فهرست مطالب nasrin amiri
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Estimation of breast tumor size is one of the most important diagnostic measures in determining the appropriate treatment. Mammography and ultrasound are the main methods for determining the size of breast tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the correlation between tumor size calculated by breast ultrasound and mammography with the results of pathologic measurements in malignant breast masses. Patients diagnosed with breast cancer by pathologic examination underwent mammography and ultrasound to determine the size of the tumor. The largest observed diameter in ultrasound and mammography was recorded as the tumor size. The mean (SD) tumor size measured by ultrasound (23.58±9.38 mm) was significantly less than the actual size based on histopathologic examination (28.87±11.17 mm) (P=0.008). However, there was no significant difference between the measurements performed between mammography (26.54±10.46 mm) and histopathology (P=0.18). The correlation coefficient between mammography and pathologic examination (r=0.61) was higher than the correlation coefficient between ultrasonography and pathology (r=0.5). Mammography, compared to breast ultrasound, had better accuracy in determining the size of malignant breast masses.
Keywords: Mammography, Ultrasound, Breast cancer} -
Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filers are good candidates to substitute for bulky and expensive metallic waveguide filters. Many methods are used to developed specific filter responses. One of them is using defected ground structures (DGS) in SIW filters to generate desired transmission zeros, which cannot be used in waveguide filters. In this paper, an elliptical third order bandpass SIW filter is designed in WLAN frequency band using the DGS technique. It is also shown that this technique reduces the filter size while providing good filtering response. The central frequency and fractional bandwidth of the filter is 2.4 GHz and 16.2%, respectively.Keywords: Substrate integrated waveguide, SIW, DGS, Filter, WLAN}
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Plasma antennas are radio frequency antennas that use ionized gas instead of metal conducting element of conventional antenna to transmit and receive signals. In this paper, the effect of changing material of the inside coupler on bandwidth, return loss and radiation pattern at Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band is investigated. It is demonstrated that the resonant frequency can be adjusted by choosing proper material for internal coupler without changing the antenna size and structure. The antenna and its coupler is simulated by practical software Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio.Keywords: Plasma antenna, Radiation pattern, Return loss, UHF}
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In this paper a method to design tapered slot antenna (TSA), a member of ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna, is presented. The proposed method is related to impedance matching of input and free space intrinsic impedance by Butterworth method. By this method, curve fitting converts step impedance to optimized curve and this optimized curve and its symmetry create Vivaldi antenna. The fractional bandwidth (FBW) of the antenna by the proposed method is 155% which is more than the methods of Chebyshev and attenuation. A prototype of this antenna is fabricated and simulation and measurement results are in good agreement.Keywords: tapered slot antenna, ultra wide band, curve fitting, Vivaldi antenna}
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A Printed Monopole, One Sixth Wavelength Blade Antenna using printing micro strip on substrate that reduces the cost & increases the ease & precision in manufacturing. In this paper, the process of combining conventional blade antenna that cut a desired piece of metal, & alternative the printed version is represented. Due to increase mechanical strength of parasitic element, it has substrate in common with main antenna. A sample of the proposed antenna has been designed & manufactured that measurement and simulation results are in good agreement with each other.Keywords: blade antenna, microstrip, substrate, printed antenna, monopole}
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controlling and suppressing sidelobe level of a symmetric parabolic antenna is presented. This sidelobe suppression is done by adding three disc-shaped elements on the surface of the parabolic antenna. By adjusting the position and height of these elements, the surface of the side lobe is changed. With this method, the antenna is designed in the X-Band so that the output of the radiation pattern is such that the level of the first side lobe is relatively lower than the other side lobe. Also, the VSWR for the antenna is designed across the frequency range below 1.82. The simulations show that the level of the first side lobe on the right side of the antenna radiation pattern is reduced by 18dB compared with the simple reflex antenna with similar dimensions and specifications, and the VSWR in the frequency range (11.5GHz-12.5GHz) between 1.1 <VSWR <1.82 .Keywords: Parabolic Antenna, Sidelobe, VSWR, Radiation pattern}
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سابقه و هدفتصمیم گیری پرخطر یکی از نقص های محوری در اختلال نارسایی توجه/بیش فعالی است. عوامل متعددی برای نقص در تصمیم گیری افراد مبتلا به این اختلال وجود دارد که از جمله آنها نقص در عملکرد های اجرایی از جمله حافظه کاری است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر نشان دادن رابطه بین حافظه کاری و تصمیم گیری پرخطر در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نارسایی توجه/بیش فعالی است.مواد و روش هادر مطالعه مقطعی حاضر، نمونه گیری به شیوه در دسترس و شامل 45 نفر (19 دختر و 26 پسر) از کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه/بیش فعالی بود که از طرف روانپزشکان ارجاع داده شده بودند. کودکانی که طبق تشخیص روانپزشکان اختلالات همراه داشتند از مطالعه کنار گذاشته شدند. عملکرد حافظه کاری با استفاده از تکلیف چند محرک پیشین (ان بک) و تصمیم گیری پرخطر با آزمون خطرپذیری بادکنکی (بارت) در کلینیک توانبخشی شناختی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.نتایجسه زیرمتغیر آزمون خطرپذیری همبستگی معنی دار با نمره دقت حافظه کاری داشتند (P<0/01) و نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که می توان با در دست داشتن نمره دقت حافظه کاری، نمره تنظیم شده آزمون خطرپذیری که اصلی ترین نمره این آزمون است پیش بینی کرد (P<0/01).نتیجه گیریبا کاهش ظرفیت حافظه کاری، خطرپذیری آزمودنی ها افزایش پیدا می کند و می توان با کمک نمره دقت حافظه کاری، خطرپذیری را در این کودکان پیش بینی کرد. به عبارت دیگر، پس از بالا بردن ظرفیت حافظه کاری، خطرپذیری در این کودکان کاهش می یابد.
