nasrollah molaei hashjin

The current research aims to investigate the economic resilience of the touristic villages of Rasht County against the Covid-19 disease. The current research is applied according to its purpose and the study method is descriptive-analytical according to the method and nature of the research. To collect information, library methods, documents, direct observation methods and field methods have been used. And in order to analyze the data, SPSS software, GIS and Mamdani and Dimtel fuzzy models have been used. Based on the data analysis, the economic resilience of touristic villages in Rasht County against the corona disease is very low. And based on the results of Detmel's model; The indicators (job and activity flexibility, having economic and financial support, having economic and financial capability, flexibility against shocks and finally economic innovation and creativity) are placed in the positive half of the diagram of causal factors. which shows the high influence of these indicators and the indicators (psychological flexibility, solution-seeking, low economic vulnerability, adaptability and adaptability, financial management) are placed in the negative half of the chart of disabled factors which shows the high effectiveness of these indicators. Based on this, it was determined that among the cause indicators, in order: economic innovation and creativity, having economic and financial support, having economic and financial capability, job and activity flexibility, having support economic and financial), have the most and the least influence on the longevity of people in the tourism sector. In the following, the results of the spatial analysis of the villages of Rasht County based on their economic resilience against Corona showed that more than half of the studied villages have economic resilience against Corona in the range of (low and high) is low).

In this research, the physical resilience of the rural settlements of Amlash County against landslides was investigated using hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and overlap index. Then, the spatial pattern of the resilience of the villages was determined using spatial statistics indicators. For this purpose, ten criteria of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, the direction of slope, width of passages, and height were used in order of importance. Also, two methods of local Moran's I statistic and hot spot analysis (G* Gettys-Ord) were used to identify patterns. The results showed that the physical resilience of rural settlements against landslides varies from very low to very high. Villages with very high resilience are in the northeastern region, and towns with very low resilience are in the northwestern region and the plains. They are located in the foothills of Amlash County. In the mountainous area of the County, villages with low and medium resilience were also visible in all three investigated models. In this regard, the results of the local population statistics show the presence of high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) clusters in the northeast and northwest of the studied area, and these patterns have also appeared in the villages of the plains and foothills. Also, the existence of hot and cold hot spots in the northeast and northwest of the County has been proven, and with three positive and negative standard deviations at the 99% confidence level, they have been shown in the plains and foothills. Most of the counties' villages have moderate resilience to landslides, and their random behavior was confirmed by local Moran's I statistics and hot spot analysis. In total, the points of villages with high and low resilience with high-high and low-low cluster patterns of local Moran's I and hot and cold spots of G* Gettys-Ord in all three models of hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and matching overlap index were.

The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years. The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years. The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years. The current research aims to investigate and determine the changes in land use during the last two decades in the villages of Rasht Nasha district of Rasht County; done. The research method in the present study is of quantitative type and based on the objective, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the villages of Lashet Nasha district in three villages (Jirhande Lashet Nasha, Ali Abad Zibakanar, Gafshe Lashet Nasha), between the years 2000 and 2020. In order to analyze the satellite images, at first, the pre-processing of satellite images (atmospheric corrections, geometric corrections, correction of solid lines, image classification) was investigated, and for the purpose of classification methods from Maximum likelihood method, artificial neural network, error matrix estimation, kappa coefficient were used. The results showed that during the study period, in the studied villages, agricultural land and water had a decreasing trend, and gardens and residential areas had an increasing trend. It is also worth mentioning that among the studied villages, the changes in residential areas in Ziba Kanaar and Gafsheh villages were faster than Jirandeh villages, and also the intensity of land use changes in the years 2015 to 2022 is more than other years.

Today, discussions and concerns about land use changes in rural society have been seriously considered. The main purpose of this research is to identify the influencing factors on land use changes in the villages of Astane Ashrafieh County. In the first part of the research, Landsat satellite images were used to investigate land use changes. In the second part, factors affecting land use changes were analyzed using statistical analysis. Based on this, 28 villages of the County were studied as a case study. The research method was descriptive-analytical.Questionnaire technique was used to collect data and statistical methods were used to analyze data. The results showed that among the independent economic indicators, the benefits of investing in the land and housing sector had the strongest correlation and relationship with land use changes. Among the independent social indicators, the indicators of the role of the owners of the second house in the village and the increase in the number of residential tourists and the need for land for construction had the strongest correlation and connection with land use changes. Among independent physical indicators, tourism in the study area had the highest correlation and relationship with land use changes. Correlation analysis between independent institutional-management indicators and land use changes showed that indicators of the weakness of executive bodies in informing agricultural land owners about the type of land use and the prohibition of land use changes had the highest correlation and a very strong relationship with land use changes in the village.

