nayyereh ghorbani

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world and post-harvest studies on this valuable flower will improve its quality and marketability. In this study, the effects of preservative solutions containing Nano calcium (0, 2 and 4 g L-1) and benzyl adenine (0, 20 and 40 mg L-1) and the combined effect of two treatments in a factorial experiment in the form of a complete design randomized study with three replications to maintain the quality and increase the life of the chrysanthemum at room temperature (20-22 ° C) and relative humidity between 60 and 70% was investigated. The results showed that the treatment of benzyl adenine 20 mg L-1  maintained higher marketability in cut flowers, chrysanthemum through reduced weight loss and increased water absorption. Treatment with concentrations of 4 g L-1 Nano calcium showed 66% difference in bacteria less than the control, respectively, and its combination with treatment with benzyl adenine had positive effects on the preservation of the main pigments of photosynthesis, phenol and flavonoids. In general, according to the results obtained in this study, the treatment of 20 mg L-1  benzyl adenine and 2 g L-1 Nano calcium in comparison with the control and other treatments is recommended to maintain quality and increase the shelf life of chrysanthemums cut flower.

One of the important theological topics is physical resurrection and attitudes after the resurrection. One of the positions of Qayamat is the position of Sarat. There are different explanations of the positions of the resurrection among theologians. The position of Sarat is the position that all humans must pass through in order to reach heaven. Islamic theologians have explained this position with their own principles, and some have interpreted it as worldly bridges and believe that there is a bridge over hell that is stronger than a sword and thinner than a hair. Believing in physical-spiritual resurrection, Mulla Sadra explained Sarat's position with the help of his philosophical foundations. According to him, the path that the soul faces in the life after death is nothing other than its worldly life, and the path of the hereafter is a manifestation of the worldly path of the soul. According to Mulla Sadra, the path is divided into developmental and legislative path, where the developmental path includes the essential movement of all natural, plant and animal beings, but the legislative path is specific to humans. This path requires two wings of opinion and action, and it evolves in spite of both of them, and human perfection depends on the use of these two wings.

Biochemical diversity may result from geographic and environmental changes. In the present study, 16 ecotypes of yellow flag species were identified and collected through field studies. The identified ecotypes were then grouped into three populations based on their geographical locations. Eight biochemical properties, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, and anthocyanin, were carefully measured by spectrophotometric methods. The biochemical traits were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications using SAS software and principal component analysis using SPSS software. The analysis of variance showed that all biochemical traits studied in the ecotypes of the yellow flag showed significant differences (p<0.05; p<0.01). Photosynthetic pigments were most frequently found in ecotype Q, phenol and flavonoids of ecotype K, ecotype O's antioxidant capacity, and ecotype L's anthocyanin content. The studied populations were divided into three main groups using cluster analysis. The results obtained from the correlation table of traits show that the most positive and significant correlations are related to chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (r = 90%), total chlorophyll and carotenoids (r = 67%), as well as phenol content and flavonoid content (r = 56 %). The results indicate that the studied ecotypes have considerable diversity in terms of biochemical traits.

Prolonging the vase life and delaying the onset of senescence of cut flowers is one of the most important goals of experts, producers, and activists in ornamental plants. According to the high production of ethylene in carnation petals and its negative effect on the postharvest life of carnation, the present study investigated the effect of preservatives containing salicylic acid (0, 2, and 4 mM) and benzyl adenine (0, 25, and 50 mg L-1) and their interaction on maintaining the quality and vase life of carnation flowers stored at 4 ± 1 °C. The results showed that the benzyl adenine treatment (25 mg L-1) increased the vase life, affected the carnation stem's diameter, and cut flowers significantly. Absorption of solution of salicylic acid 4 mM treated carnation flowers significantly caused an increase in their weight and showed a significant increase compared to control carnation flowers. Salicylic acid treatment decreased the percentage of ion leakage. The interaction of salicylic acid and benzyl adenine treatments also maintained flower quality by increasing the total sugar content, decreasing the pH of the preservative solution, and reducing the bacterial population in the preservative solution. The treatments of the current study increased photosynthetic pigments. The highest chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids were obtained in benzyl adenine at 25 mg L-1 and 50 mg L-1. Salicylic acid 2 mM caused them to increase in T2 compared to T1. The reaction of chlorophyll b was different so that it reached its maximum in salicylic 2 mM and increased it at T2 with the help of benzyl adenine 25 mg L-1.

Studies of native plants are very attractive as valuable reserves and pristine species in the study of plant diversity. The Iridaceae family is valuable and have special importance in the ornamental-medicinal plants industry. Yellow flag that often grows in wetlands and very humid places is a famous ornamental plant and has economic value in the perfume industry. The study of plant morphological traits as a basis for genetic diversity is very efficient and based on this in the present study, yellow flag diversity based on morphological traits has been studied.

In this study, 16 accessions of yellow flag species in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces from the coasts from Astara to Juibar were identified and collected by field studies and also grouped into three populations based on their geographical location. Thirteen morphological and ornamental attributes of yellow flag including length, width and number of leaves, length and diameter of peduncle, length and width of pendant, length and width of cream, length and width of petals, number of flowers per branch and flowering branch length have been carefully measured. In order to perform analysis of variance and compare the mean data of morphological traits in a completely randomized design in three replications have been evaluated using SAS software and graphs were drawn using Excel software and Principal component analysis has been evaluated using SPSS software. The data were embedded in NTedit software to generate the matrix. To determine the similarity of 16 studied accessions and group them in terms of phenotypic characteristics (morphology), cluster analysis was performed.