کلید واژگان: حافظه کاری, عملکردهای اجرایی, اختلال نارسایی توجه, بیش فعالی, تصمیم گیری}Feyz, Volume:19 Issue: 6, 2016, PP 504 -510BackgroundRisky decision-making can be considered as one of the main deficits in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There are various factors that lead to decision-making deficit in children with ADHD, including deficit in working memory as a component of executive functions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between working memory and risky decision-making in children with ADHD.Materials And MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 45 children (19 girls and 26 boys) with ADHD were selected using the non-probability sampling method. Children with comorbid disorders were excluded from the study. The N-Back test and the balloon analogue risk task (BARAT) were used to evaluate working memory and risky decision-making, respectively.ResultsThe results of Pearson correlation showed that working memory was correlated with risky decision-making (P<0.01). Moreover, the results of step-wise regressions showed the predictive role of working memory in risky decision-making of the participants (P<0.01).ConclusionResults of this study show that working memory is negatively correlated with risky decision-making. Also, working memory scores can predict risky decision-making in children with ADHD. Therefore, it can be concluded that risk-taking will be reduced by improving working memory.Keywords: Working memory, Executive function, Attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder, Decision, making} -
مقدمهاختلال نقص توجه/ بیش فعالی با ناکارآمدی عملکردهای اجرایی ازجمله حافظه کاری همراه است. حافظه کاری می تواند با استفاده از تمرینات توان بخشی شناختی موردترمیم قرار گیرد. مطالعه حاضر باهدف نشان دادن تاثیر توان بخشی شناختی حافظه کاری بر بهبود نشانگان رفتاری کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه / بیش فعالی صورت گرفته است.روشاین پژوهش از نوع شبه آزمایشی است که در آن از طرح پیش آزمون پس آزمون با گروه کنترل استفاده شده است. نمونه مورد بررسی در این مطالعه 30 کودک مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه / بیش فعالی بوده است که به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. دو گروه (آزمایش و کنترل) ازنظر سن و هوش کلامی و عملی همسان سازی شده بودند. گروه آزمایش طی ده جلسه 1 ساعته دو روز در هفته تحت توان بخشی شناختی قرار گرفتند. افراد هر دو گروه کنترل و آزمایش در جلسه اول و آخر درمان مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. علائم رفتاری کودکان مبتلا توسط پرسشنامه پروفایل اختلال کمبود توجه/بیش فعالی سوانسون و نولان پلهام SNAP-IV ارزیابی شده است. داده های این پژوهش با آزمون آماری تی مستقل، تحلیل کوواریانس و به کمک نرم افزار SPSS.20 تجزیه وتحلیل شدند.یافته هانتایج پژوهش نشان داد که نشانگان رفتاری کم توجهی و تکانشگری گروه درمان در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بعد از گذراندن جلسات توان بخشی بهبود پیدا کرده است و این تفاوت در سطح 001/0 معنادار است.نتیجه گیرینتایج حاصل از تحلیل آماری داده ها نشان می دهد که درمان توان بخشی شناختی حافظه کاری موجب بهبود علائم رفتاری کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه / بیش فعالی شده است.کلید واژگان: توانبخشی شناختی, حافظه کاری, اختلال نقص توجه- بیش فعالی}IntroductionDisorders of executive functions and working memory are considered as the components of the Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Working memory could be remediated by cognitive rehabilitation exercise. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation of working memory in reducing behavioral symptoms of children with ADHD.MethodThe present semi-experimental study, was designed with pre-test and post-test of control and experimental group. Thirty children with ADHD were requited in the study and allocated into two control and intervention groups. The participants were matched in age, verbal and performance IQ. The intervention group received cognitive rehabilitation in 10 one-houre two days a week sessions. The participants of both groups were assessed in the first and the last treatment session with SNAP-IV tests in the first and the last session of intervention. Data were analyzed with T-test and covariance analysis using SPSS 20.