The current research aims to explain; The degree of diversification of economic activities has been done in increasing the economic and social resilience of touristic villages of Rasht county against the disease of Kovid-19. The current research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and methodology, and SPSS and GIS software were used to analyze the data. The corona virus was reported by the World Health Organization in China in early January 2020. The virus spread rapidly in the Wuhan region of China. Following the crisis of the spread of the corona virus in different parts of the world, its spread was officially confirmed on 17 February 2020 by the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education. In Iran, with the spread of the Corona virus, the number of tourists decreased by 90 percent compared to previous years. Tourism in all the cities and villages of Iran has caused a lot of irreparable damage during the Corona era, and the highest damage estimate was related to touristic villages. The results of sample t-test and Spearman's correlation showed that diversification of economic activities at a significance level of 0.000 has a great impact on increasing the economic and social resilience of touristic villages. Also, in order to categorize the level of economic and social resilience in each of the Districts of Rasht county, focusing on the diversity of economic activities, standard deviation was used. The results showed that the state of economic and social resilience after From the point of view of council members and villagers, it is desirable to create diversity of economic activities in all the studied Districts of Rasht county.

Estimating and improving the resilience of rural areas is also very important in reducing the effects of natural hazards and achieving sustainable development. Landslides are among the natural hazards that threaten rural settlements and local communities. Therefore, determining the level of resilience of rural settlements in lands prone to landslides can be a suitable way to reduce the effects of this risk in rural areas.

The aim of the current research is to determine the physical resilience of rural settlements in Amlesh city against landslides.

In this research, the level of physical resilience of 145 villages of Amlesh city against landslides was determined and classified by the analysis hierarchy method (AHP). For this purpose, 10 criteria were used in the order of importance of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, direction of slope, width of passages and height.Studied Areas: The geographical territory of this research is the rural areas of Amlesh County.

The findings showed that the villages of Amlesh city have very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience, so that out of 145 villages in this district, 2, 23, 66, 52 and 1 villages are between very low and very high resilience spectrum were placed. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides. Therefore, 63.18 percent of the villages in this city have moderate to low resilience and 36.82 percent of the villages have high and very high resilience to the risk of landslides.

Examining the level of resilience of villages in the three plains, foothills and mountainous regions proves that medium to low resilience in the villages of the foothills is more than the other two regions and the share of villages with medium resilience in all three regions is higher than the others. Classes are higher resilience. In addition, the villages with very little resilience were located in the foothills and mountainous areas, and the role of altitude in reducing the resilience of villages was revealed.

Social and cultural effects of tourism are the procedures that tourism creates changes in value systems, people’s behavior families’ connections, genre of group life, traditional customs, and social; systems in that. Tourists communicate with Local inhabitants during their residence destinations and the result of their mutual communications cuase changes in society of hosts’ quality of life, value systems, division of labor, familie’s relations, attitudes, behavior Patterns, customs and usages. These changes become obvious if there are a lot of cultural – social discrepancies between tourists and local residents. Today’s cultural social planning in local areas as a part of local permanent development process is very important.

The aim of the current research is to determine the socio-cultural role of tourism in the development of the southwestern villages of Gilan.

Ready research has fulfilled in terms of descriptive – analytic. Essential data collection has fulfilled by two ways of reading documents and fieldwork. In the part of  Reading documents, ground role of theory and history of reading are the topic of research study and on this base, the number of effective tourism social – cultural index on local development has chosen. Because of extent of study realm and much more number of families, random sampling was used. In first phase, the number of sample rural families were calculated in terms of caukran. Sampling and then 378 sample questioner were devoted on the base of families’ proportional distribution on the area. Emamzade Ebrahim, Ghale´e Roudkhan, shanbe Bazar, Makolvan, Emamzade Eshagh, seyed Abad, Nasir Mahale, Chomach Gurab, Doroud khan, Markhal, Abaskouh, Roudpish, Jirde, Siamazgi, Lask, Node, Koumsar, Lolaman, Gasht, Siahroud, and Kord Mahale are sample villages in ready research study.

Studied Areas: 

The southwestern villages of Gilan province constitute the study area of ​​this research.