The results of analysis of variance showed that all ornamental morphological traits of yellow flag including length, width and number of leaves, pedicel length and diameter, sepal length and width, style length and width, petal length and width, number of flowers and stem length showed significant differences in the studied accessions at the level of 1 and 5 percent. In cluster analysis, it was found that the studied populations were divided into four main groups in terms of traits measured from the cut-off points obtained in clustering the whole populations. Thus, accessions F, P, H, M, O, K, E, and G in the first group, accessions B, J, I, L, A and N in the second group, accession C in the third group and accession Q in the group of four clusters have been became. The results obtained from the correlation table of quantitative traits show that the most positive and significant correlations are related to sepal length and sepal width (r = 62%), sepal width and petal width (r = 68%) as well as sepal width and style width. (r = 61%). The mentioned parameters are one of the most important ornamental traits in iris and the existing correlations show that the factors that improve each of them can probably also improve the traits associated with them.

The findings of the analysis of the present study indicate that there is considerable variation in morphological traits among the studied accessions. From the results of vegetative and reproductive traits, it can be inferred that Ramsar accession has more potential in the field of morphological studies of yellow flag. This indicates that there is a good genetic potential among yellow flag accessions in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces as one of its distribution centers in Iran. Therefore, breeders in the field of ornamental plant breeding can identify the desired traits and characteristics in commercial ornamental plants to collect hereditary reserves.

Yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus) is a native plant with ornamental and medicinal properties in horticulture science. 16 ecotypes of I. pseudacorus species were collected and classified into three populations based on geographical location in the current study. The genetic diversity of I. pseudacorus was assayed using 16 ISSR markers. Photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids, were measured by the spectrophotometry method. The primers generated 874 scalable bars ranging in size from 100-1200 bp. The polymorphism percentage of all primers was 100%. The primers ISSR_55 produced the most bands (234 bands in total), the highest marker index, and the highest amount of polymorphic information content (PIC). Primer ISSR-13 is in second place with a total PIC of 0.84. Also, the data obtained from the scoring tapes were analyzed by parsing the original coordinates. The analysis results showed that the first, second, and third components contained 29.88%, 21.24%, and 16.52% of the information, respectively. The results showed that genetic diversity within populations (97%) is more significant than diversity among populations (3%). The spectrophotometry results showed photosynthetic pigments obtained in the Q (Jouybar) location with the highest sunlight. Our results indicated that ISSR markers revealed the genetic relationships of Yellow flag samples for different agro-ecological adaptations. ISSR is a superb molecular tool to research the genetic variability of I. pseudacorus.

Bellis perennis is an ornamental, medicinal plant with a beautiful appearance. The current study aimed to assess the potential of daisy flowers cv. ‘Habanera’ to synthesize secondary metabolites after being affected by nano-phosphorus. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. To achieve the research objectives, a range of parameters were observed, including total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging activity in different organs (i.e. flower, leaf, and root), as well as photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin, and quercetin contents. The results indicated that nano-phosphorus had significant effects on the said parameters (p< 0.05 and 0.01). Chlorophyll A, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids reached maximum content in response to the 1.5 g L-1 treatment. Nonetheless, the total phenol content in petals, free radical scavenging capacity, anthocyanin content and quercetin content were adversely affected by the nano-phosphorus treatment and, in fact, the said parameters showed higher contents in the control treatment. The application of nano-phosphorus fertilizer (3 g L-1) caused the highest flavonoid content in the leaves. At a concentration of 0.5 g L-1, it increased total flavonoid content and total phenols significantly in the roots. Phosphorus is necessary for producing primary and secondary metabolites, phospholipids, and nucleic acids in plants. Thus, its functions can vary greatly in plant organs.

Violet has many application in landscaping and herbal medicine. Salicylic acid hormone and phosphorus Nano-fertilizer compounds are considered as effective in regulating physiological processes and plant secondary metabolites. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 agent salicylic acid and fertilizer phosphorus Nano-fertilizer in 3 replications. Spraying with different levels of 0, 0.1, 0.7, 1.5 mM hormone salicylic acid and phosphorus Nano-fertilizer at levels of 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 3 g/l in three stages on violets was applied. Morphological parameters were including diameter and number of flowers, flower spikes shoot length, fresh weight and dry matter percentage violet flower. Phytochemical and biochemical parameters including photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) and antioxidant capacity & anthocyanins with spectrophotometry and quercetin & rutin values were determined by HPLC. The results indicate that salicylic acid and phosphorus Nano impact on most morphological and phytochemical at 1 and 5 percent. Both treatments increased the levels of morphological characteristics and pigments. High levels of salicylic acid and lower phosphorus Nano improved secondary metabolites. So to achieve maximum plant biomass and optimizatied secondary methabolites, application of different concentrations of the hormone and phosphorus Nano to increase the characteristics value of medicinal and ornamental, is required.