Findings: The results showed that the intervention group has lower score in behavioral symptoms (attention deficit and impulsivity) and the difference between the group was significant (0.001) of ADHD after receiving cognitive rehabilitation of working memory.ConclusionIt can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation of working memory leads to the improvement of behavioral symptoms of ADHD in children with ADHD. Keywords: Cognitive Rehabilitation, Working memory, Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)} -
مقدمه و اهدافاختلال نقص توجه/ بیش فعالی با ناکارآمدی عملکردهای اجرایی از جمله حافظه کاری همراه است. کارکردهای اجرایی می توانند با استفاده از تمرینات توانبخشی شناختی مورد ترمیم قرار گیرند. مطالعه حاضر با هدف نشان دادن تاثیر توانبخشی شناختی حافظه کاری بر بهبود عملکردهای اجرایی در افراد مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه / بیش فعالی صورت گرفته است.مواد و روش هااین پژوهش از نوع شبه آزمایشی است که در آن از طرح پیش-آزمون پس- آزمون با گروه کنترل استفاده شده است. نمونه مورد بررسی در این مطالعه 30 کودک مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه / بیش فعالی بوده است که به طور تصادفی در گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. هر گروه شامل 15 کودک بود. دو گروه (آزمایش و کنترل) از نظر سن و هوش کلامی و عملی همسان سازی شده بودند. گروه آزمایش طی ده جلسه 1 ساعته تحت توانبخشی شناختی قرار گرفتند. افراد هر دو گروه کنترل و آزمایش در جلسه اول، پنجم و آخر درمان مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. عملکرد حافظه کاری با استفاده از تکلیف چند محرک پیشین (ان بک) و عملکرد توجه با استفاده از آزمون واژه-رنگ استروپ ارزیابی شده است. داده های این پژوهش با آزمون آماریt مستقل، تحلیل واریانس آمیخته و به کمک نرم افزار SPSS.20 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند.یافته هانتایج پژوهش نشان داد که نمره دقت حافظه کاری گروه درمان در مقایسه با گروه کنترل بعد از گذراندن جلسات توانبخشی بهبود پیدا کرده است و این تفاوت در سطح 005/ 0 معنادار است. از سوی دیگر در مورد توجه تفاوت معناداری بین دو گروه وجود ندارد.نتیجه گیرینتایج حاصل از تحلیل آماری داده ها نشان می دهد که با در نظر گرفتن اثر تعاملی گروه کنترل و درمان توانبخشی شناختی موجب تقویت دقت حافظه کاری شده است و تاثیر معناداری بر روی توجه نداشته است. می توان این گونه نتیجه گرفت که این برنامه درمانی در بهبود حافظه کاری کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه / بیش فعالی موثر واقع شده است ولی بر روی توجه تاثیر معناداری نداشته است.