With regards to data derivation from questionar, for evaluation and statement of cultural – social role of tourism in rural development, indexes were used like: helping to increas of citizens’ fixation toward, village, to persuade to more use of Modern instrument for homes, rising life style, to improve public social services, increasing career chances, freedom feeling for rural women, to develop, changing and renovation of local culture to develop and improvement of career chances between rural men and women, to develop sanitary services, improvement of social relations and deduction of social equality, prevention of rural imeg ration process, encouragement and preparation of reciprocal imegaation, preparation of new conviniences and services,  revivaland, reinforcement of fixation of inmate to local customers, habitudes, architecture, handicrafts and dressing. Descriptive findings show that there is a relationship between tourism and cultural changes in Local area of southwest Guilan.

The southwestern region of Gilan has provided the development of villages by taking advantage of the capabilities and potentials of natural, historical-archaeological, religious and economic tourism. These changes that result from the development of tourism have laid the foundation for rural development with a socio-cultural approach in the southwestern district of Guilan.

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the social resilience of the touristic villages of Rasht County against Covid-19. The current research is applied according to its purpose and descriptive-analytical according to its method and nature. To collect information from documentary-library and field methods and direct observation methods and from tools such as; Questionnaires and interviews have been used. In order to analyze the data and information, SPSS software, GIS and Mamdani and Dimtel fuzzy models were used. Based on the data analysis, the social resilience of touristic villages against the Covid-19 disease was lower than average, so that the indicators (sense of belonging to the place and participation) with a positive EI value were determined as effective indicators. And the indicators (awareness and public and institutional trust) were determined as indicators with a negative EI value as influential indicators, and among the influential indicators, respectively: participation and sense of belonging to the place the most and They have assigned the least amount of influence on the longevity of people in the tourism sector. Further, the results showed that the central and Khokhbijar Districts of their social resilience against Corona are somewhat low, Khammam their resilience against Corona is low, LeshtNasha, KochSefahan and Sangar their resilience against Corona is very low.

Rural women's participation in various rural activities not only enhances their social presence but also contributes to increased income for rural households and improved livelihoods. This research investigates and identifies the influential factors in enhancing women's participation in the rural economy of Shaft County. The descriptive-survey research method is employed, with a statistical population of 66 members of village councils and residents from various villages in the county. The validity of the items, confirmed by experts, exhibits reliability using Cronbach's alpha test, with scores of 0.841, 0.837, 0.871, and 0.78 for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, respectively, indicating a good and acceptable level. Subsequently, through factor analysis utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, the designated items are categorized, and the crucial components for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are identified, comprising 3, 1, 2, and 1 components, respectively. The variance shares of the first to third components for opportunity points are 31.05, 22.33, and 13.564. For weaknesses, the variance share of the only component is 59.154. The variance shares of the first and second components for opportunity points are 32.316 and 29.964. Lastly, the variance share of the single component for threat points is 70.537. The total explained variance for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is 66.943, 59.154, 62.281, and 70.537, respectively. The results highlight that the key factors driving women's participation include a suitable cultural platform, financial support, and the role of women in sustainable development, women's employment in agriculture and related industries for tourism development and environmental conservation, and tourism attractions and handicraft sales. Weaknesses mainly stem from a lack of training, insufficient technical facilities for handicraft production, financial constraints, cultural shortcomings, and underestimation of women's participation. Opportunities focus on surplus production, government support, and the establishment of organizations and cooperatives, alongside increasing literacy levels. Threats are rooted in cultural, economic, and social barriers.

The administration and policy-making have long been a principle to impact the sustainable development of rural areas. One of the most critical factors that ensure the achievement of an organization's goals is the structure design of the organization. The present research examines the influential factors in the organizational structure of rural development management in Gilan Province. The study analyzed the role of rural governance indicators and inter-organizational coordination in realizing the coordinated management of rural development. Ultimately, it proposed an executive strategy to realize the coordinated management of rural development planning in Gilan Province.

Based on Morgan's table, a sample size of 81 individuals with roles like specialist, expert, manager and employee of different organizations in Giulan Province, professors and graduate students of geography and rural planning were randomly and systematically selected. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire. The professors confirmed the validity of the questionnaire, and the reliability was determined with Cronbach's alpha, with a value of 0.82.

This research is an applied study in terms of the purpose; In terms of nature, it is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative in terms of methodology. The data obtained from 37 items were analyzed using SPSS statistical software to provide solutions based on seven leading indicators of rural governance and five indicators of inter-organizational coordination. The research findings show that the model based on rural governance indicators and inter-organizational coordination mainly consists of coordinating, obliging and responsive indicators to realize the coordinated management of rural development planning.

