فهرست مطالب nasser barati

Mehr Housing now deals with a serious quality of residence, which is rooted in its planning system. The housing planning approach in Iran- the custodial approach- that emerged in the frame of a comprehensive plan influenced by the modernism movement in Europe is the reason for this crisis due to its specific attitude towards the space and atomist worldview. On the contrary, the landscape approach with its “holistic” attitude considers the improvement of residence quality depending on a system of space that guarantees the quality improvement in the frame of dual perceptual-physical criteria. This study aims to compare those components that affect the quality of residence within two “planning” and “landscape” approaches and asks what kind of relationship exists between components affecting the quality of residence within two landscape and planning approaches at different levels in Iran.  The purpose of this study is to achieve a strategy to improve the quality of residence in Mehr Housing through a comparative analysis of the theoretical foundations of “planning approach” as the custodial approach of Mehr Housing and the landscape approach. The research method of this study is qualitative based on the theoretical analysis of two landscape and planning approaches. The comparison between components affecting the quality of residence in these two approaches was made through logical reasoning. The assessment of data obtained from other studies was done by comparing them with previous components and comparison between them. Due to its sectoral and partial view on some components of quality in the residence environment, the “planning approach” could not guarantee the quality of the environment despite the importance of these components. This is the incident that has responded to the different needs of occupants by improving the quality of residence within the landscape approach in the frame of “spatial arrangement” and creating a “whole” that is simultaneously perceptual and functional. Hence, it is possible to revive the potential social capital in the Mehr Housing Project by “modifying” the conditions of the environment with an idealistic attitude- adopting a landscape approach.

Since the advent of Iranian society into the so-called modern era, cities in Iran have been the centre of attention for a large group of people, experts, and professionals inside and outside the country. Cities have indeed served as a chessboard where, on one side, there has been a game between the people and the government, and on the other side, the entire Iranian society with non-Iranian societies, especially developed Western societies. This four-sided game ultimately failed to meet the national interests of Iranians. Iran, with a long history of shaping human culture and civilization, not only had nothing to say in the face of modern civilization and the imposed external development by the global capitalist society but also continuously experienced a path of decline and decadence in recent centuries compared to its glorious past. In this critical essay, an attempt has been made to review and open some dimensions of the phenomenon and approach of “urban planning” in Iran, discussing the factors shaping the current conditions and potential solutions to move beyond it briefly and concisely.

Problem statement:

 From the very beginning of the construction of high-rise buildings, social interactions have been considered a critical and effective component. However, when it comes to the construction of affordable buildings, the lack of attention to this component causes social anomalies and social disorders to increase.

The purpose of this study is to explain the territorial components extracted from the Iranian neighborhood as a mechanism that can increase social interactions in affordable high-rise residential buildings. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to answer whether the Navab Complex has employed these local components of territory and how much they are preferred by the residents.

Many researchers believe that the concept of territory is influenced by time and culture. So, this paper uses analytical and descriptive methods to extract the components of local territory as the cultural form of Iranian habitation. In the next step, the extracted components will be asked of the residents of the Navab residential complex in a questionnaire form.

Considering the outcomes of the research analyzing the social interactions in Navab, the satisfaction level of residents toward the social interactions was reported as below average. By examining the achieved components of the territory, very few percent of residents were satisfied with the current situation of their territory; however, many of them were keen to utilize these components in their space. About social interactions, although few people were content with the current state, a significant number showed interest in boosting the interactions. In the meantime, two components of ownership and centrality were considered much less tangible and visible by the participants.

Isfahan in terms of geography, industry, history has a strategic position in the world. The city has experienced many power, ethnic and demographic changes throughout history, and this has led to the complexity of urban issues and the diversity of stakeholders, which has added to its uncertainties. The creative city of UNESCO handicrafts (Isfahan) needs a forward-looking look to be able to figure out a growing trend, but the uncertainties have led to the ambiguity of its long-term future. It can be seen in the strategic plans of Isfahan that despite 24 years of experience in planning, it still suffers from many problems such as: drought, reduced economic prosperity due to Covid-19, traffic, pollution and so on. The purpose of this study is to determine the components of strategic foresight as a capacity-building approach for the city of Isfahan in order to strengthen the strategic plan. This approach, by examining strategic issues, while preparing the capacities, can prepare the city to enter the field of competition. In the general model, 6 steps: input, analysis, interpretation, visioning, output, and strategy are defined for this approach. In this study, components in each step of the general model were extracted using the library study method and the meta-synthetzing method. After that, the validity of the model was assessed using the opinions of 26 experts and using the Lasse coefficient, and finally, using the opinions of 86 experts in Isfahan, and using the confirmatory factor analysis method, the final components were obtained with the help of PLS software. Finally, the role of each of these components was evaluated using the MICMAC matrix. Identifying key issues, uncertainties and drivers, strategic directions and scenario logic are key components in determining the pillars of the plan. The final confirmatory factor analysis model showed that the components of strategic foresight can be very effective in making Isfahan city plans efficient.