کلید واژگان: توانبخشی شناختی, عملکردهای اجرایی, اختلال نقص توجه, بیش فعالی}Background And AimDisorders of executive functions and working memory are considered as the components of the Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Executive functions could be remediated by cognitive rehabilitation exercise. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on executive function of children with ADHD.Material and MethodsThe present semi-experimental study، designed with pre-test and post-test of control and experimental group. Thirty children with ADHD were requited in the study and allocated into two control and intervention groups each with 15 individuals randomly. The participants were matched in age، verbal and performance IQ. Intervention group received cognitive rehabilitation in 10 sessions. Intervention groups were assessed with N-Back and stroop tests in the first، the fifth and the last session of intervention. Control group assessed with the same tests in the same time. Data were analyzed with T-test and mixed-design variance analysis using SPSS 20.ResultsThe result showed that intervention group has higher score in n- back test after receiving cognitive rehabilitation. There was no significant difference in attention between two groups after the intervention.Conclusionin order to analyze the data the result representing the increased mean of working memory score in intervention group in compare to control group. Although، there was no significant difference in attention between two groups after the intervention. It can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation leads to improvement of the working memory function in children with ADHD.Keywords: Cognitive Rehabilitation, Executive function, Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)} -
IntroductionAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by high levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity which may result in mothers’ stress. The current study aims to compare stress among 45 mothers of ADHD children who had referred to “Rofeydeh psychiatric center” with 45 mothers of normal children.MethodsBrief demographic researcher-made questionnaire, Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI- 4), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Parental Stress Index-Short Form (PSI/SF) were completed for each mother and child.ResultsThe results showed that except the component of acceptance, ADHD children had more problems in the field of attention compared with normal children. Mothers of ADHD children had also more stress compared with mothers of normal children.DiscussionADHD can impair mothers’ mental health by inducing stress and this issue has important clinical and treatment implications. Specific treatment programs should be designed and implemented in Iran for the mothers of ADHD children to reduce stress among them and therefore, improve their mental health status.Keywords: ADHD, Attention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Stress}
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to achieve a better understanding of schizoaffective disorder. Therefore, we obtained electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from patients with schizoaffective disorder and analyzed them in comparison to normal subjects.MethodForty patients with schizoaffective disorder and 40 normal subjects were selected randomly and their electroencephalogram signals were recorded based on 10-20 international system by 23 electrodes in open- and closed-eyes while they were sitting on a chair comfortably. After pre-processing for noise removal and artifact reduction, we took 60- second segments from each recorded signals. Then, the absolute and relative powers of these segments were evaluated in all channels and in 4 frequency bands (i.e., delta, theta, alpha and beta waves). Finally, Data were analyzed by independent t-test using SPSS software.ResultsA significant decrease in relative power in the alpha band, a significant decrease in power spectra in the alpha band and a significant increase in power spectra in the beta band were found in patients compared to normal subjects (P < 0.05). The predominant wave in the centro-parietal region was the beta wave in patients, but it was the alpha band in normal subjects (P = 0.048). Also, the predominant wave of the occipital region in patients was the delta wave, while it was the alpha wave in normal subjects (P = 0.038).ConclusionConsidering the findings, particularly based on the significant decrease of the alpha waves in schizoaffective patients, it can be concluded that schizoaffective disorder can be seen in schizophrenia spectrum.Keywords: Predominant wave, Power spectra, Quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG), Relative power, schizoaffective}
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Genetic Variability of CYP2B6 Polymorphisms in Southeast Iranian Population: Implications for Malaria and HIV/AIDS TreatmentBackgroundGenetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gene could influence therapeutic outcomes of CYP2B6-metabolized drugs such as artemisinin, nevirapine (NVP), and efavirenz (EFV). The main objective of the present study was to analyze the frequency of the most common allele of CYP2B6*1 to *7 and *9 in Iranian Baluchi population and also to compare the frequencies of these polymorphisms with those reported in different ethnic groups.MethodsA total of 206 healthy, unrelated, subjects were participated in this study. CYP2B6*1, *2, *3, *4, *5, *6,*7, and *9 polymorphisms were investigated, using PCR-RFLP followed by sequencing analysis.ResultsHigh frequency of 516T (35.7%) was found among the studied subjects. Also, the three most frequent genotypes were CYP2B6*1/*6 (28.1%), CYP2B6*1/*1 (16%) and CYP2B6*1/*9 (14.6%). The frequency of CYP2B6*6/*6 (4.8%) was not different from Caucasian, Japanese and Chinese populations, but it was lower than West African (17%) and Papua New Guinean (43%) populations.ConclusionAllele frequencies for CYP2B6 in the examined population were markedly different from those African, Caucasian, and Southeast Asian populations. CYP2B6*2, *4, *5, *6, and *7 were found in the Iranian Baluchi that may affect the response to artemisin and its derivatives. High frequency of G516T (35.7%) was detected among the examined subjects that might cause greater efavirenz plasma exposure and more central nervous system side effects. Therefore, characterization of pharmacologically relevant polymorphisms in CYP2B6 has a great potential to improve drug efficacy and reduce toxicity.Keywords: Allele frequency, cytochrome P450 2B6, genetic polymorphisms, Southeast Iran}