To this end, the establishment of a "coordinated management council for rural development planning of Giulan Province under the supervision of the governor” is proposed.

IntroductionThe villages around Rizvanshahr city in Gilan province are among the peripheral areas that in recent years, under the influence of the special location of communication and proximity to Rizvanshahr, rapid and deep changes in various fields such as housing pattern and rural-urban context, It has experienced land use, demographic characteristics, economic status and employment. The transfer of capital from the city and the creation of urban industries, workshops and factories have resulted in the influx of labor to these villages. Also, the phenomenon of second houses is expanding in the surrounding villages of this city, and city residents have invested a lot of capital to buy rural lands and build villas in these villages. Therefore, the physical development of Rezvanshahr towards the villages has positive and negative consequences, which are very efficient to be aware of in rural development programs. In order to identify such consequences, it is necessary to first examine the effects of the physical development of cities on the studied villages, and since such consequences and effects are different in different areas, the present research aims to analyze the physical development of the city on the surrounding villages, to investigate this in the villages around the city of Razvanshahr. has done During the research, the researcher seeks to show the relationship between the physical development of the city and environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic and physical components and tries to answer the basic question that the urban physical development of Razvanshahr depends on which of the components ( economic, social, physical, environmental) has had the greatest impact? And is this effect different among suburban settlements?MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in purpose. The required information has been collected with the help of documentary and field information, which has been used to collect documentary information from the survey tool and field information of the questionnaire. In the descriptive statistics section, the information obtained from rural questionnaires has been summarized, and in the analytical statistics section, linear regression and Kupras techniques have been used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with the help of experts and professors of rural affairs, and to confirm its reliability, a number of questionnaires were completed in the sample community and confirmed with the help of Cronbach's alpha (0.995). The statistical population of the research is 8 rural villages around the city of Razvanshahr, which has a connection with it. The sample size according to the total number of households in the studied villages (2333 households) is 330 samples.Results and discussion The results of the research showed that the physical development of the studied villages in the environmental and ecological dimension has the greatest impact on the landscape of the village and the least impact on the preservation of natural resources, in the socio-cultural dimension the greatest impact on household welfare and the least impact on the company. In religious ceremonies and activities, in the economic dimension, it has the greatest impact on the price of housing and the least impact on the amount of industrial-handicrafts production. Looking at all the dimensions, it can be concluded that the physical development of the city has the greatest impact on the increase in the price of residential land with an average of 6.73, infrastructure services - roads with an average of 6.51, and land use change with an average of 6.48, and the least impact on the preservation of natural resources with an average of 3.24. In religious ceremonies and activities with an average of 3.54 and ethnic differences with an average of 3.89. Then, with the help of linear regression analysis, the relationship between the physical development of Rezvanshahr city and each of the investigated components was confirmed and it was determined that the physical development of Rezvanshahr city has an effect on economic changes, environmental and ecological changes, socio-cultural changes and physical changes of the villages around the city, respectively. Further, the results showed that the physical development of the city has had the greatest impact on Punel, Ardjan, Mianroud, Allah Bakhsh Mahaleh, Taramsera, Sasansera, Laktasera, Roshandeh villages respectively, which of course, this rating is in accordance with the reality observed in the field surveys. Also, the research results are consistent with studies (Ahmadi et al., 2018; Jozak et al., 2014; Tian et al., 2017).ConclusionIn the spatial interactions between the surrounding settlements and the city of Razvanshahr and the physical development of this city, although affected by sometimes two-way flows, it has provided positive developments, but some of them have created unfavorable conditions, including environmental destruction, etc. for the villages has followed.

Quality of life is a multifaceted concept that reflects the general social, economic and environmental characteristics of regions and areas and in rural areas represents the conditions that show the level of enjoyment, enjoyment, welfare and individual or social welfare.The purpose of this article is to geographically explain the quality of life in the villages of Bandar Anzali city by considering three variables: the number of village population, the distance of villages from the city center and the distance of villages from Bandar Anzali free trade zone.The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the statistical population of all 26 villages of the city, except for one village, 25 other villages based on census results (documentary studies) and data obtained from field studies (observation, checklist, interview and completion). Questionnaires) have been reviewed. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency table, graph and mean) as well as inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test).Based on the research findings and reviewing 14 indicators, it was concluded that there is a relationship between research variables and the issue of rural quality of life. According to the results of Pearson correlation test, the relationship between the distance from the free zone and quality of life is -0.55 (average inverse relationship), between the distance from the city center and quality of life, - 0.43 (average inverse relationship) The variable of distance from the city center and quality of life is 0.56 (average direct relationship).