Urban landscape is a type of landscape presenting a new knowledge that has been a contemporary man’s new interpretation of space. It defines space, not as a physical entity but a phenomenon with intertwined objective-subjective aspects. According to this definition, whenever the organization of the landscape is a matter of concern, both aspects are expected to affect this relationship. Despite the effect of each aspect on one another, a review of the urban landscape literature on landscape organization - the evolution of the interactive landscape relationship - has been limited to a few actions or physical interventions which affect the objective aspect of the landscape. If the landscape is assumed to be the product of an interactive relationship between objectivity and subjectivity, theoretically speaking, this relationship might change by affecting the subjective aspect of the landscape.This research seeks to understand how the urban landscape can be transformed by a mental intervention rather than the physical one. It also attempts to provide a conceptual model that explains the mechanism of transforming the urban landscape by influencing the minds of citizens. This study seeks to develop a conceptual model using accepted concepts in the three domains; landscape knowledge, psychology, and media. This research employs logical reasoning to explain the relationship between logical propositions in these domains. Interpreting the data through the cultivation theory shows if conditioning messages are sent to change the urban landscape, and affect the feelings and behavior of the audience, it can also affect their attitude and mentality provided that they are constantly exposed to those messages. Theoretically speaking, as the result of the mentality change, one of the two interacting components of the landscape would be subject to change. Thus, some transformations are expected to occur in the urban landscape as a product of this interaction.

The city of Isfahan, a cultural city with a long history, is famous in the world and has a strategic position in Iran, so its future is important for the competitive and relative prosperity of this city. The aim of this study is to extract an integrated model of strategic foresight.

First of all, using Meta synthesis method, the components of the model have been extracted from library studies and documents. Then, with three rounds of Delphi method, using the experts of Isfahan city and municipality, the components of Isfahan city have been selected. Finally, the interpretive structural modeling method prioritizes the components over each other.

The results showed that the integrated strategic foresight model presents content model in the input stage and first level and strategic questions in final level. Foresight stage starts with trend analysis in the first stage and ends with vision in final level. In the output stage, the test of strategic options is set along with signals and wildcards to enter the strategic plans and create partnership among stakeholders. In the strategy stage, strategies towards strategic plans and their impact analysis on budget are considered as the best features for strategic foresight model of Isfahan.

According to the research results, in order to achieve sustainable plans for the city and the municipality, while preparing a futuristic document with an integrated model, Isfahan Municipality should prepare scenarios for the desired image of the city in order to achieve sustainable plans while strengthening the strategic plan.

The difference in the form of Iranian cities between the present and the past and the eclecticism in the view of today's cities are interpreted as unoriginality or crisis of identity by some critics of architecture and urban planning. Meanwhile, the elimination of the body of the traditional cities and the creation of a huge change in the urban bodies in terms of form, material, and color of the buildings compared to the past is what justifies the elimination of the identity. It is as if proving the originality of the urban facades lies in preserving the bodily ornaments of the past. Also, variation and formal changes do not go with maintaining the identity or character, insofar as it is acknowledged as identity crisis, and imposes considerable expenses on the urban management for reviving the lost identity. This article seeks to find the philosophical reason for this perception among urban experts and practitioners. By referring to the ideas of Mulla Sadra in the written sources, this qualitative research proceeds to conclude through rational and philosophical reasoning. The philosophical innovation of Mulla Sadra, "Principality of Existence", against "Principality of Quiddity", proves that identity is a matter of being. The expression of the motion in the essence of the object means the negation of consistency and stagnation and the proof of dynamism in the "identity". This means that instead of relying on the characteristics of quiddity such as constant figure, tone, and material, one should look for existential attributes such as humanism, order, and righteousness, which have accompanied the urban appearance through its history. Likewise, the identity crisis must be sought in the absence of existential attributes such as plurality, order, plus the dictation of fixity and stagnation. Thus, the resolutions of this approach are against the Principality of Quiddity, non-figurative, and, in fact, epistemological. At this view, the urban facade organization plans, which seek restoration and repetition of the form, material, and colors of the past to it, do not have a firm philosophical basis.