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ObjectivesAutism is one subsets of pervasive developmental disorders that are characterized by abnormal behaviors and verbal communication. In recent years, the reason for this communication disorder has been developed for determining executive function. The current study investigated the feasibility of audiovisual stimulation intervention focused on enhancing executive function in children with high-functioning autism.Method41 children diagnosed with high functioning autism randomly selected and assigned in to experimental (20) and control (21) group. Initially both of groups were administered by the "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning Test".then intervention group received 18 sessions of audiovisual stimulation across 6 weeks and two groups were administered by test again.ResultsMultivariate analysis was used to compare significant advances in variables progress. Considering significance level, outcome indicates that audio visual stimulation used in the present study increased executive function (inhibition, shifting and planning ability) based on Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning measures (F= 5/55, P<0/05, F= 24/587, P< 0/05, F= 15/28, p<0/05).DiscussionThese findings suggest that the audiovisual stimulation platform is a promising tool for improving executive function subsets. Similarly, the use of such technology that is user friendly appears to prevent onset of early behavioral problems and executive dysfunction in children with autism.Keywords: Audiovisual stimulation, High, function autism, Executive function, inhibition, shifting}
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ObjectivesTourette syndrome is a disease with vocal and motor tics. This disorder is co-morbid with many psychiatric disorders, among which obsessive-compulsive disorder is the most common.MethodDuring a one-year period, 30 patients with Tourette disorder were studied at an adolescent psychiatry referral clinic. It was an analytical-descriptive study. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling. The control group was selected from students in Tehran schools similar to the first group in terms of age and gender. K-SADS questionnaire was used to examine the existence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in both groups. The results were analyzed with SPSS software.ResultsThe apparent co-morbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome was seen in this study, such that 53% of patients affected with it had obsessive-compulsive disorder. Statistics obtained was higher compared to earlier data. Although this co-morbidity was somewhat different in the two genders, it was not considered statistically significant (80% girls and 48% boys).ConclusionMore focus should be laid upon the co-morbidity between Tourette and OCD. It is recommended to study patients with Tourette syndromemore extensively in terms of co-morbidity with other psychiatric disorders, especially the obsessive-compulsive disorder.Keywords: Tourette syndrome, Obsessive, Compulsive Disorder (OCD), co, morbidity, K, SADS Questionnaire}
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هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی سطح سرمی پروکلسیتونین (PCT) در بیماران با نشانگان پاسخ التهابی عمومی(SIRS) جهت تشخیص سریع سپسیس باکتریایی از سایر عوامل ایجاد کننده SIRS می باشد. در این مطالعه 58 بیمار مبتلا به SIRS بررسی شدندکه تمامی بیماران با کشت خون مثبت سطح سرمی بالاتر از 10 نانو گرم در میلی لیتر داشتند و اختلاف معنی داری بین دو گروه کشت خون مثبت و منفی مشاهده شد(01/0P<). نتایج این مطالعه نشان می دهد که سطح سرمی پروکلسیتونین در بیماران با علایم SIRS ناشی از عفونت باکتریال از حساسیت بالایی جهت تشخیص سریع برخوردار است.کلید واژگان: پروکلسیتونین, نشانگان پاسخ التهابی عمومی, کشت خون}The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of Procalcitonin (PCT) in patients with Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) for rapid differential diagnosis of sepsis from other causes SIRS. In this study 58 patients afflicted by SIRS were evaluated witch all of patients had positive blood culture had serum levels PCT >10 ng/ml and we observed significant different between positive and negative blood culture patients (P<0.01). The results of this study showed serum levels of PCT had a high sensitivity for differential diagnosis of SIRS due to sepsis.Keywords: Procalcitonin, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, blood culture}
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ObjectivesTourette syndrome is a disorder with motor and vocal tics, which has many psychiatric comorbidities. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of co-morbid features of this syndrome. The aim of this research is studying Tourette and co morbidity ADHD in school age children. One of our purposes is to identify the range of ADHD in Iranian Tourette patients.MethodsThirty children with Tourette syndrome attended in an adolescence psychiatry disorders clinic studied during one year using a descriptive, cross sectional method. Control group selected from students of Tehran schools matched to first group in age and sex. K-SADS questionnaire used to investigate the presence of ADHD in both groups. Results analyzed with SPSS.ResultsA clear pattern of co-morbidity was demonstrated with ADHD. Seventy percent of Tourette group had ADHD; this co–morbidity in both sexes was different (20% of girls and 80% of boys).ConclusionsAlthough the frequency of ADHD co-morbidity with Tourette is high, but in our study was higher (50-60% versus 70%). Hence every Tourette patients must be studied for co–morbidity. Regarding to small size of studied people, similar studies must be performed with larger sample size.