Agricultural land-use changes are considered as one of the undesirable phenomena indicating the greedy nature of humans. One of the most important consequences of this undesirable change is disorder in the livelihoods and income of local residents and the occurrence of population movements. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate the consequence of agricultural land-use change on the demographic changes in rural areas of Sari city. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and library and survey methods were used to collect data. The statistical population of the study was 25 villages, which were selected by random quota sampling and according to Cochran formula, 381 families were selected as sample size. The results of the analysis showed that in the last decade, agricultural lands has been decreased by 6% in the studied villages. It has had a great impact on the rural population dynamics. In villages near to the city and the sea due to their proximity to Sari city and having more job opportunities and benefiting from services and infrastructure an increase in population density has occurred, while in remote villages due to lack of access and unfavorable services and facilities, and value added of agricultural land-use change population decline has occurred.

Rural management is a multi-faceted process that includes the three pillars of the people, the government and public institutions, which play a significant role. The role of local management in the environmental-spatial developments of rural settlements, especially in land use changes, construction, construction and repair of communication networks, has been more than the economic and socio-cultural dimensions addressed in this research.

Determining the role of local management in environmental-spatial changes in the villages of Rodsar is the primary goal of this article.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The case information was obtained through documentary sources and field studies. The statistical population is 187 villages of Rudsar city. The sample size included 20% of the villages with villages. The sampling method was a random quota, and the samples were calculated based on coastal, plain, foothill and mountain geographical areas. 345 questionnaires were distributed and completed in 36 villages of the area. Data analysis has been done through documentation and using statistical methods in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. In this research, SPSS software was used to process information, Excel software was used to draw tables, and Arc GIS software was used to draw maps.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical territory of the current research is the villages of Rudsar County.

The role of local management in the environmental-spatial developments of the villages of Rudsar City has been evaluated using 12 components. The findings indicate that the state of local management in the surveyed village from the point of view of the respondents is medium to high, which indicates the satisfaction of the residents of the villages with the performance of local management in the environmental dimension. Local management in the city's villages is more focused on fulfilling their duties, and they have been more effective in the environmental aspect of the villages than other aspects of rural development.

The research results show that local management in Rudsar County has caused many environmental changes at the village level. The construction of hotels, Kashana travelers in tourism, rural parks, and villa houses are among the environmental developments of the surrounding villages. According to the people of the village, the villagers and the managers of the villages of the city have played an important role in environmental changes, such as building housing, improving the condition of roads and other parts, which is based on the distance of the villages from the urban centers, because most of the area of ​​the city is in the mountainous area.

Diversification of rural economic activities as a basic and parallel approach to rural development goals can help to develop and advance employment in rural areas. Objective In this study, this issue and an analysis of the factors promoting the diversification of economic activities in the villages of Masal city have been studied. This research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is 68 villagers and experts of economic institutions of Masal city and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire whose items were prepared and arranged with the expert opinions of university professors. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and showed that 23 promoting factors are involved in diversifying economic activities in rural areas of Masal city. The results of the Friedman test showed that the index (existence of several fields for attracting tourism) with an average rank of 20.09, has the most importance and the index (literacy level of rural youth, especially girls) with an average rank of 5.53, has the least importance among the factors. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the development of a comprehensive plan to diversify the rural economy of Masal city by identifying and including all the capacities of the region is one of the items that should be a priority in the work of the city officials.

The present research has been carried out to explain economic development strategies in the villages of Rasht County. The research is an applied, descriptive-analytical one. To analyze the data, SWOT, AHP, and SPSS software were used. After identifying and ranking the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the villages of Rasht County, with an emphasis on economic development, solutions were offered. The results showed that among the strategies introduced, the following ones played a more important role in predicting positive changes in the dependent variable, i.e. economic development: (1) emphasizing local capabilities and creating jobs for the people living in the surrounding villages to reduce social inequalities (abbreviated to SO2), as a competitive strategy, (2) creating incentives to increase agricultural products and activities instead of establishing city-related industries (abbreviated to ST5), as a diversification strategy, (3) developing small businesses among rural women (abbreviated to WO6), as a revisiting strategy, and (4) supporting villagers by low-interest loans in order to create and develop small rural businesses (abbreviated to WT2), as a defensive strategy. The results of the path analysis showed that the following strategies have the greatest direct impact on the economic development of Rasht villages: (1) establishing agricultural transformation industries in the area under study, considering the non-creation of environmental pollution and the agreement made by experts and local-governmental managers (abbreviated to SO1), as a competitive strategy, (2) creating incentives to increase agricultural products and activities instead of establishing city-related industries (abbreviated to ST5), as a diversification strategy, (3) developing new production skills (abbreviated to WO2), as a revisiting strategy, and (4) supporting villagers by low-interest loans in order to create and develop small rural businesses (abbreviated to WT2), as a defensive strategy.