Human beings have most often had thoughtful and rational interactions with their living environment throughout the history of life. But, nowadays, the continuous observations in the world in different forms reflect the idea that people do not have a favorable relationship with the nature and their living environment. Hence it can be stated that they have become indifferent, negligent, and easygoing towards their life environment and the nature in their periphery. But generally the apathy towards the environment and the necessities of its protection can have a common reason and root, the same way that the human beings’ attention and protection of the nature come from the same root. So the point of this study is that despite the vast and profound environmental knowledge attained from scientific findings, where does the indifference towards complications created by neglecting the environment that effect the environment, humanity, and the future come from and what could be the reason? The present researchers of this study believe that the prior research in regard to this issue that have been raised in scientific circles so far to explain and justify this negligence for the environment cannot respond to this important and complex problem. Thus, the current research paper aims at exploring the various aspects of such a problem, thereby to figure out the primary reason for such an indifference and gap. The research method in this article is based on the qualitative method paradigm and can be enumerated amongst analytical-heuristic research. In this method while investigating the cognitive dimensions of the subject and beyond analyzing the scientific sources and existent evidence, the main cause of this phenomenon is discovered and judged by taking advantage of scientific experiences. In the conclusion section, the authors come to the belief that the reduction or omission of the sufficient and necessary attention towards the environment can be defined and elucidated within the format of a hypothesis related to Environmental Intelligence

Problem Statement:

 There are unknown capacities in a photograph that is far closer to what happened in reality than to literary and historical narratives. If the spatial knowledge of photography and their interpretation enhanced civilization, hidden facts behind the photograph could partially attain. The Iran-Iraq War is one of the critical events in Iranian society, with the numerous non-professional pictures that can help read the events and occurrences of the war.

The Iran-Iraq War is one of the critical events in Iranian society numerous non-professional photographs of which can help to give an objective reading of what has happened because primarily the field of science and in this research, the science of history deals with actual matters. Overall, this research intended to assess the narration and reliability of remnant photographs of these events in the compilation of history by examining the role and position of non-professional photography in the Iran-Iraq war. A turn of events made the site of “Valfajr Moghadamati” operation a holy place; a holiness in the formation and proof of the truth of which, non-professional photographs played a significant role more than any other technology.

This research is based on a critical discourse analysis method with a Fairclough‏ approach (in particular) which limits the term discourse to sign systems such as text and image, and by taking photographs as text, presents a specific and unique narrative of “Valfajr Moghadamati”.

In the collection of studied photographs, the “other” or the Ba’ath enemy did not have a significant presence. In these photographs, there was a view of friendship and social relations that was fundamentally different from the anti-enemy discourse as the prevailing discourse in in-war societies. There is no need for an anti-enemy dialogue. The Ashura behaviors have made this ritual event into an event that has produced a different narrative than the government’s story.

it seems that in current times, many of the urban designs and plans in Iran have totalitarian, centralized, and monopolistic essences. This condition is predictably originated from the absence of deliberative and collaborative democracies; in light of the foregoing, the inefficiencies of the stages of presentation and implementation have led to neglecting the citizenship rights and the public preferences. Hence, citizens have little social responsibilities for the negative consequences of inefficient urban practices. In addition, an appropriate context is not provided for them to affect the various steps of urban processes, claiming their rights to the city, and expressing their opinions. In this spirit, the urban projects lose their basic figures in providing stability and promoting the role of people in urban development and management. Hence, the impetus behind this study is to improve the urban democracy in the process of urban planning and design.

this study attempts to investigate the reasons for the lack of democratic involvement by the citizens in the process of urban development and management, as well as to find some solutions to remove this widespread deep-rooted social dilemma. Research hypothesis: the realization of democracy and actual participation of citizens in the process of developing the urban spaces can lead to more accurate and efficient decision makings, as well as more successful implementation of urban plans and projects. Research

this article was conducted through content analysis and comparative methods. While studying the pillars of the democratic system, the methods of democratic participation of citizens in the processes of urban development and management in Iran was studied regarding the Principles of the Critical Theory. In fact, an effort was made to provide a platform for presenting the findings and suggested solutions through the process of criticizing and analysing the current situation of the Iranian urban plans and designs along with comparing them with the necessary elements for the realization of democratic and people-friendly urban processes. This should be stated that the data collection method was based on interviews with people, studying documents, and also field observations.

