فهرست مطالب nayereh ahmadi

Gender justice is an indeterminate concept that takes on a special meaning in different schools and has a proportional meaning in the Islamic approach and an egalitarian meaning in the feminist approach. In today's era, the number of researches that deal with the issue of gender justice with different approaches is increasing day by day, and this problem reveals the importance of evaluating, summarizing and summarizing these researches. The present study evaluated 26 scientific-research articles about gender justice in the period of 2016 to 2021 using a systematic review method. The results indicate that 59.09 percent of research questions had a social aspect. Also, social factors such as "gender stereotypes", "patriarchal ideology", "masculine social and organizational structure" and "masculine urbanization" with 61.81% had the biggest role in creating gender inequality. In addition, gender discrimination has caused social and psychological consequences such as "reproduction of unequal social structure", "feeling of deprivation" and "reduced motivation for work and education". 95.15% of the studies under study assumed the egalitarian meaning of gender justice.

In the present era, one of the reasons for the family crisis is the non-systemic view of the family and the principles that govern it. The purpose of this study is to investigate the capacity of the principles governing the family in resolving family conflicts. so, after enumerating the principles governing the family and examining the place of these principles in organizing the monotheistic legislative system, the indicators expressing the rights arising from these principles and the effects of violating these principles and the rights arising from them were extracted. Then, by reviewing previous researches, family injuries and effective causes of these injuries were extracted. Finally, the indicators derived from the principles and effective causes of family injuries were compared and analyzed.In this study, the qualitative method has been used in a descriptive-analytical manner. The method of collecting information has been in the form of documents and libraries. Research data were also processed using qualitative content analysis technique.The results of the research indicate that most of the causes of family disputes with the effects of violation of principles have a common semantic space and in fact are in conflict with the rights of principles. Therefore, the causes of family problems are also in conflict with the principles. Hence, the violation of the principles governing the family has caused many family problems. Therefore, it is suggested that authorities provide the ground for the implementation of these principles in the family through policy-making, codification of laws and culture-building.

The present study aimed to make an understanding of women's interpretation of marginalized life and their daily life experience in the suburbs of Tehran (District 19). The methodology used in this study was based on the qualitative method using phenomenology method, and the data were collected using the technique of "semi-structured interview" and "participatory and non-participatory field observations". Achieving the purpose of the study, 14 women at the age range of 14-60 years old, who lived in brick kilns for at least five years were purposefully selected. The interviews were conducted until the data was saturated.Content analysis were used to analyze and extract the concepts and themes of raw data. The results showed that the marginalized women's specific lifestyle, the intertwined networks of women's neighborhood, poverty and deprivation and quasi-urban life of the marginalized women led the marginalized culture to be created and highlighted. Moreover, the results indicated that marginalization has many challenges and consequences for women and girls, including social insecurity, lack of access to social facilities and opportunities, and instable and temporary life.

Violence against women is a universal phenomenon and has existed throughout all ages. This study aimed to clarify the dimensions of violence against pregnant women and its effective factors.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 married women who were referred to Tehran medical and vaccination centers in April to June 2018. The research method was Survey and data gathering tool were a constructed questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and statistical tests of Correlation coefficient, one way ANOVA and mean difference were used.

According to the results, 82.8% of women experienced at least one type of violence during pregnancy. Financial violence has been the most common type of violence and physical violence with 29.66% has the lowest prevalence. The results also indicate that with a significant level of 5%, the increase in women's (r = 14) and men's (r = -11) education is an effective factor in reducing physical, financial and social violence. In addition, as the men's place of birth ranges from small rural areas to major cities, the level of violence (except for the financial violence) has fallen (r = -22). Women with a rural or small township are more under violence, and with the increase in the level of cultural development of the place of residence, the amount of violence in the financial (r=171), physical (r=13) and social (r =-15) dimensions is reduced. Also, two variables of cultural attitudes that product (r=50) and prevent (r = -40) violence have had the highest relationship with the variable of violence index. In addition, the formation of cultural attitudes in women has a significant relationship with the variables of age, education, cultural development of the place of residence and place of birth, but there was no significant relationship between ethnicity of women and cultural attitudes that product and prevent violence.

According to the findings of this study, increasing the level of education of women and men, cultural development of neighborhoods and improving cultural attitudes at the family level are factors that affecting violence against pregnant women.

The term "cryopreservation" refers to the storage of cells, organs, and tissues in liquid nitrogen ( 196 ° C). At this temperature, the physical and biochemical reactions of cells are virtually stopped; in these particular circumstances, the time of protection is unlimited. Storage of seeds is arguably the most efficient method for the ex situ preservation of plant genetic resources. Low storage costs and regeneration of whole plants from genetically diverse material, offer distinct advantages for the storage for conservation of seeds compared with other types of plant tissues.

In order to preserve seeds of Foeniculum vulgare(Apiaceae) medicinal plant, in cryopreservation condition, we used Desiccation pre-treatment for seeds. After a week seeds of treatment were extracted from the liquid Nitrogen and were melted in Ben Murray with 42°C. Then treatment and control seeds were transferred to a germinator in 24°C and 16/8H optical period.The seeds were distillated by Clevenger apparatus and the essential oils obtained were analyzed by GC/MS. The antioxidant activity determined by DPPH method.

The percent of viability of the control seeds (83%) was observed in comparison to the treated (53%). The major component of essential oil was anethole (80.04%) comparing the control (78.6%). No adverse effects were observed on the antioxidant properties and their essential oils.

Cryopreservation is one of the most appropriate and safest tool to preserve plant germplasm species including plants seeds. In this temperature, physiologic activities and metabolic processes of the seeds and plant members are almost held up and seeds are able to survive at unlimited time periods. In this research, in order to preserve seeds of medicinal plant Foeniculum vulgare L.(Apiaceae) in cryopreservation condition, we used three pre-treatments: Glycerol 30 %, and Plant vitrification solution 2 and Desiccation. After a week all of treated seeds were extracted from the liquid Nitrogen(LN) and were melted in Bain-Marie heater with 42°C. Then seeds were transferred to a germinator in 24°C and 16/8H optical period. Results analyzed statistically through laboratory exploration. Results show, Foeniculum vulgare L. seeds' survival in LN are maintained in all three treatments among which Glycerol 30 % treatment has the highest survival percentage 65%, then Desiccation() and PVS2 with 53% and 15% have germinated, comparing the control 83%. Thus, Glycerol 30 % is recommended as appropriate alternative to preserve this plant seeds for long periods of time in preserving centers of plant germplasm preservation.