The Importance of Physical Development Policies Still With the Purpose and Effectiveness of Poverty Reduction and Deprivation of Rural Community by Improving Living Conditions as Socio-Economic Structures, Physical Retention Within Development Plans and in the Fifth Development Plan (2011- 95) With the focus on the slogan of progress and justice, with the emphasis on four paragraphs of Article 194 Rural Development, the physical development of the villages has been more targeted and emphasized.The use of rural lands is a part of Physical policy making followed in developmental plans under the program of support rural land from the first plan that started in 1989 and continued and fictionalized till the fifth plan in article 194. Accordingly, the main purpose of present study is analyzing comparatively the effects and consequences of Physical policymaking of the fifth development plan to present future strategies and policies in Plain and Mountaneaous Villages in Western Guilan with the emphasis on lands use change. The research method is descriptive-historical and analytical. To collect data, field study and library research have been used. The sample population was selected from all Plain and mountainous villages in western Guilan ( Counties of Astara, Talesh, Rezvanshahr, and Masal). Excel and GIS have been used to analyze the data. Results show that during the mentioned years 86% of the total land use change demand and 88% of the total land use change demand in the plain area and 14% of the total land use change demand and 12% of the total area demand in the area. It has been a mountainous area.

One of the dimensions of rural development is the management of sustainable rural development at the local and macro level, sustainable rural development is the process of all-round improvement of rural life through the establishment and encouragement of activities compatible with the capabilities and bottlenecks of the environment. Therefore, structural grounding in environmental-ecological, social-cultural, economic, institutional-management and physical-spatial aspects can lead to the proper functioning of this process. In turn, sustainable rural development is realized with the participation of villagers in decision-making, implementation, sharing of benefits and monitoring and evaluation. Diversity is the basis of stability and stability, and the more diverse a system becomes, the more its stability and dynamism is maintained over time and in different places against internal and external tensions. Today, diversifying the rural economy is one of the approaches to realizing sustainable rural development. In a research, they designed a model of rural development planning and policy challenges in Iran based on a data-based theory. The participants in the research consisted of experts in the field of rural planning and development, of which 28 people were selected based on the theoretical saturation criterion and using the purposeful sampling approach and the snowball sampling method.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The method of collecting information was in the form of documentation and field observation, interview and completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is academic experts in the field of rural development, provincial planners in the country's rural and municipal organizations, provincial planners in the Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture, and provincial planners in the Ministry of Industries, Program and Budget Organization, and others.

The estimation results, the significance level of the failure variables in relation to the model variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system is less than 0.05, so the relationship between these two variables is significant at the 95% confidence level. Also, according to the value of t-statistic equal to -36.649, which is greater than 1.96, the first hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that the policy-making system of rural development planning in the country has problems, inadequacies and challenges. According to the estimation results, the significance level of the variables of local and regional factors in relation to the model variable of the policy system of rural development planning of Iran is less than 0.05, so at the 95% confidence level, the relationship between these two variables is significant. Is. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -33.826, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the second hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Basically, centralized planning does not allow policymakers and planners to use local and regional capacities, and this issue itself will keep villages and rural areas away from development. Therefore, during the research process, it was proved that according to the prevailing approach of centralized planning in Iran, local and regional factors play a lesser role in rural development planning policymaking. The results of the model estimation showed that the significance level of the variables of attention and emphasis on decentralized decision-making and action in relation to the variable of the Iranian rural development planning policy system model is less than 0.05, so at the confidence level of 95% The relationship between these two variables is significant. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -27.571, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the third hypothesis of the research is confirmed. What is important in this connection is that the results prove that decentralization in the country's rural development planning should be respected as a principle and considered as a necessity. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that in the country's rural development planning policy, attention and emphasis on decentralized decision-making and action is necessary. Based on the estimation results, the significance level of the variables of less attention to the position of the village and rural development planning policy in the period before and after the revolution in relation to the variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system model variable is less than 0.05. , therefore, at the 95% confidence level, the relationship between these two variables is significant. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -30.694, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Document review shows; In all the programs that have been implemented from the past until now, the village and rural development have been on the sidelines and their place in the planning has not been satisfactory and appropriate. In other words, during the research process, it was proven that in the development programs before and after the Islamic revolution, the role of the village and the policy making of rural development planning were less considered. According to the output of the estimation results, the significance level of trans-sectoral planning variables instead of sectoral in relation to the variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system model is less than 0.05, so at the 95% confidence level, the relationship These two variables are significant. According to the value of t-statistic equal to -28.384, which is greater than 1.96, the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that trans sectoral planning is necessary instead of sectoral planning at different levels in rural development planning.