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ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was comparing visuo-spatial attention between children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Inattentive (ADHD-I) type and normal children. Method and Material: In this cross-sectional study fifteen (7-10 years of age) children were classified with ADHD-I type and 15 normal children were matched for age, sex, and IQ. They were selected trough simple random sampling. Measurement tools were Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children 4th edition (WISC-IV), the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and the Star Cancellation Test.ResultsThe results suggest that there is no significant difference between ADHD-I and normal children from the visuo-spatial standpoint (p>0/05). But three ADHD-I children exhibited signs of unilateral neglect.DiscussionAlthough, in this study the visuo-spatial attention was not different between ADHD-I group and normal group, considering this form of attention as an item in assessment and therapeutic interventions should not be neglected.
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زمینه و هدف
توجه بینایی-فضایی توانایی انتخاب قسمتی از فضای بینایی-فضایی برای پردازش کارآمد اطلاعاتی است که از آن فضا منشعب می شوند. افراد به طور طبیعی در توجه بینایی-فضایی مقداری سوگیری نشان می دهند. جهت این سوگیری در افراد مبتلا به اختلال بیش فعالی/نقص توجه با افراد سالم متفاوت است. این تفاوت گاهی به شکلی است که افراد مبتلا به این اختلال، نسبت به اطلاعات بینایی یک سمت از فضا تا اندازه ای بی توجهی نشان می دهند که منجر به غفلت یکطرفه در آن نیمه از فضا می شود. هدف مطالعه ی حاضر بررسی چگونگی سوگیری توجه بینایی-فضایی در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال بیش فعالی/نقص توجه زیرگروه ترکیبی و کودکان سالم بود.
روش بررسیدر این مطالعه که از نوع بررسی مقطعی می باشد، 15 کودک 10-7 ساله ی مبتلا به اختلال بیش فعالی/نقص توجه زیرگروه ترکیبی با 15 کودک عادی همسان شده از لحاظ سن و جنس و پایه ی تحصیلی، شرکت کردند.این افراد از طریق نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند و جهت احراز معیارهای ورود توسط آزمون هوش وکسلر و مقیاس برتری دستی ادینبورگ و به منظور ارزیابی توجه بینایی-فضایی توسط آزمون star cancellation مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.
یافته هانتایج آزمون Star Cancellation در دو گروه سالم و زیرگروه ترکیبی اختلال بیش فعالی/نقص توجه تفاوت معناداری داشت(P<0/05). غفلت یکطرفه در زیرگروه ترکیبی اختلال بیش فعالی/نقص توجه، مشاهده شد و این غفلت یکطرفه بیشتر در سمت چپ بود.
نتیجه گیریتوجه بینایی- فضایی در دو گروه کودکان مبتلا به اختلال بیش فعالی/نقص توجه و کودکان سالم تفاوت معناداری دارد. غفلت یکطرفه به عنوان یک مشکل مهم در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال بیش فعالی/نقص توجه باید مورد بررسی های بیشتر و دقیق تر قرار گیرد.
کلید واژگان: اختلال بیش فعالی, نقص توجه, توجه بینایی, فضایی, غفلت یکطرفه}Background And AimVisuo-spatial attention is an ability by which a portion of visuo-spatial space is selected for efficient processing of the information orienting from it. people show a normal bias in visuo-spatial attention. The direction of this bias in Attention deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is different from normal people's bias. Some cases diagnosed with ADHD can show a significant inattention in one side of the space, which is called unilateral neglect. The aim of this study is to investigate on how the visou-spatial bias is in children with ADHD.
Materials And MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, fifteen children (7-10 years) were classified with ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C) and 15 children were matched for age, gender and IQ. Samples had been chosen through simple random sampling and they did Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children(WISC-IV) and also the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory for assessing whether they had inclusion criteria or not. For participants, visuo-spatial attention was assessed using the Star Cancellation Test.
ResultsThe results suggest that, there is a significant difference between ADHD-C groups performance and control group's performance in the Star Cancellation Test (p<0.05). Unilateral neglect recognized in ADHD-C group and it was in the left half of the space.
ConclusionThere is a significant difference in visuo-spatial attention between ADHD group and control group. Moreover, unilateral neglect which has seen in some ADHD-C cases should consider as an important item in this disorder. Further research in this area is needed.