results indicate that Dilemmas in the Iranian urban system have been originated from the non-democratic factors, such as the lack of participation, the lack of all-inclusiveness, the violation of citizenship rights and urban justice, illegitimate urban laws, inflexibility, the downfall of pluralism, and etc. Hence, through scheming criteria such as the diversity of opinions, all-inclusiveness, flexibility, forming NGOs, the citizen education and discourse, diversity and respecting the citizen’s rights, etc., these processes can be democratized and also a platform for the emergence of a comprehensive type of a democratic urban planning and design would be materialized; a process which strengthens the urban democracy and honors the position of people, not as the problem but as the solution, by creating equal opportunities in a disinterested fashion.

Satisfaction is the process of positive judgment of the phenomena and is influenced by the components that rely on a studied theoretical basis. Today, the urban landscape projects have increased in quantity; however, it is yet a question why the quality of these projects cannot satisfy the citizens’ needs and leave a significant impact on their positive judgment and the tangible quality of the city. Therefore, the main question of this study asks: “what is the relationship between the components of the landscape approach and the components of satisfaction?”

The aim of this research is to increase the audience’s satisfaction from urban landscape projects, and hence the city, and to define a specific setting for urban landscape projects.Research

This study is conducted using qualitative and content analysis methods. Therefore, the concept of satisfaction and the influential variables are reviewed, and a new definition of satisfaction is presented in the next stage. Thereafter, the experts’ points of view about the concept of the landscape is discussed, and eventually, the relationship between the landscape approach and the effective factors of satisfaction are scrutinized.

The results of this study shows that satisfaction and landscape approach are common in paying attention to the audience’s subjectivity. However, the proprietary nature of landscape approach is to pay concurrent attention to both the objective and the subjective aspects of the phenomenon, which, in principle, cannot be achieved independently and separately. Therefore, the landscape approach provides a better and more favorable condition for promoting satisfaction, since objective factors are transformed according to mental interpretations. The landscape approach emphasizes on the simultaneous function of the object and subject in the presentation of a project and believes that when the urban space is recognized as a landscape, it is impossible to distinguish between its different dimensions, such as the substance and meaning.

Cities as complex systems are highly vulnerable to nature threats,human activities,droughts. The characteristics of human activities make cities more desirable to live. It is a natural risk factor that could disrupt the activity of cities. Urban design could improve the quality of cities,has a major role in sustainability,identity. Neighborhood squares is one of the urban design structure's that makes Isfahan city one of the most important cites of Iran,as a classical identity.The canals network gives Isfahan beautiful effect. Reducing air pollution,creating attractive environment are some of these effect. Today drying ofthese canals changes the appearance of old squares,some of them have been destroyed. The Zayanderod River,the cause of the life of the canals,is being destroyed,so canals become dry so these squares lose their boom. This study evaluates the effect of dryness on Neighborhood Squares as well as tracking urban projects for their reconstruction. In this study,using the combination of SWOT,student t tests,we first evaluate and identify the current situation,we recommend solutions for the reconstruction of neighborhood squares to achieve optimal implementation methods. Given the current state of the squares,using the AHP method,the execution priorities are specified and,three -dimensional model is presented. Here,the main approach is to find ideal method for the reconstruction,renovation of the neighboring square.

Statement of Problem:According to existing statistics, there are more than four thousand
descendants of Shia Imams in Iran as the major hub of Shiism. During Islamic era in Iran,
a number of magnificent mausoleums were constructed for these respected descendants of
Shia Imams which have given rise to a special style within Iranian architecture after the
mosques. It is noteworthy that in many of the mausoleums of descendants of Shia Imams
their basic influence on the process of formation, identity and expansion of many of Iranian
cities in the Islamic era


. Therefore, according to the fundamental and ideological importance
of the holy shrines in Iran, it is important to perform explorations and researches in various
aspects regarding the origin and the genesis and the formation foundations and development
of them so that the architects can be provided with a better recognition thereby to copy their
models and patterns. Of course, it is worth mentioning that, besides the Shiite holy shrines,
there are many other mausoleums in Iran’s Sunni-dwelling regions constructed with the
same patterns that belong to the assistors of the prophet (may Allah bestow him and his
sacred progeny with the best of His regards), Rashedin caliphs and Sunni Scholars.
Study