The policies and plans of construction and development are indicative of the fact that in the country's rural development planning, attention and emphasis has been focused on decision-making and action from top to bottom. One of the main results obtained in this research is that in our country, due to the multiplicity of executive centers in the field of rural development, we are witnessing the fragmentation and lack of coherence of the organization. Therefore, the existence of a level that can aggregate these issues is very important. In fact, it acts as an executive and effective support in decision-making and implementation of rural development policies and has a trans-sectoral role. Therefore, according to the records and experiences of rural development planning in the country during the last few decades and taking into account the possibilities, bottlenecks and challenges in the development process of rural areas, as well as taking into account the approaches and strategies of rural development, the optimal approach for development planning In rural areas of the country, the solution of creating a legislative level is proposed.

In recent years, all governments have adopted policies such as granting credits and low-interest loans to improve the quality of rural housing. A policy that has changed the heart of villages and housing patterns. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of housing credits and loans in rural areas of Masal city (Shalma, Markieh and Darkhaneh villages) in two dimensions of housing pattern and village identity. In this regard, descriptive-analytical research method with emphasis on qualitative-quantitative approach has been used to collect information from field method (observation, interview and questioning). The statistical population of the study also includes the housing estates of the studied villages, that the sample size is estimated to be 383 houses based on Cochran's method. The research findings show that the main impact of crediting and debt consolidation loans is to improve the strength of new and renovated housing compared to older housing. Other effects of these facilities include a reduction in biological activity in the residential unit, a decrease in the level of infrastructure, a reduction in the number of rooms, and a change in the type of plan and housing structures. On the other hand, the results indicate a decrease in the identity of the villages in terms of spatial affiliation as well as a decrease in cultural values and adaptation to the old and traditional pattern in the new designs of residential units.

The concept of quality of life, which has been considered by researchers and thinkers in some scientific fields in recent decades, has different dimensions and represents the level of enjoyment and benefit from the material tools of individual and social well-being and also people's abilities in the scientific and social fields. Nowadays, quality of life as a key element in policy making and public policy review is discussed. The aim of this study is to analyze the quality of life in the villages of Anzali city with emphasis on physical indicators. In order to analyze the issue have been used the general population and housing census data of 2016 as well as field studies in the form of interviews, observations and completion of the questionnaire. Anzali city has 25 villages. The physical quality of all villages was examined using eight indicators and using the TOPSIS model, and the villages were ranked based on the continuous output of Tapsis and were classified into three levels. The relationship between the quality of life of the villages and the three variables of distance from the city center, distance from Anzali free trade-economic zone and the population of each village was calculated by Pearson correlation test. The relationship between the physical quality rank of the villages with the above three variables was 0.63, 0.62 and 0.74, respectively. The results indicated that in all three cases, the relationship between the variables and the physical quality of the villages is quite clear and demonstrates the inverse and intermediate upward relationship of the physical quality of the villages with two variables distance from the city center and free trade-economic zone. There is also a strong direct relationship between population size and physical quality of villages.

Increasing urban population and decreasing rural population due to declining desire to continue living in these places has led many researchers to look for a suitable solution, to study the two principles of sustainable development and quality of life. In the meantime, the livability that is necessary to achieve these two principles has received much attention. The best people to study livability are the villagers and the most tangible is the physical dimension .For this reason, the present article evaluates the physical indicators affecting livability.

The present article is in terms of practical purpose and seeks to identify and evaluate the physical indicators affecting livability in the villages of Lahijan city (23 villages).

The research method is descriptive-survey. The required information has been collected with the help of documentary data and preparation of checklists (census and Hadi plan) and field data and preparation of questionnaires (Dehyar and heads of households). The methods used are Copras and linear regression.

After conducting studies, 5 components (housing, transportation, services, tourism and land use change) and 71 variables were identified, which were examined for their effects on livability after indexing steps.

