naser tajabadi

Probiotic bacteria are becoming increasingly important in the content of human nutrition. Nowadays, probiotics are being increasingly promoted worldwide, with suggestions that probiotics can play an important role in immunological, digestive, and respiratory functions and could have a significant effect in alleviating infectious disease. Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics. Honey and bee products have been used in healing for centuries. Unfortunately, information about probiotics bacteria in local honeybee is not currently available and scant. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the predominant Lactobacillus as probiotic from the honey stomach of Apis florea in the Iran. Samples of honeybee were collected from Apis florea colonies from Iran. Samples were preserved in fridge till test starts. Lactobacillus bacteria are isolated from honey stomach using MRS broth and agar medium. The isolates were Gram-stained and tested for Catalase reaction. Then DNA extracted of bacterial colonies amplified with PCR using lactobacilli primers. After sequencing, all bacterial gene identified by using Blast software.DNA from all lactobacillus in the honey were exhibited to be catalase negative, gram positive and the other with catalase positive and gram negative were eliminated.6 new strain/ species of Lactobacillus bacteria were identified from honey stomach in different colonies of A. florea and almost 28.4% of them identified as new species and candidate to register in NCBI.Most of them are Lactobacillus kunkeei. Lactobacillus in the honey stomach may have the potential to promote human performance and health.

In the topic of honey authenticity, in addition to the plant origin and geographical area of honey production, honey adulteration affects its sucrose content in different ways. The origin of sucrose in adulterated honey can include sucrose additives, artificial feeding of bees with sucrose, or immature honey harvesting. In addition to the many natural factors that cause diversity in honey and its physicochemical properties, the many factors and methods of honey fraud have also caused that it is not possible to determine the quality of honey based only on a few factors such as sucrose. Considering the large number of these influencing factors, it is better to use statistical multivariate methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) to distinguish and evaluate the authenticity of honey. This method can reduce the amount of statistical data. Finally, the results obtained from PCA with variance analysis of variables and data can be used to identify data patterns, categorize and measure the authenticity of honey.

Unlike many organisms, insects, especially honey bees, have hard cuticles, which makes it difficult to extract DNA from them. The optimized general protocols for extracting DNA from plant tissues and blood are mostly used for extracting DNA from honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other species of the Apis genus. In these conditions, the extracted DNA is mostly of very low quality and has high protein and RNA contamination, which causes many problems during amplification in the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent stages of analysis. Considering the importance of DNA quality, the different results of the protocols used to extract DNA from honey bees in different laboratories, and the necessity of molecular research on Iranian honey bees, we will present the sampling method, the number of honey bee samples required, the storage conditions of the samples, Steps of the optimized protocol for extracting DNA from Iranian honey bees, and the methods for the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA in this article.

Iranian honeybees have advantages and disadvantages in terms of performance and behavioral traits compared to other honeybee races in the world. The current study was aimed to evaluate the performance of the 14th - 18th generations of breeding improved queens in Iranian Honey Bee Breeding Program, and their comparison with control queens kept in private apiaries. To evaluate the queens, specific questionnaires were designed and completed by beekeepers in their apiaries based on the performance of queens in third layer. Evaluation of queens in 11 apiaries of Alborz province was compared with control queens. Comparison of improved and control queens in terms of swarming and calmness showed there was no significant difference between them. The results showed that in terms of honey production, control queens are superior in one year and there is no difference between them in another year. The results showed that in terms of aggressive behavior, the bred queens were significantly superior to the control queens (P <0.05). Totally, improvement of mentioned traits in some years and superiority of the bred queens in all the provinces of the country, showed that continuing with the effort to genetically stabilize these traits and also use new breeding methods to establish colonies that are compatible with the climatic conditions of the coming years and new problems of the beekeeping industry are required

In cold and temperate climates, honey bees (Apis mellifera) survive the winter by entering a distinct physiological and behavioral state. In recent years, beekeepers are reporting unsustainably high colony losses during the winter, which have been linked to parasitization by Varroa mites, virus infections, geographic location, and variation across honey bee genotypes. Here, we review literature on environmental, physiological, and social factors regulating entrance, maintenance, and exit from the overwintering state in honey bees in cold and temperate regions and develop a testable model to explain how multiple factors may be acting synergistically to regulate this complex transition. We also review existing knowledge of the factors affecting overwintering survival in honey bees and providing suggestions to beekeepers aiming to improve their colonies’ overwintering success.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of sweet paste containing AVP-4 on queen egg laying rate, carcass weight, population size, brood rearing, protein and body fat in European honey bees. In this experiment, 20 colonies with the same age and homogenized queen were used. The hives used were of the Langstroth type and the colonies were homogenized in terms of the population of newborns, the population of adult bees, and the amount of food reserves (pollen and honey). The field experiment was carried out in the form of a block design in four treatments, including the first control treatment of sweet dough without Nano-supplement, the second treatment of sweet dough containing 2.5% , the third treatment of sweet dough containing 5% , and the fourth treatment of sweet dough containing 7.5% of Nano-supplement in five replications. The amount of eggs, larvae and pupae was measured every 15 days and the colony population was measured in a frame. It was used to determine crude protein and body fat based on AOAC methods. The obtained results showed that there was no significant difference between the treatments in the entire experimental period by comparing the mean egg laying of the queen, brood rearing, population size and crude protein in the entire experimental period (P>0.05). Comparison of the average amount of fat (ether extract) had a significant difference among the treatments (P<0.05). The use of AVP-4 supplement in feeding honey bees had no significant difference between the treatments .