the present study aims at investigating the importance and the position
of architectural basics of the honorable holy shrines in Shiite denomination that can open a
novel orifice to discussions on Iranian-Islamic architecture and, in fact, the main objective of
the study is acquiring the architectural principles and basics of the holy shrines and figuring
out and recognizing the quality of their commonalities in conceptual and objective forms and,
eventually, using these principles as theoretical foundations in the contemporary memorial
holy shrine architecture.
Study

the present study has been carried out based on an analytical-descriptive
method and utilizes qualitative research style to analyze the content and finally infer and
express the general principles. The information has been collected through library research
and referring to authentic historical documents as well as via field studies. To do so, the
historical background and the theoretical basics of the topic have been seminally investigated.
In a second stage, five examples of the prominent architectural styles belonging to various
eras have been selected and the geometry and the constituent elements, spatial position,
naturalism and decorations therein have been evaluated and analyzed.
Study

in the end, the study findings revealed many considerable points regarding
the principles and basics of the holy shrines’ architecture and they are all indicative of the
idea that despite their being built in various eras and making use of different forms and
inscriptions and even varying functional roles, these holy shrines feature common and
identical principles such as naturalism, symbolism, introversion, similar vernacular masonry,
geometry, regular polygons, use of sacred religious symbols and elements like four-dome
roofs as well as the collective space functioning

Since the emerging of strategic planning and management in the 50’s, this approach has continuously experienced changes during the following years and decades, the result of which being a series of different methods and models of evaluation and decision making in management and planning arenas. It was in the 50’s and 60’s that the strategic management evolution in dependence on financial programming was realized, thereby, for the first time, the balanced scorecard model being considered in international communities by Kaplan and Norton. The essence of the balanced scorecard as a measuring scale for proceeding towards the perspective is specified in advance. It could be claimed that the evaluation of urban plans and programs in terms of implementation is counted as the newest approach in providing and codifying urban development plans and programs. The increasing implementation of micro and goals in urban plans and programs requires a determining and analytic model, so that referencing the given model beyond the presentation of scenario and perspective, exploiting the considered large-scale goals (perspectives), and referencing the network structure, at the end, the final score in each of the performance indicators could be seen, and undoubtedly each perspective of higher score will show more implementation compared with other goals, and it is demonstrative of a high implementation score for the urban plan and program in the area of that perspective in the specified year. It needs to mention that the given model, for first time was provided from organizational strategic planning and management into urban planning and specifically urban plans and programs, and after conceptual alteration in the structure, the model as a conceptual-analytical structure attempts to investigate the implementation rate of urban plans and programs propositions in the vision year, and on the whole urban programs. Research methodology is defined with regard to a set of operations for the stablishment of a system of scientific investigation rules and principals (Rahimi, 1999).
The city development strategies (CDS) became common after comprehensive and detailed urban planning patterns and following the establishment of the Cities Alliance, in order to achieve sustainable urban development, poverty reduction and human excellence. The city development strategies are the process of preparing a long-term vision of future city development which based on that, short-term executive programs are prepared. An evaluation and monitoring system has been proposed to ensure the implementation of the strategic development plans. The most important role of evaluation in urban development planning, in different areas, is the ability to establish a relationship between the degree of realization of the proposed options and small and minor effects during the program. Therefore, evaluating the impact of proposed options in urban development programs is a major challenge. The Cities alliance together with the help of the World Bank and the United Nations Human Settlements Center, in line with its main mission, which is reaching a sustainable urban development,provides a set of criteria (proposition) and indicators (options) for access to sustainable urban development in urban strategic development programs. All these criteria and indicators help to gain access to a quantitative evaluation model consisting of criteria, indicators, and measures. In this research, by using the Balanced Scorecard Model (BSC) based on the criteria and indicators mentioned above, the authors have quantitatively evaluated the degree of realization of each of the of the sustainable urban development indicators in the target system (city) with emphasis on the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The most important approach in this research is to establish communication from the perspective of the realization of all predicted and objective options, with emphasis on financial and non-financial resources, which provides access to an efficient and ideal output.
The methodology of the present study, taking account of the goals of the study, could be assumed in the category of functional studies. The goal of such kind of research is to grow and promote a product or an activity procedure, and in a word, to examine theoretical concepts (mental concepts) in real situations. That is, the growth and the promotion of a product, a process, or an activity, and briefly the referencing of concepts in the real environment