The results show that in the study area, the housing index was the most effective and the tourism index was the least effective indicators on livability. Also, with the help of Copras technique, the studied villages were ranked based on the use of physical indicators and it was found that Bazkiagorab and Sustan villages had the best and worst ranks, respectively. Finally, with the help of regression analysis, it was found that the selected physical indicators are effective on viability in the study area.

The present article is in terms of practical purpose and seeks to identify and evaluate the physical indicators affecting livability in the villages of Lahijan city (23 villages).

Empowerment is one of the new ways of development aimed at improving performance, increasing productivity, capacity utilization and preparing for future challenges.The term 'empowerment' generally means the capacity of the individual or group to determine their own affairs. The term has been widely used in a variety of fields including psychology, management, education, women's studies and sociology. In this research the issue of economic empowerment of rural households covered by Imam Relief Committee regarding the main policies of this committee in the central area of Guilan province using was studied using questionnaire technique by the number of 345 cases.Based on the results of the study, among the two indicators studied in the economic sector, which were qualitatively examined through the Likert spectrum, the subsistence level of households with a mean score of 2.52 is better than the financial independence index. In second place is the level of financial independence of clients with a mean score of 2.45.Based on the results of the study, among the four policies studied, Satisfaction with the credit guidance policy of targeting subsidies to households with a mean score of 2.78 is ranked first. In second place is satisfaction with insurance service policy with average score of 2.67. Satisfaction with the policies of rural housing provision and repayment of credit are also ranked third and fourth with average scores of 2.61 and 2.53..

The village is the first form of human collective life in a natural arena that has special economic, social-cultural, and physical characteristics. With changes in the activities and characteristics of rural settlements through the expansion of physical space, increase in population and changes in functions, some of them undergo profound transformation. Over time, they experience special physical conditions and gradually become inclined towards urban functions, and the activities also change from agriculture to industry and services. The present study was conducted with the aim of measuring agricultural land use changes and its physical-spatial consequences in Khammam district. The applied method is descriptive-analytical. Data and information have been collected by observation, documentary and field methods. GIS software is used for data analysis. Then, the changes in agricultural land use from 1996 to 2016 have been extracted, compared and analyzed in three classes of agriculture, man-made and barren space. The findings indicate that a significant area of productive land in the studied villages has been changed in favor of other uses. Field observations and questionnaire outputs also indicate that a large area of agricultural land, especially in the target villages of tourism, has been converted into second homes, tourist towns and residential complexes. Also, Most of the effects of tourism are on garden and agricultural lands.

The present study, while examining the effective and deterrent factors in the organizational structure of rural development management in Guilan province, has analyzed the role of coordinated management of rural development planning in this province and as a result has proposed the "Coordinated Rural Development Planning Management Council". A sample of 81 specialists, managers, experts of different departments of rural affairs of Guilan province, using Morgan table and randomly and systematically selected and data related to research variables were collected using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on theoretical foundations and study of articles and finally after the corrective comments of respected professors and for better reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha with the number 0.82. The present article is descriptive-analytical in terms of practical purpose and quantitative and qualitative in terms of methodology. The information obtained from 37 items using SPSS technique to prove the theory and provide solutions based on 5 main indicators of sustainable rural development and 5 coordination indicators Inter-organizational analysis. The results show that by creating a coordinated management of rural development planning, sustainable rural development of Guilan province can be achieved.

Tourism creates significant economic,socio-cultural and environmental benefits for rural and less developed areas through income and infrastructure development,which ultimately contributes to rural development. The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of tourism in rural development southwest of Gilan. The statistical population of this study is the total number of households living in rural areas, from which 378 rural heads of households were selected as the sample size. The present study is an applied research that has been done by descriptive-analytical method.The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between tourism and rural development in the villages of the southwestern region of Gilan.Also, the results of multivariate analysis show independent variables (dimensions of tourism potential) on the rural development variable. The most important variable that explains the greatest variance of rural development in the region is the economic dimension. This variable alone explains 40.3% of the changes in the dependent variable and shows that the components of this dimension have a significant impact on rural development. The second variable is the physical-spatial dimension, which explains 20.2% of the variance changes. In the third and fourth stages, socio-cultural and environmental dimensions entered regression, which explained a significant percentage of the variance of rural development. With the entry of these two variables, the ability to explain the pattern in the last stage has reached 75.4%. In other words, the research model with four variables (dimension) has explained 75.4% of the changes in rural development.(R2 = 0.754)