim to evaluate the relationship between social support and postpartum depression in women with preeclampsia.

This Correlational study was performed on 122 women with preeclampsia admitted in public and Tamin Ejtemaei Hospitls of Mashhad in 2013. Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) was completed six weeks after delivery، and Social support Questionnaire was completed two and six weeks after delivery. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) using Pearson Correlation and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

The mean social support score after two weeks of delivery was 34. 1±1. 39 and after six weeks of delivery 23. 3±1. 04. There was significant relationship between social support 2 weeks after delivery with social support 6 weeks after delivery (P=0. 001). Mean depression score was 11. 1 ± 5. 5. There was positive significant relationship between social support score 2 weeks (p=0. 01) and 6 weeks (p=0. 02) after delivery with depression 6 weeks after delivery.

There was positive correlation between social support and postpartum depression. Depression increased by increasing the postpartum social support.

Rapid growth of cities and their physical development cause different crises in urban life like the drop in the quality of environment. Following this the necessity of paying attention to the concept of quality and its promotion in urban environments along with the attention towards quantitative problems is more felt. Considering to the social, livelihood and identity values of citizens and urban aesthetic measures such as the main criteria for enhancing the quality of urban environment, especially the urban public space as a heart of the city and in addition to positive psychological results, and also considering the common interests of citizens can be improved satisfaction of citizens in urban public space and encouraged the presence of more space. Therefore, considering to the environmental quality values from the viewpoint of the citizens is one of the most important issues in urban planning. Planning to improve the quality of urban public space is important and necessary. Urban public spaces plans and projects include the variety of types of economic, social and environmental interests. This is despite the fact that a significant proportion of annual income were spent on urban projects that real benefits were not included, such as urban public spaces programs and planning. In fact, a careful study of the costs and benefits would not be in urban plans and projects. The benefits of environment values that play the important role in improving the environmental quality of urban public spaces are examples of such these benefits and in fact, the accurate quantifying of the environmental values is one of the current issues in analysis of obtained impacts of urban projects. Soffeh park of Isfahan, is one of the urban spaces of this city which is regarded as an effective public space for the citizens in the recent years. Yet to be considering this space because of physical characteristics, historical, social, cultural, and recreational services it is a public space with high quality urban upgrading to find. The purpose of this paper is to assess the quality of the environment and to rank the willingness of users to pay and to improve the quality of each environmental value from the perspective of people who go to this park. Methodology of this study is based on Choice Experiment Method (CEM) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). These methods used for evaluating environmental values and information which are received from answers to the hypothetical questions. In this research by using these methods, environmental quality values were chosen based on the review of the theoretical literature. Willingness levels of the urban space users to pay and its prioritization were studied by questionnaire. By using contingent valuation method, it can be estimated the willingness to pay for environmental values and can be stated the amount of monetary of those willingness in Rials. Moreover, the willing to pay for environmental goods and services that have not been used (but there is a chance to use them in the future) can be measured. The willingness to pay is quantitatively expressed by Choice Experiment Method. Despite of contingent valuation method, it does not examine the scale of money directly. It could value each features of affecting the willingness to pay, also determine the ranking of each of the features compared with others and measure the relationship between different factors affecting the choice of users (perceived correlation) eventually. In these methods, environmental quality values were chosen based on the review of the theoretical literature. The analysis results showed that the quality of environment in the Soffeh park is at low threshold (3> 1 / 83> 1) and fairly satisfaction. The results of CEM showed that all value variants had a high relation to choose their urban space. (0 / 05> P) Access variant had the highest priority from the user viewpoints (with number 1 / 25), and also the results of CVM showed that people tend to pay 1500 Rials for entering to the Soffeh park and none of the Social - Economic user features is affected on this tendency.

Pregnancy and postpartum period are considered as a stressful time in woman’s life. Maternal disease and unexpected perinatal complaint increased the risk of post traumatic stress disorder. This study was done to determine the prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after childbirth in pre-eclampsia and its related factors. This descriptive analytical study was conducted on 122 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia in labor wards of governmental hospitals of Mashhad، Iran in 2013. The prevalence of PTSD was determined by perinatal post-traumatic stress questionnaire (PPQ) and confirmed by psychiatrist interview. Related factors of demographic، obstetric and psychosocial support were also noted. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16، Spearman correlation coefficient، chi-square، Mann-Whitney u and independent t-test. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. 33 cases (26%) of women with pre-eclampsia، suffered from PTSD after childbirth that PTSD was confirmed by psychiatric interview in 20 women (65%). There were significant differences between mode of delivery، depression in week 6 of postpartum، social support in weeks 2 and 6 of postpartum and PTSD (p<0. 05). The prevalence of PTSD after childbirth in pre-eclampsia is high. Cesarean delivery، reduction of postpartum social support and postpartum depression make women with pre-eclampsia susceptible to PTSD.

PTSD is one of the anxiety disorders which occur in postpartum period. The prevalence of PTSD – induced by preeclampsia has been already reported as 28%, however no study was found to compare PTSD in primiparous and multiparous women. This study was therefore conducted to compare PTSD in primiparous and multiparous women. This comparative descriptive study was performed on 100 pregnant women with preeclampsia including 56 primiparous and 44 multiparous women who selected conveniently from labor wards of university hospitals in Mashhad, Iran in 2012. PTSD was diagnosed by psychiatrist interview and Perinatal Post-traumatic stress Questionnaire (PPQ) in 6th week postpartum. Social support was measured using Hopkins questionnaire in 2nd and 6th week postpartum. Data analyzed with SPSS Version 16 using Spearman correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney test. The rate of PTSD was 24% in primiparous and 37.8% in multiparous women. There was no significant difference in relation to mean score of PTSD in primiparous and multiparous women. Mean score of social support in 2nd and 6th week postpartum was significantly higher in primiparous women (P=0.000). 34% of multiparous vs. 5.4% of primiparous women had unwanted pregnancy (P=0.000). There was also a direct relationship between postpartum social support in 2nd (P=0.005) and 6th week postpartum (P=0.002) and the rate of PTSD. The rate and mean score of PTSD in multiparous has been higher than primiparous women. Thus, it seems that multiparous women are at higher risk for PTSD due to lower postpartum social support and higher rate of unwanted pregnancy.