Despite a vast literature regarding the concept of “Islamic City”, still there is not a clear cohesion in regards to the the utopian and historical approaches of these studies. This important issue has caused the role of the different multifarious and influential factors in shaping the “complex cities of the Islamic period” to be ignored. Reading the content related to the Islamic Iranian city requires a realist and historical understanding of the issue from its different aspects. The approach of the current study is qualitative and it is a historical study. Furthermore, the analytical dimensions of the text entails a “process” understanding of the birth and transformation of the city, rather than a “product-centered” examination of it. The period length of the study covers up until the Safavid period. The findings reveal sixty key fundamental components in this field, and in three layers of “history of Arabs”, “Iran’s culture”, and “the Islamic Iranian civilization”. In isolation, the components do not belong to the specific “religion-culture” of Arabs nor Iranians and are a result of a synergistic relationship. A macro approach to the collection of the components makes possible the understanding of how the external process of emergence and growth of the city could be shaped, and also it makes possible the explanation of the phenomena, events and religious and cultural transformations of the Islamic Iranian society and city in the aforementioned centuries

Relations of Waqf as a venerated tradition with the city, in spite of various functions in
“the Islamic period cities”, have not been studied appropriately as a serious topic among domestic scholars. The aim of this research is to present an explanation into why and how shaping and performance of Waqf was built in the early and the Middle centuries history of Iran until the Safavid period. In this study we are trying to find an appropriately theoretical model for linking entity of wagf and city and also we are searching for forces and motions of waqf, prevailing sketches of Awqaf and various functions and aspects of wagf. In this study, we have used a four layer inductive theoretical model based on mixed research approach and Exploratory method. Historical research strategy and content analysis technique were main guidance of research. The results indicated that the Waqf has been shaped in a historical context and has been influenced by various religious, cultural, political, social, economical and physical factors. In the Exploratory model, we first introduced Waqf as a dual nature with dependent and independent character and then the model is relied on the three-layer of ‘macro’, ‘meso’, ‘micro’ level which was also based on theoretical famework of research. Moreover, The Exploratory model has been enhanced by The ‘Einstein General Theory of Relativity’ Assumptions and ‘Pierre Bourdieu’ thougths. Meanwhile, the Dependent nature of Waqf was effected by three main domains including ‘cultural-religious elements’ of the Islamic period cities, ‘motivator factors’ and ‘indigenous changes’. Also, independent nature of Waqf was based on a ‘field’ which is constituted of various factors and agents in a ‘gravitational Orbit’ of Waqf. In mentioned centuries, the most emphesis of Awqaf were on buliding the mosques and villages were prevailing waqf endowments.Multiple Dimensions of Waqf have been focused on religious-schools, economical and physical, respectively. The ‘religious-schools functions’ were also most notable functions of Waqf in the old Iranian city. With internal perspective, ‘integrating function’ of Waqf had the greatest influence for synerging on shaping factors of the Waqf. Moreover, the function of Waqf for the state was ‘political’ and function for the city and its hinterland was ‘sustainability’. Thus, new dimension of this powerful religious institution is identified and its place in the history of the old Iranian-islamic city is being precise and the research gap is filled.

In the literature of basic urban studies research, elaborating on the essence, type and quality of Waqf has not been proposed under a scientific and coherent view. In doing so, its structures, features and functions were also analyzed. Studying the emergence and evolutionary processes of Waqf in the ancient Iranian city, reveals perspectives on the similarities and differences of Waqf in the Islamic period and afterwards. The method of research, is qualitative and based on the historical strategy. To explain the relationship of Waqf and city, the study has used a four layer inductive model supported by determinative and inferential evidence. This study indicated latent existence of the three early prototypes of Waqf in this period. Meanwhile, In the ancient Iranian city; the ‘Metaphysics’, the ‘Place’ and the ‘Time’ were supplementary elements for these formations. The prototypes encompass a time range from prehistoric times of Iran until the end of Sasanian period. The prototypes were independent entities with multiple aspects, and as a dependent religious element had been a unique ritual along with other elements that had been raised from religious Worldview of the old city. Its features composed of four layers including religious, social, economical and physical. Interest and belief in the afterlife, sketches for worshiping Gods, and morality, were crucial and effective elements of religious features of these prototypes. The evolution of these prototypes and its main elements proceeded from simple patterns to complex ones. The functions of these structures were also on sacred, political, religious and civic scopes. Consequently, the research gap in this area has been filled and also a better perspective on the functionality of Waqf in the ancient Iranian cities was released. Finally, the Early prototypes of Waqf and its fundamental components were separately identified and explained and being exemplified as well.

