nastaran afsordeh

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant and invasive primary brain tumor in adults. The disease has a poor prognosis with a survival rate of 14-16 months post diagnosis. Depending on the tumor location in the brain, a wide range of signs and symptoms may appear in the patient. One of the most common of which is recurrent hard to control seizures. Despite the high prevalence of tumor-induced seizures, the mechanisms involved in its occurrence are yet to be fully identified. However, it has been shown that glutamate and GABA are probably the major contributing factors. Increasing extracellular glutamate levels due to changes in the expression of ion transporters and the conversion of GABA to a stimulatory mediator are some of the mechanisms involved in the development of these seizures. In addition, factors such as the complex pathophysiology of the disease, its associated-seizures, drug interactions, resistance to treatment and tumor recurrence have made glioblastoma management a major challenge. In this article, the common clinical symptoms of this disease and in particular tumor-associated seizures are reviewed. The mechanisms thought to be responsible for the development of the tumor-induced seizures are then discussed.

Estrogen influences neuronal activity and there are controversial reports regarding its role on seizure. Also, previous studies have shown that estrogen influences the nitric oxide pathway in the nervous system. In this way, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of estradiol and soy extract as a phytoestrogen on pentylenetetrazole- induced clonic seizures and serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in ovariectomized rats.
Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n =10 in each group) including intact control, sham-control, ovariectomy, vehicle, estradiol (100 μg/kg, subcutaneously), and soy extract (20 mg/kg, gavage). After 28 days of estradiol or soy extract adminstration, single dose of pentylenetetrazole was injected (90 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for seizure induction and latency to the clonic seizures was recorded. Serum levels of NOx were measured by Griess method.
Ovariectomy significantly reduced the latency of clonic seizures and serum levels of NOx. Estradiol significantly increased the latency of clonic seizures and serum levels of NOx (P Ovarian hormones have influence on seizure and nitric oxide pathway anticonvulsant effect of estradiol is related due to modulation of nitric oxide pathway slightly.

In many epileptic women, the ovarian cycle influences the risk and severity of seizures. Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the neural excitatory effects of estrogen. Soybean is a rich source of plant estrogens. Therefore, soy intake can affect the risk and severity of seizures in women. Nurses and midwives need to be aware of the effects of diets containing estrogen in pregnant and post-menopausal women, as well as during the sexual cycle periods..
Due to the limitations of human studies, this study aimed to investigate the effect of estradiol and soy extract on the onset of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in ovariectomized rats..
In this experimental study, sixty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of ten. All of the groups except for the negative control groups were ovariectomized. One group received estradiol (100 µg/kg), one group was treated with alcoholic extract of soy (20 mg/kg), and the other group received vehicle over 28 days. PTZ (90 mg/kg) was used to induce seizure in all groups. Behavioral changes were observed over 30 minutes. All data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post-hoc test..
The mean ± SD of the clonic seizure threshold was 61.84 ± 8.53 in the group that received estradiol, while it was 71.70 ± 10.85 in the control group, 64.69 ± 3.23 in rats with laparotomy without removing the ovaries, 51.30 ± 6.84 in rats with laparotomy and removing the ovaries, 52.7 ± 7.18 in ovariectomized rats that received sesame oil as vehicle, and 59.2 ± 4.91, in the soy groups. Therefore, estradiol significantly increased the clonic seizure threshold, while the alcoholic extract of soy had no effect..
We concluded that the chronic administration of estradiol has an anticonvulsant effect in the animal model. However, alcoholic extract of soy has no effect on the onset of clonic seizures..

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)/ (visfatin) have been proposed as proinflammatory cytokine that is influenced by blood glucose or insulin. In diabetes mellitus proinflammatory agents such as prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide can increase visfatin synthesis and visfatin stimulates their expression. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cyclooxygenase and nitrergic system on serum visfatin level and some biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.
Material and Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Animals were treated with celecoxib (5 mg/kg) or L-arginine (50 mg/kg) or L-NAME (50 mg/kg) alone or with combinations of celecoxib and L-arginine or celecoxib and L-NAME. Using SPSS software, we used one way analysis of variance followed by tukey test for data analysis.
All treated groups showed significant decrease in blood glucose and triglyceride levels (P Serum visfatin level increased in streptozotocin- induced diabetes. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by celecoxib, resulted in decreased visfatin level and part of this effect was due to interaction with nitrergic system. It seems that blood glucose and insulin do not affect visfatin level directly, but proinflammatory cytokines play the main role in its synthesis.