The aim of this comparison was to perform the modified queens of the Iranian honey bee breeding plan in comparison with the control queens in the apiaries of the special sector in the 14th - 18th generation. To evaluate the queens, questionnaires were designed and are available to the obstetricians of Isfahan provinces, so that the queens of the third layer of the plan are visible next to the queens. The modified queens were evaluated and compared with the control queens in 7 apiaries of Isfahan province in 2016-2019. The results of comparing the modified queens and observing the brooding behavior and the wintering behavior showed that there is no significant difference between them. The attributes of defensive behavior and calmness related to modified queens were significantly superior to control queens only in 2017 (P<0.05). Also, the trait of honey production of modified queens in 2017 and 2019 was significantly superior to the control queens (P<0.05). Considering the superiority of modified queens in some traits, it is necessary to continue the project in order to stabilize The genetics of these traits should be used and modern breeding methods should be used to create colonies that are compatible with the climatic conditions of different regions of the country.

The aim of this study was to use pollen cake on the quantity and quality of royal jelly (RJ) produced at 24, 48 and 72 hours after larval transplantation in beehives. The statistical design used in a completely randomized form was factorial in which the consumption and non-consumption of pollen cake and harvest times (24, 48 and 72 hours after larval transplantation) were main factors. The amount of RJ harvested in each pole was evaluated. Percentage of HDA-10, crude protein and moisture were measured to measure quality. The results showed that the quantity of RJ (g) was affected by harvest time, and the interaction of harvest time and cake feeding. The highest amount of RJ was seen in the treatment of cake feeding and harvest time 72. The percentage of HDA-10 was affected only by harvest time and its maximum value was at 24 harvest time. The percentage of moisture, protein and fat of RJ were not affected by the harvest time, cake feeding and the interactions. However, the percentage of sugars (glucose and fructose) and total phenol were affected by different harvest times and the interactions. Consumption of pollen cake has increased the harvest time of Royal Jelly for at least 20 days. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that due to the cost of gel removal in 24 hours and its low amount and high quality, the price of 24-hour Royal Jelly was estimated to be at least 2.5 times the price of regular gel.

This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria from gastrointestinal tract of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and assess the probiotic potential of isolates, and their effect on some performance parameters of colonies. Thus, 10 colonies out of an apiary with one hundred bee colonies were randomly selected and used for sampling. Twenty worker bees were sampled from each hive and after being transferred to the laboratory under complete comfort and ventilation conditions, their gastrointestinal tract was completely isolated under carbon dioxide flushing, and after culture in MRS medium different microbial colonies were selected. Liquid-solid periodic cultures were repeated up to 8 steps to achieve pure cultures. Finally, gram-positive, catalase and hemolysis negative samples were isolated and identified based on phylogenetic analysis. The results of identification of the isolated bacteria using 16s rRNA sequences showed that G1 isolate (MA4 strain) was 99% similar to Pediococcus acidilactica, the G2 isolate could not be sequenced due to technical problems in sending samples abroad and isolate G3 (strain MA5) was 99% similar to lactic acid pediococcus strain 8185. Finally, the strain MA14 isolated from the bee's gastrointestinal tract during the summer under anaerobic conditions was 97% similar to the HM75-1 strain Pediacocus pentosus, which was named G4. These bacteria were registered in the Gene bank (NCBI) with accession number of MW376601, MW376904, MW376896 and MW405566, respectively. In vivo studies showed the positive effects of treatment with isolates by spraying on frames and bacterial culture mixed in syrup (sugar-water) on spawning, production and hygienic behavior of bees. Comparison of treatments with Duncan's multiple range test (p≤ 5%) showed that all experimental treatments in quantitative population factors and spawning and quality were significantly different from the control treatment. However, the control treatment had a significant difference in honey reserves due to low spawning compared to experimental treatments and less nectar consumption.

The current study was aimed to evaluate the performance of the 13th generation of breeding improved queens in Iran Honey Bee Breeding Program, and to compare them with control queens kept in private apiaries. The mother queens were reproduced by beekeepers in south of Iran to evaluate and compare these queens with queens reproduced in private apiaries across the country. To evaluate the queens, specific questionnaires were designed based on Likert scale and completed by beekeepers. The results showed that the improved queens had better performance than control queens in terms of swarming, defensive behavior and overwintering in comparison of queens kept in private apiaries. In other words, the genetically imprived colonies significantly are different from control colonies (P

In this study the probiotics of Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus kunkeei were isolated from honey tested for resistance to acid, resistance to bile salts (bile), resistance to gastric juice (pepsin and trypsin), lack of hemolytic activity Hydrayzol – arginine and finally enumerated the population. Then the apple juice with 22 Brix and grape juice with 15 Brix inoculated with 100 percent of each bacterium or mixed form 50 percent of each bacterium. Evaluation of acidity, pH, soluble solids assessment (Brix), assess the viability of probiotic bacteria in zero-day intervals, the seventh day, the fourteenth day, the twenty-first day was done. The results showed that there was significant difference between properties of acidity and pH. The pH and Brix significantly decreased with increasing the storage time and the population of probiotics (p

Apis species that engage in symbiotic association with Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), have diverse functions on their hosts. This study was intended to isolate and identify aeoccus bacteria living in the gastrointestinal tract of Asian dwarf honey bee, Apis florea,in Iran. One hundred isolates were Gram-stained and tested for catalase reaction. By using bacterial universal primers, the 16S rDNA gene of bacterial colonies was amplified. 16S rDNA genes from thirty bacteria were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Enterococcus flora in the gastrointestinal tract of A. florea, contained five phenotypes which classified in the species E. faecium, E. faecalis and E. hirae. Based on the specific association between bacteria and A. florea, we divided the Asian dwarf honey bee populations into four categories.