The present paper has notified that the evaluation of architecture knowledge for industrial complexes helps identifying its development challenges. Thinking about the components of architecture knowledge development caused the evaluation to be occured in three sections of theoretical knowledge (or theoretical productions), knowledge transition (or training programs), and practical knowledge. Since the nature of the mentioned triad was different, the evaluation method of each was chosen in relation to their substantial features. As a result, evaluation of theoretical areas, due to its written nature, is accompanied by content analysis method. In this section, scientific research-based articles (published in fifteen authentic architecture journals, until winter 2014), 2500 selected books, M. A. theses (conducted from 2001 to 2010 in University of Shahid Beheshti), and Ph. D. dissertations (completed in domestic universities until 2012) were studied to estimate the quantity of production knowledge in terms of the architecture of industrial complexes. It is noteworthy that this evaluation took place compared to six selected functions i.e. landscape, residential, religious, healthcare, educational, and administrative. In transitive knowledge section, the mentioned evaluation was dedicated to the analysis of programs’ contents, orientations, fields of study, and courses, presented in three levels of BA, M. A., and Ph. D.. Furthermore, in order to know about the status of practical knowledge, the orientation of architecture competitions (including periodical competitions and those, taken part from 2007 to 2009) were evaluated. Also selected samples of the existing industrial units (i.e. 63 industrial units in Caspian Industrial Park, Qazvin) were studied. Results showed that architecture knowledge of industrial complexes, compared to other functions, had the least theoretical production as well as transitive training (quantitative challenge). Despite such circumstances, in the practical area it enjoyed some quantitative growth and requires qualitative attention (qualitative challenge). What is more, the development of architecture knowledge in terms of industrial complexes lacks any coherent structure, chiefly growing in a local and discrete manner. Results showed that the mentioned challenges are dealt with by integrating the mentioned triad and adopting practice-to-theory strategies (as reverse engineering). The research has emphasized that developing architecture knowledge for industrial complexes can be done by programming as a matrix of supplementary and evolutionary components, comprising the triple areas.

In recent decades, monuments and works in relation with war and martyrdom have had different effects on urban landscape. Although, creating monumental buildings in Iran has a long rich history, but the diversity of approaches and types of creating such landscapes in modern era and the efforts to increase innovation in these designs, has resulted in production of various works which do not meet the requirements in many cases. In this study we have tried to identify the most successful approaches and patterns at the viewpoint of functionality, identity and aesthetic design, in addition to evaluating the efforts and programs of Martyr Foundation and Veterans Affairs. Accordingly, after studying different samples in a cross-sectional study method using documentary analysis and identifying ways to design monumental works, the methods were analyzed and evaluated based on the general criteria in designing, layouts and features of historical monuments and also surveying experts in relevant fields. The results highlighted significant points in relation to approaches and the success of efforts in creating urban monumental landscapes and revealed the importance of the success factors namely components of audience-oriented approach, also attractiveness and connection with daily activities.

Futures studies have bidirectional communication with anthropology, sociology and culture of the nations. In this respect, finding the roots of ratio between culture and planning in the system of urban development with futures studies approach becomes necessary. Due to the purpose of this paper which is establishing the position of culturised planning in Iran-Islamic city, quantitative and qualitative research method was chosen. This study has two main sections, the first step of methodological principles is developing a native pattern based on cultural and planning links. Based on culturised planning approach we require the creation of new structures in urban and regional planning system.This structure at macro-level contains a compilation of plan of cultural development and cultural observations based on regional advantages.The level of analysis of city requires a comprehensive program with Future Studies approach that of urban management system must adapt to it and the vision of city must be developed on the basis of culturised systems.The entrance of culture in the context of spatial planning at different scales of time can contribute to the realization of Islamic-Iranian model. Then in the second step, the application of the principles and methods of Futures Studies in the compilation of process model of culturised planning in the urban development planning system is administered based on interpretative structural modeling. In this model, the weakness of the urban planning system based on the lack of attention to both culture and Future Studies component analyzed, and then the connection of municipal, regional and national steps have been identified and explained.

Phenomenological and poststructuralist approaches in the field of architecture are among the latest considerable efforts to define the concept of "place". Phenomenology, however, by emphasizing the static ontological nature of places, fails to consider socio-cultural aspects in the production of places. On the other hand, poststructuralist relativity and endless chain of signification are more confusing for designers rather than useful. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a holistic definition of the concept of "place" which gives more attention to the socio-cultural aspects of places –in addition to considering human experience– so that it can be applicable for designers. In order to achieve this purpose, the article mainly takes advantage of the semiotic approach. The article concludes with a discussion of the concept of place from the standpoint of layered semiotics and the study of semantic field of "space and place" in Persian language to understand people’s desires and expectations of places in Iranian culture as a case study.