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هدفاین مطالعه تاثیر استفاده از مهارت های ادراکی- حرکتی را بر کاهش اختلالات رفتاری کودکان پنج تا هشت ساله مبتلا به اختلال کمبود توجه- بیش فعالی بررسی کرده است.روشدر این پژوهش که از نوع شبه تجربی است، 26کودک پنج تا هشت ساله مبتلا به اختلال کمبود توجه- بیش فعالی مراجعه کننده به چهار مرکز کاردرمانی، به صورت تصادفی، به دو گروه آزمایش و شاهد تقسیم شدند. ابزار این پژوهش، پرسشنامه کانرز والدین، سیاهه رفتاری کودکان، آزمون کفایت حرکتی بروینینکس- اوزرتسکی بود. پس از اجرای مداخله که شامل شش هفته تمرینات ادراکی- حرکتی بود، از مادران دو گروه آزمایش و شاهد خواسته شد مجددا سیاهه رفتاری کودکان را تکمیل کنند. برای ارزیابی پس از مداخله، از آزمون مقیاس حرکتی کودکان بروینینکس اوزرتسکی برای کودکان استفاده شد.یافته هاپس از پایان دوره مداخله، تمام حیطه های مهارت های ادراکی- حرکتی (مجموع حرکات درشت، جمع حرکات ظریف، هماهنگی اندام فوقانی و نمره کلی آزمون) بهبود و در حیطه مشکلات رفتاری (اضطراب، مشکلات اجتماعی، مشکلات توجه، رفتارهای پرخاشگری، مشکلات دیگر) میانگین گروه آزمایش کاهش قابل ملاحظه ای نشان داد. در حیطه حرکات ظریف و نمره کلی آزمون کفایت حرکتی بروینینکس- اوزرتسکی در گروه شاهد نیز بین پیش آزمون و پس آزمون تفاوت معناداری دیده شد. در اختلالات رفتاری هم نتایج نشان دهنده کاهش رفتارهای پرخاشگرانه و اضطراب بود.نتیجه گیریبه نظر می رسد که بهبود مهارت های حرکتی کودکان این مطالعه باعث شده است که این کودکان در موقعیت های بازی، تحصیلی و فعالیت های روزانه احساس کفایت و شایستگی بیشتری کنند. میزان کسب موفقیت های بیشتر، شکست های کمتر و در نتیجه ارزیابی های مثبت تر، به کاهش پرخاشگری، اضطراب، مشکلات دیگر و به طور کلی مشکلات رفتاری کودکان این مطالعه منجر شدObjectiveThe present study investigates the effectiveness of using perceptual-motor skills on the decrease in behavioral disorders of five to eight year old children with ADHD.MethodIn this quasi-experimental study, 26 five to eight year old children with ADHD referred to four occupational therapy centers were randomly divided into an experimental and a control group. Research instruments included Parents Rating Scale (CPRS-48), Child behavior check list (CBCL), Bruninks – Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOMT). After the intervention, which included a six week perceptual-motor practice, mothers were asked to fill out the behavioral checklists again. BOMT was used for post-intervention assessment.ResultsAt the end of the intervention period all motor component scores (gross movments, fine movements, upper limb speed and dexterity and total score) showed significant improvement. Behavioral disorders (anxiety, social problems, attention problems, aggressive behaviors and others) also showed significant improvement. In addition, children in the control group showed significant improvement in fine movement and BOMT total score, as well as a decrease in aggressive behaviors and anxiety.ConclusionThe improvement of motor skills in children in this study appears to have resulted in a feeling of competency as well as daily activities and academic situations. More success, less failure, and finally more positive evaluations led to a decrease in aggression, anxiety and other behavioral problems in general among the children in this study.
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مشتقات لیتیم از قرن نوزدهم جهت درمان بیماری ها بخصوص اختلالات دو قطبی مورد مصرف قرار گرفته است.
مسمومیت کشنده لیتیم از همان شروع مصرف آن شناخته شده بود و بعلاوه پایین بودن شاخص درمانی آن از مشکلات مهم در تجویز آن می باشد.
به منظور پیش گیری از مسمومیت فوق پایش سطح دارو در خون مورد توافق قرار گرفته است.
خونگیری مکرر و بخصوص در دور تثبیت بصورت هفتگی برای بیماران توام با استرس بوده و بعلاوه در بیماران روانی و بویژه در اطفال مشکل می باشد. از این رو محققین همواره در تلاش برای یافتن راهی کمتر تهاجمی بوده اند. یکی از این راه ها پایش دارو در بزاق می باشد ولی بررسی ها بیانگر اختلاف نظر راجع به ارزش بزاق در پایش فوق می باشد. در این مقاله کلیه مطالعات منتشر شده از 1949 تاکنون مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و اختلاف نظر فوق بخوبی آشکار گردید. با توجه به بررسی فوق سه راه برای رفع این اختلاف نظر پیشنهاد گردیده است. 1- محاسبه نسبت غلظت سرمی لیتیم به غلظت بزاقی آن بر اساس متوسط سه جفت نمونه مختلف 2- بهبود روش و تکنیک آزمایشات و 3- اصلاح نسبت یاد شده بر اساس نشانگرهای طبیعی مشخص.