Garden and gardening has been an opposed matter in literature as well as architecture and urbanism text for many years. This is a fortunate matter, but in contrary to that the general known “Iranian garden” has been ignored in the city environment insignificantly each day. Apparently, it has been replaced by “parks”. The “Iranian garden” is not just an architectural model in comparison to its mere models. The pattern, elements and the spatial structure of it is a summary of Iran and being Iranian in a way that ignoring the pattern of the Iranian garden leads to a cultural disaster. The Iranian garden is a miniature if Iran and being Iranian. After victimizing the “Iranian house” in return for “economic profits”, while there were chances of preserving the traditional houses in many ways and for multiple excuses, there is the same destiny for the Iranian garden. While there were many opportunities offered for the designers to organize the private, public and semi public zones and to create green spaces, they chose the contrary way. The Iranian garden is a considerable part of our cultural - linguistic life, but not just a place for spending the leisure time. This article tries to discuss whether there are any conceptual or methodological differences in gardening and creating parks and to see that is it possible for Iranian garden to be replaced by parks and is that correct? What are the main ideas behind these beliefs in the society? Can we forget an environmental - historical element such as gardens and how will these decisions impact our nation? The hypothesis in this article mentions that not only Iranian garden is a multi dimensional cultural case, but also an artistic one. The culture of every society has two subjective (meaning - symbolism) and objective (physical) unit. These two units can be permanent in the case of unity and cognitive adaption in the field of language. The garden and its other synonyms are the best examples of this allegation. This conformity forms the cognitive historical – cultural - linguistic subjectivity of a society. Therefore, the elimination of the “garden” and “gardening” can be used as a metaphor for disappearance of some of the major memories of a person caused by a clash

One of the main concepts in the domain of human-environment studies is the way of perceiving the environment,both in micro and macro scales. Since the neurological and cognitive system of humans is responsible for establishing connection between man and its environment and has its own specific facilities and limitations, urban planners, in the fields environmental planning and design, must have the required dominance about the mechanisms and processes of understanding the environment by people, to succeed in elevating the urban environment. This is because it is this perception which afterwards forms their interpretation of the environment and eventually emerges in a form of behavior in the environment.Undoubtedly if the people’s behavior in an architectural, or, urban space would be closer to the view of urban planners and architects (and consequently, there would be agreement between the planner/designer and the consumer), we could claim that the result is more successful.Seeing the environment from this point of view and utilizing its results in urban planning and architecture requires accurate recognition and study of the mechanisms and processes of the relation between human and the environment. The significant issue in this field is that global experiences show that there is considerable distinction between men and women’s environmental perception and their criteria. Among common methods for accomplishing this important task are empirical and experimental ones. Along this line and in an empirical activity, 51 male and female students (from the faculty of Architecture and Urbanism; IKIU.) were asked to attend a photo gallery and observe twenty two pictures of natural and manmade landscapes and then answer a number of questions according to what they saw. The aim of this experiment was primarily to determine the way of understanding the environment among these students in general, and secondly to specify if there is a considerable difference between males and females in this area or not? This article is the outcome of this research which along with reviewing the relevant literature analyzes the results obtained from this test.

odernism in architecture ~~'- and urbanism has a wide territory. Although, criticizing the "modernism" started decades ago, another running of thought has been challenging and replacing it at the same time:post-modernism. The origin of this view is rooted in recent philosophic as well as scientific developments. Therefore, postmodernismis not only a method of criticism, it opens a new horizon in front of the ones who explores the world after modernism. In this essay, modernism and post - modernism world views have been compared and the impact of each one upon theoretical and practical basis has been considered. Eventually, we have to pass the modernism and enter the era of the post -modernism. From now on Architecture and Urbanism's development depends on their explaining and securitizing in this new movement.

odernism in architecture ~~'- and urbanism has a wide territory. Although, criticizing the "modernism" started decades ago, another running of thought has been challenging and replacing it at the same time: post-modernism. The origin of this view is rooted in recent philosophic as well as scientific developments. Therefore, postmodernism is not only a methodof criticism, it opens a new horizon in front of the ones who explores the world after modernism.In this essay, modernism and post - modernism world views have been compared and the impact of each one upon theoretical and practical basis has been considered. Eventually, we have to pass the modernism and enter the era of the post -modernism. From now on Architecture and Urbanism's development depends on their explaining and securitizing in this new movement.