کلید واژگان: سطح بزاقی, لیتیم, پایش درمان, اختلالات خلفی}Lithium preparations have been used in bipolar mood disorders since 19th Century. Lethal toxic effect of lithium due to it's narrow (therapeutic) index had been known from several years ago and is the most problem when is prescribed. Serum level of lithium is accepted for monitoring of toxicity, but frequency of blood testing especially in stabilizing period is stressful for patients, also it is difficult in such psychiatric patients especially in children. Many researchers worked to find a less aggressive method. One of these methods is monitoring based on salivary lithium concentration, which is controversy according to this review articles. All papers from 1949 till now are reviewed in this article and revealed this controversy. According to this review article, three ways are being suggested to solve this problem 1- Stimulation of salivary – serum ratio of lithium based on tree separated paired tests 2- Improving methods and techniques of testing. 3- Modifying of this ratio based on natural markers.Keywords: Salivary consentration, Lithium, Treatment monitoring, Mood disorders} -
هدفاختلال تورت عبارت است از اختلالی که در آن سابقه تیکهای حرکتی متعدد در بیمار وجود دارد و حداقل یک تیک صوتی در مقطعی از اختلال در بیمار ایجاد می شود. گزارشات فراوانی در مورد همراهی افسردگی اساسی بطور همزمان با این اختلال منتشر شده است و مطالعات بیانگر این است که تشخیص و درمان به موقع این اختلال از اهمیت بسیار زیادی در سیر درمان بیماران مبتلا به اختلال تورت برخوردار است. بنابراین بررسی افسردگی اساسی همزمان با اختلال تورت در جامعه اهمیت فراوانی دارد.روش بررسیدر طی یک دوره زمانی یکساله، 30 مورد بیمار مبتلا به اختلال تورت مراجعه کننده به یک مرکز روانپزشکی اطفال مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. این مطالعه بصورت توصیفی و cross sectional طراحی شد. همچنین 30 نفر از افراد گروه کنترل مطابق با گروه بیماران از لحاظ سن و جنس از مدارس شهر تهران انتخاب شدند.
25 پسر و 5 دختر حدود سنی 18-8 سال در هر گروه وجود داشتند. پرسشنامه K-SADS جهت یافتن افسردگی اساسی در این بیماران و همچنین در گروه کنترل تکمیل گردید. نتایج به دست آمده در این تحقیق بر اساس آزمونهای آماری از جمله MC-Nemar exact test مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.یافته ها23.3% از بیماران مبتلا به اختلال تورت به اختلال افسردگی اساسی مبتلا بودند و 3.3% از گروه کنترل مبتلا به اختلال افسردگی اساسی بودند.نتیجه گیریهمراهی قابل ملاحظه بین اختلال تورت و اختلال افسردگی اساسی در این تحقیق ایجاب می نماید که هر بیمار مبتلا به اختلال تورت بطور جدی از نظر افسردگی اساسی بررسی شود زیرا می تواند روی برنامه درمان و اداره بیماری تاثیر گذار شود.
کلید واژگان: اختلال تورت, اختلال افسردگی, تیک حرکتی, تیک صوتی}ObjectiveTourette disorder composed of history of multiple motor tics and at least a vocal tic during a period of such disorder. Many reports have investigated in co– morbid major depressive disorder, and studies signify such importance of early diagnosis and treatment. So diagnosis of major depressive disorder when it is comorbid with Tourette disorder considered to be important in our society as well.Materials and Methods30 cases of Tourette disorder who refferred to a child psychiatry center were studied during a period of one year in a descriptive. Cross sectional study. At the same time” 30 cases matched by age and sex were chosen as our control group from Tehran public schools. There were 25 boys and 5 girls in each group “with age rang of 8 to 18 years. A semistructural questionnaire of kiddy Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia was used to investigate the presence of major depressive disorder in both groups. Statistical tests including MC- Nemar exact test were used for statistical analysis.Results23/3% of Tourette group patients were diagnosed as major depressive while 3.3% of the control group was diagnosed as major depressive disorder”.ConclusionAs given the high association rate for Tourette disorder and major depressive disorder. It is suggested to investigate all cases of Tourette disorder for possible major depressive disorder.Keywords: Tourette disorder, Depressive disorder, K, SADS}
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